Speech therapy portal / For beginners / Qualitative and relative adjectives. Confused? Then this is the place for you! Adjective name Russian language what is it like adjectives

Qualitative and relative adjectives. Confused? Then this is the place for you! Adjective name Russian language what is it like adjectives

05.02.2024

Surely all schoolchildren know what an adjective is. But many adults will most likely find it difficult to answer such a question. Over time, even basic things are forgotten. In which school classes are adjectives studied in detail? 4th grade, 5th, 6th... How long ago it was! We invite you to go back to the distant years and refresh your memory.

Independent part of speech

In Russian, it answers the questions “what”, “which”, “which”, “what”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose” and denotes the attribute of an object. It changes according to numbers, genders, cases, and can have a short form. Most often in sentences it acts as a definition, but it can also act as a predicate.

Rank

The adjective like has only one constant morphological feature - it is a category. There are qualitative, possessive, relative linguistic units. Let's talk about each category in more detail.

Qualitative adjectives

Words of this category answer the questions “what”, “which”, “which”, “what” and denote a characteristic that can be present to a lesser or greater extent. Qualitative adjectives, as a rule, go well with the adverbs “too”, “very” and their synonyms, for example, too beautiful, very big, extremely smart.

From such words, by repetition, you can form a complex adjective, for example, big-big, tasty-delicious. You can also attach the prefix non- to the word and get a single-root adjective as a result, for example, ugly, not stupid. Typically, high-quality structural linguistic units have antonyms (high - low), and in some cases also hypernyms (big - huge). It should be noted that not all words meet the listed characteristics; there are also those that do not meet these criteria.

Word forms

The peculiarity of qualitative adjectives is that many of them have full and short forms, for example, smart - smart, tasty - tasty. At the same time, the short form is not declined at all, but the full form is declined according to cases, genders, and numbers. Often in sentences, short adjectives serve as predicates, and long adjectives serve as modifiers. Some words do not have a short form at all, for example, kind, friendly, while others do not have a full form, for example, much, necessary, must, glad.

Degrees of comparison

The story about what an adjective is would not be complete without touching upon such a characteristic of this part of speech as the degree of comparison. The sign is inherent only in high-quality linguistic units. There are three degrees of comparison:

1) positive, indicating that an object or group of objects has some characteristic, for example, a beautiful flower;

2) comparative, meaning that one or another characteristic of one object or group of objects is expressed more significantly than another (others), for example, a wolf is larger than a hare, or the same object (the same objects), but already in other times, for example, in the future I will be smarter;

3) excellent, meaning that an object or set of objects has some attribute to a greater extent than all other objects from the same group, for example, the best doctor in the hospital, the strongest player on the team.

You can form an adjective in the comparative degree by using additional words, for example: the most beautiful, taller. In this case, the part of speech takes on a composite, or, as they also say, analytical form. When expressed in only one word, the form is called simple, or synthetic. It should be emphasized that not all adjectives can have comparative and superlative degrees. Words that are not qualitative in nature do not have such characteristics.

Relative adjectives

These are linguistic units that answer the questions “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose” and denote a characteristic that cannot be possessed to a lesser or greater extent. They express the relationship of an object to another object, to a property (washing powder), to a material (glass vase), to a place (Moscow courtyard), to time (October day), to a unit of measurement (a three-story house, a seven-year-old child, a kilogram bag), and so on. Further. Such adjectives cannot be combined with the adverbs “too”, “very” and their synonyms, and do not have a short form or degrees of comparison. They also have no antonyms.

Possessive adjectives

These words answer the questions “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, and indicate that a certain object belongs to a person or living creature, for example, sister, father, fox. These linguistic units, as in the previous case, do not have degrees of comparison, antonyