What is the name of the organic substance in the molecules of which. The wonderful world of organic substances. Formulas of organic substances by classes

It is known that the properties of organic substances are determined by their composition and chemical structure. Therefore, it is not surprising that the classification of organic compounds is based on the theory of structure - the theory of L. M. Butlerov. Classify organic substances by the presence and order of connection of atoms in their molecules. The most durable and least changeable part of the molecule of organic matter is its skeleton - a chain of carbon atoms. Depending on the order of connection of carbon atoms in this chain, substances are divided into acyclic, which do not contain closed chains of carbon atoms in molecules, and carbocyclic, containing such chains (cycles) in molecules.
In addition to carbon and hydrogen atoms, molecules of organic substances may contain atoms of other chemical elements. Substances in the molecules of which these so-called heteroatoms are included in a closed chain are classified as heterocyclic compounds.
Heteroatoms (oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) can be part of molecules and acyclic compounds, forming functional groups in them, for example, hydroxyl - OH, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino group -NH2.
Functional group- a group of atoms that determines the most characteristic chemical properties of a substance and its belonging to a certain class of compounds.

hydrocarbons are compounds that consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Depending on the structure of the carbon chain, organic compounds are divided into compounds with an open chain - acyclic (aliphatic) and cyclic- with a closed chain of atoms.

Cycles are divided into two groups: carbocyclic compounds(cycles are formed only by carbon atoms) and heterocyclic(the cycles also include other atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur).

Carbocyclic compounds, in turn, include two series of compounds: alicyclic and aromatic.

Aromatic compounds in the basis of the structure of molecules have flat carbon-containing cycles with a special closed system of p-electrons that form a common π-system (a single π-electron cloud). Aromaticity is also characteristic of many heterocyclic compounds.

All other carbocyclic compounds belong to the alicyclic series.

Both acyclic (aliphatic) and cyclic hydrocarbons can contain multiple (double or triple) bonds. Such hydrocarbons are called unsaturated (unsaturated) in contrast to the limiting (saturated) containing only single bonds.

Limit aliphatic hydrocarbons called alkanes, they have the general formula C n H 2 n +2, where n is the number of carbon atoms. Their old name is often used and now - paraffins.

Containing one double bond, got the name alkenes. They have the general formula C n H 2 n .

Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbonswith two double bonds called alkadienes

Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbonswith one triple bond called alkynes. Their general formula is C n H 2 n - 2.

Limit alicyclic hydrocarbons - cycloalkanes, their general formula C n H 2 n .

A special group of hydrocarbons, aromatic, or arenes(with a closed common π-electron system), is known from the example of hydrocarbons with the general formula C n H 2 n -6.

Thus, if in their molecules one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by other atoms or groups of atoms (halogens, hydroxyl groups, amino groups, etc.), hydrocarbon derivatives: halogen derivatives, oxygen-containing, nitrogen-containing and other organic compounds.

Halogen derivatives hydrocarbons can be considered as the products of substitution in hydrocarbons of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen atoms. In accordance with this, there may be limiting and unsaturated mono-, di-, tri- (generally poly-) halogen derivatives.

The general formula of monohalogen derivatives of saturated hydrocarbons:

and the composition is expressed by the formula

C n H 2 n +1 Г,

where R is the remainder of the saturated hydrocarbon (alkane), hydrocarbon radical (this designation is used further when considering other classes of organic substances), Г is a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I).

Alcohols- derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydroxyl groups.

Alcohols are called monatomic, if they have one hydroxyl group, and limit if they are derivatives of alkanes.

The general formula of saturated monohydric alcohols:

and their composition is expressed by the general formula:
C n H 2 n +1 OH or C n H 2 n +2 O

Examples of polyhydric alcohols are known, i.e., having several hydroxyl groups.

Phenols- derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene series), in which one or more hydrogen atoms in the benzene ring are replaced by hydroxyl groups.

The simplest representative with the formula C 6 H 5 OH is called phenol.

Aldehydes and ketones- derivatives of hydrocarbons containing a carbonyl group of atoms (carbonyl).

In aldehyde molecules, one carbonyl bond goes to the connection with the hydrogen atom, the other - with the hydrocarbon radical.

In the case of ketones, the carbonyl group is linked to two (generally different) radicals.

The composition of limiting aldehydes and ketones is expressed by the formula C n H 2l O.

carboxylic acids- derivatives of hydrocarbons containing carboxyl groups (-COOH).

If there is one carboxyl group in the acid molecule, then the carboxylic acid is monobasic. General formula of saturated monobasic acids (R-COOH). Their composition is expressed by the formula C n H 2 n O 2 .

Ethers are organic substances containing two hydrocarbon radicals connected by an oxygen atom: R-O-R or R 1 -O-R 2 .

The radicals may be the same or different. The composition of ethers is expressed by the formula C n H 2 n +2 O

Esters- compounds formed by replacing the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group in carboxylic acids with a hydrocarbon radical.

Nitro compounds- derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a nitro group -NO 2 .

General formula of limiting mononitro compounds:

and the composition is expressed by the general formula

C n H 2 n +1 NO 2.

Amines- compounds that are considered as derivatives of ammonia (NH 3), in which hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydrocarbon radicals.

Depending on the nature of the radical, amines can be aliphaticand aromatic.

Depending on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced by radicals, there are:

Primary amines with the general formula: R-NH 2

Secondary - with the general formula: R 1 -NH-R 2

Tertiary - with the general formula:

In a particular case, secondary as well as tertiary amines may have the same radicals.

Primary amines can also be considered as derivatives of hydrocarbons (alkanes), in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by an amino group -NH 2 . The composition of limiting primary amines is expressed by the formula C n H 2 n +3 N.

Amino acids contain two functional groups connected to a hydrocarbon radical: an amino group -NH 2 , and a carboxyl -COOH.

The composition of limiting amino acids containing one amino group and one carboxyl is expressed by the formula C n H 2 n +1 NO 2 .

Other important organic compounds are known that have several different or identical functional groups, long linear chains associated with benzene rings. In such cases, a strict definition of whether a substance belongs to a particular class is impossible. These compounds are often isolated into specific groups of substances: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, antibiotics, alkaloids, etc.

For the name of organic compounds, 2 nomenclatures are used - rational and systematic (IUPAC) and trivial names.

Compilation of names according to the IUPAC nomenclature

1) The basis of the name of the compound is the root of the word, denoting a saturated hydrocarbon with the same number of atoms as the main chain.

2) A suffix is ​​added to the root, characterizing the degree of saturation:

An (limiting, no multiple bonds);
-en (in the presence of a double bond);
-in (in the presence of a triple bond).

If there are several multiple bonds, then the number of such bonds (-diene, -triene, etc.) is indicated in the suffix, and after the suffix, the position of the multiple bond must be indicated in numbers, for example:
CH 3 -CH 2 -CH \u003d CH 2 CH 3 -CH \u003d CH -CH 3
butene-1 butene-2

CH 2 \u003d CH - CH \u003d CH 2
butadiene-1,3

Groups such as nitro-, halogens, hydrocarbon radicals that are not included in the main chain are taken out to the prefix. They are listed in alphabetical order. The position of the substituent is indicated by a number before the prefix.

The title order is as follows:

1. Find the longest chain of C atoms.

2. Sequentially number the carbon atoms of the main chain, starting from the end closest to the branch.

3. The name of an alkane is made up of the names of side radicals, listed in alphabetical order, indicating the position in the main chain, and the name of the main chain.

Nomenclature of some organic substances (trivial and international)

From Guest >>

1. What is the name of an organic substance whose molecules contain C, O, H atoms, which perform an energy and building function?
A-nucleic acid B-protein
B-carbohydrate G-ATP
2. What carbohydrates are polymers?
A-monosaccharides B-disaccharides B-polysaccharides
3. The group of monosaccharides includes:
A-glucose B-sucrose B-cellulose
4. Which carbohydrates are insoluble in water?
A-glucose, fructose B-starch B-ribose, deoxyribose
5. Fat molecules are formed:
A-from glycerol, higher carboxylic acids B-from glucose
B-from amino acids, water D-from ethyl alcohol, higher carboxylic acids
6. Fats perform a function in the cell:
A-transport B-energy
B-catalytic G-information
7. What compounds in relation to water are lipids?
A-hydrophilic B-hydrophobic
8. What is the importance of animal fats?
A-structure of membranes B-thermoregulation
B-source of energy D-source of water E-all of the above
9. Protein monomers are:
A-nucleotides B-amino acids C-glucose G-fats
10. The most important organic substance, which is part of the cells of all kingdoms of living nature, which has a primary linear configuration, is:
A-to polysaccharides B-to lipids
B-to ATP G-to polypeptides
2. Write the functions of proteins, give examples.
3. Task: According to the DNA chain AATGCGATGCTAGTTTAGG, it is necessary to complete the complementary chain and determine the length of the DNA

1. Choose one correct answer
1. How many of the known amino acids are involved in protein synthesis?
A-20 B-100 V-23
2. What part of the amino acid molecules distinguishes them from each other?
A-radical B-carboxyl group C-amino group
3. What compounds are included in ATP?
A- adenine, carbohydrate ribose, 3 molecules of phosphoric acid
B- guanine, fructose sugar, phosphoric acid residue.
B-ribose, glycerol and any amino acid
4. What is the role of ATP molecules in a cell?
A-provide the transport function B-transmit hereditary information
B-provide vital processes with energy G-accelerate biochemical reactions
5. Nucleic acid monomers are:
A-amino acids B-fats
B-nucleotides G-glucose
6. What class of chemical substances does ribose belong to?
A-protein B-carbohydrate C-lipid
7. What nucleotide is not part of the DNA molecule?
A-adenyl B-uridyl
B-guanyl G-thymidyl
8. Which of the nucleic acids has the greatest length?
A-DNA B-RNA
9. Guanyl nucleotide is complementary to the nucleotide:
A-thymidyl B-cytidyl
B-adenyl G-uridyl
10. The process of doubling DNA molecules is called:
A-replication B-transcription
B-complementarity G-translation.
2. Write lipid functions, give examples.
3. Task. In what sequence will the nucleotides be located in the i-RNA, if the DNA chain has the following composition: GGTATAGCGTTAAGCCTT, determine the length of the i-RNA.

There are several definitions of what organic substances are, how they differ from another group of compounds - inorganic. One of the most common explanations comes from the name "hydrocarbons". Indeed, at the heart of all organic molecules are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen. There are other elements that have received the name "organogenic".

Organic chemistry before the discovery of urea

Since ancient times, people have used many natural substances and minerals: sulfur, gold, iron and copper ore, table salt. Throughout the existence of science - from ancient times to the first half of the 19th century - scientists could not prove the connection between animate and inanimate nature at the level of microscopic structure (atoms, molecules). It was believed that organic substances owe their appearance to the mythical life force - vitalism. There was a myth about the possibility of growing a little man "homunculus". To do this, it was necessary to put various waste products into a barrel, wait a certain time until the vital force was born.

A crushing blow to vitalism was dealt by the work of Weller, who synthesized the organic substance urea from inorganic components. So it was proved that there is no life force, nature is one, organisms and inorganic compounds are formed by atoms of the same elements. The composition of urea was known even before Weller's work; the study of this compound was not difficult in those years. Remarkable was the very fact of obtaining a substance characteristic of metabolism outside the body of an animal or a person.

Theory of A. M. Butlerov

The role of the Russian school of chemists in the development of the science that studies organic substances is great. Whole epochs in the development of organic synthesis are associated with the names of Butlerov, Markovnikov, Zelinsky, Lebedev. The founder of the theory of the structure of compounds is A. M. Butlerov. The famous chemist in the 60s of the XIX century explained the composition of organic substances, the reasons for the diversity of their structure, revealed the relationship that exists between the composition, structure and properties of substances.

On the basis of Butlerov's conclusions, it was possible not only to systematize knowledge about already existing organic compounds. It became possible to predict the properties of substances not yet known to science, to create technological schemes for their production in industrial conditions. Many of the ideas of leading organic chemists are being fully implemented today.

When hydrocarbons are oxidized, new organic substances are obtained - representatives of other classes (aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, carboxylic acids). For example, large volumes of acetylene are used to produce acetic acid. Part of this reaction product is further consumed to obtain synthetic fibers. An acid solution (9% and 6%) is in every home - this is ordinary vinegar. Oxidation of organic substances serves as the basis for obtaining a very large number of compounds of industrial, agricultural, and medical importance.

aromatic hydrocarbons

Aromaticity in organic molecules is the presence of one or more benzene nuclei. A chain of 6 carbon atoms closes into a ring, a conjugated bond appears in it, so the properties of such hydrocarbons are not similar to other hydrocarbons.

Aromatic hydrocarbons (or arenes) are of great practical importance. Many of them are widely used: benzene, toluene, xylene. They are used as solvents and raw materials for the production of drugs, dyes, rubber, rubber and other products of organic synthesis.

Oxygen compounds

Oxygen atoms are present in a large group of organic substances. They are part of the most active part of the molecule, its functional group. Alcohols contain one or more hydroxyl species —OH. Examples of alcohols: methanol, ethanol, glycerin. In carboxylic acids, there is another functional particle - carboxyl (-COOOH).

Other oxygen-containing organic compounds are aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids, alcohols and aldehydes are present in large quantities in various plant organs. They can be sources for obtaining natural products (acetic acid, ethyl alcohol, menthol).

Fats are compounds of carboxylic acids and the trihydric alcohol glycerol. In addition to linear alcohols and acids, there are organic compounds with a benzene ring and a functional group. Examples of aromatic alcohols: phenol, toluene.

Carbohydrates

The most important organic substances of the body that make up the cells are proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and fats (lipids). Simple carbohydrates - monosaccharides - are found in cells in the form of ribose, deoxyribose, fructose and glucose. The last carbohydrate in this short list is the main substance of metabolism in cells. Ribose and deoxyribose are constituents of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids (RNA and DNA).

When glucose molecules are broken down, the energy necessary for life is released. First, it is stored in the formation of a kind of energy transfer - adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP). This substance is carried by the blood, delivered to tissues and cells. With the successive cleavage of three phosphoric acid residues from adenosine, energy is released.

Fats

Lipids are substances of living organisms that have specific properties. They do not dissolve in water, are hydrophobic particles. The seeds and fruits of some plants, nervous tissue, liver, kidneys, blood of animals and humans are especially rich in substances of this class.

Human and animal skin contains many small sebaceous glands. The secret secreted by them is displayed on the surface of the body, lubricates it, protects it from moisture loss and the penetration of microbes. The layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue protects internal organs from damage, serves as a reserve substance.

Squirrels

Proteins make up more than half of all organic substances of the cell, in some tissues their content reaches 80%. All types of proteins are characterized by high molecular weights, the presence of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. When heated, they are destroyed - denaturation occurs. The primary structure is a huge chain of amino acids for the microcosm. Under the action of special enzymes in the digestive system of animals and humans, the protein macromolecule breaks down into its constituent parts. They enter the cells, where the synthesis of organic substances takes place - other proteins specific to each living being.

Enzymes and their role

Reactions in the cell proceed at a rate that is difficult to achieve under industrial conditions, thanks to catalysts - enzymes. There are enzymes that act only on proteins - lipases. The hydrolysis of starch occurs with the participation of amylase. Lipases are needed to decompose fats into their constituent parts. Processes involving enzymes occur in all living organisms. If a person does not have any enzyme in the cells, then this affects the metabolism, in general, health.

Nucleic acids

Substances, first discovered and isolated from cell nuclei, perform the function of transmitting hereditary traits. The main amount of DNA is contained in chromosomes, and RNA molecules are located in the cytoplasm. With the reduplication (doubling) of DNA, it becomes possible to transfer hereditary information to germ cells - gametes. When they merge, the new organism receives genetic material from the parents.

Organic matter is a chemical compound containing carbon. The only exceptions are carbonic acid, carbides, carbonates, cyanides and oxides of carbon.

Story

The very term "organic substances" appeared in the everyday life of scientists at the stage of early development of chemistry. At that time, vitalistic worldviews dominated. It was a continuation of the traditions of Aristotle and Pliny. During this period, pundits were busy dividing the world into living and non-living. At the same time, all substances, without exception, were clearly divided into mineral and organic. It was believed that for the synthesis of compounds of "living" substances, a special "strength" was needed. It is inherent in all living beings, and organic elements cannot be formed without it.

This statement, ridiculous for modern science, dominated for a very long time, until in 1828 Friedrich Wöhler experimentally refuted it. He was able to obtain organic urea from inorganic ammonium cyanate. This pushed chemistry forward. However, the division of substances into organic and inorganic has been preserved in the present. It underlies the classification. Almost 27 million organic compounds are known.

Why are there so many organic compounds?

Organic matter is, with a few exceptions, a carbon compound. In fact, this is a very curious element. Carbon is able to form chains from its atoms. It is very important that the connection between them is stable.

In addition, carbon in organic substances exhibits a valency - IV. It follows from this that this element is able to form bonds with other substances not only single, but also double and triple. As their multiplicity increases, the chain of atoms will become shorter. At the same time, the stability of the connection only increases.

Also, carbon has the ability to form flat, linear and three-dimensional structures. That is why there are so many different organic substances in nature.

Compound

As mentioned above, organic matter is carbon compounds. And this is very important. arise when it is associated with almost any element of the periodic table. In nature, most often their composition (in addition to carbon) includes oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus. The rest of the elements are much rarer.

Properties

So, organic matter is a carbon compound. However, there are several important criteria that it must meet. All substances of organic origin have common properties:

1. The different typology of bonds existing between atoms inevitably leads to the appearance of isomers. First of all, they are formed by the combination of carbon molecules. Isomers are different substances that have the same molecular weight and composition, but different chemical and physical properties. This phenomenon is called isomerism.

2. Another criterion is the phenomenon of homology. These are series of organic compounds, in which the formula of neighboring substances differs from the previous ones by one CH 2 group. This important property is applied in materials science.

What are the classes of organic substances?

There are several classes of organic compounds. They are known to everyone. lipids and carbohydrates. These groups can be called biological polymers. They are involved in metabolism at the cellular level in any organism. Also included in this group are nucleic acids. So we can say that organic matter is what we eat every day, what we are made of.

Squirrels

Proteins are made up of structural components - amino acids. These are their monomers. Proteins are also called proteins. About 200 types of amino acids are known. All of them are found in living organisms. But only twenty of them are components of proteins. They are called basic. But less popular terms can also be found in the literature - proteinogenic and protein-forming amino acids. The formula of this class of organic matter contains amine (-NH 2) and carboxyl (-COOH) components. They are connected to each other by the same carbon bonds.

Functions of proteins

Proteins in the body of plants and animals perform many important functions. But the main one is structural. Proteins are the main components of the cell membrane and the matrix of organelles in cells. In our body, all the walls of arteries, veins and capillaries, tendons and cartilage, nails and hair consist mainly of different proteins.

The next function is enzymatic. Proteins act as enzymes. They catalyze chemical reactions in the body. They are responsible for the breakdown of nutrients in the digestive tract. In plants, enzymes fix the position of carbon during photosynthesis.

Some carry various substances in the body, such as oxygen. Organic matter is also able to join them. This is how the transport function works. Proteins carry metal ions, fatty acids, hormones and, of course, carbon dioxide and hemoglobin through the blood vessels. Transport also occurs at the intercellular level.

Protein compounds - immunoglobulins - are responsible for the protective function. These are blood antibodies. For example, thrombin and fibrinogen are actively involved in the process of coagulation. Thus, they prevent large blood loss.

Proteins are also responsible for the contraction function. Due to the fact that myosin and actin protofibrils constantly perform sliding movements relative to each other, muscle fibers contract. But similar processes occur in unicellular organisms. The movement of bacterial flagella is also directly related to the sliding of microtubules, which are of a protein nature.

Oxidation of organic substances releases a large amount of energy. But, as a rule, proteins are consumed for energy needs very rarely. This happens when all stocks are exhausted. Lipids and carbohydrates are best suited for this. Therefore, proteins can perform an energy function, but only under certain conditions.

Lipids

Organic matter is also a fat-like compound. Lipids belong to the simplest biological molecules. They are insoluble in water, but decompose in non-polar solutions such as gasoline, ether, and chloroform. They are part of all living cells. Chemically, lipids are alcohols and carboxylic acids. The most famous of them are fats. In the body of animals and plants, these substances perform many important functions. Many lipids are used in medicine and industry.

Functions of lipids

These organic chemicals, along with proteins in cells, form biological membranes. But their main function is energy. When fat molecules are oxidized, a huge amount of energy is released. It goes to the formation of ATP in the cells. In the form of lipids, a significant amount of energy reserves can accumulate in the body. Sometimes they are even more than necessary for the implementation of normal life. With pathological changes in the metabolism of "fat" cells, it becomes more. Although in fairness it should be noted that such excessive reserves are simply necessary for hibernating animals and plants. Many people believe that trees and shrubs feed on soil during the cold period. In reality, they use up the reserves of oils and fats that they made over the summer.

In humans and animals, fats can also perform a protective function. They are deposited in the subcutaneous tissue and around organs such as the kidneys and intestines. Thus, they serve as good protection against mechanical damage, that is, shock.

In addition, fats have a low level of thermal conductivity, which helps to keep warm. This is very important, especially in cold climates. In marine animals, the subcutaneous fat layer also contributes to good buoyancy. But in birds, lipids also perform water-repellent and lubricating functions. The wax coats their feathers and makes them more elastic. Some types of plants have the same plaque on the leaves.

Carbohydrates

The formula of organic matter C n (H 2 O) m indicates that the compound belongs to the class of carbohydrates. The name of these molecules refers to the fact that they contain oxygen and hydrogen in the same amount as water. In addition to these chemical elements, compounds may contain, for example, nitrogen.

Carbohydrates in the cell are the main group of organic compounds. These are primary products. They are also the initial products of the synthesis in plants of other substances, for example, alcohols, organic acids and amino acids. Carbohydrates are also part of the cells of animals and fungi. They are also found among the main components of bacteria and protozoa. So, in an animal cell they are from 1 to 2%, and in a plant cell their number can reach 90%.

To date, there are only three groups of carbohydrates:

Simple sugars (monosaccharides);

Oligosaccharides, consisting of several molecules of consecutively connected simple sugars;

Polysaccharides, they include more than 10 molecules of monosaccharides and their derivatives.

Functions of carbohydrates

All organic substances in the cell perform certain functions. So, for example, glucose is the main energy source. It is broken down in all cells during cellular respiration. Glycogen and starch constitute the main energy reserve, with the former in animals and the latter in plants.

Carbohydrates also perform a structural function. Cellulose is the main component of the plant cell wall. And in arthropods, chitin performs the same function. It is also found in the cells of higher fungi. If we take oligosaccharides as an example, then they are part of the cytoplasmic membrane - in the form of glycolipids and glycoproteins. Also, glycocalyx is often detected in cells. Pentoses are involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids. When is included in DNA, and ribose is included in RNA. Also, these components are found in coenzymes, for example, in FAD, NADP and NAD.

Carbohydrates are also able to perform a protective function in the body. In animals, the substance heparin actively prevents rapid blood clotting. It is formed during tissue damage and blocks the formation of blood clots in the vessels. Heparin is found in large quantities in mast cells in granules.

Nucleic acids

Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids are not all known classes of organic substances. Chemistry also includes nucleic acids. These are phosphorus-containing biopolymers. They, being in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm of all living beings, ensure the transmission and storage of genetic data. These substances were discovered thanks to the biochemist F. Miescher, who studied salmon spermatozoa. It was an "accidental" discovery. A little later, RNA and DNA were also found in all plant and animal organisms. Nucleic acids have also been isolated in the cells of fungi and bacteria, as well as viruses.

In total, two types of nucleic acids have been found in nature - ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA). The difference is clear from the name. deoxyribose is a five-carbon sugar. Ribose is found in the RNA molecule.

Organic chemistry is the study of nucleic acids. Topics for research are also dictated by medicine. There are many genetic diseases hidden in the DNA codes, which scientists have yet to discover.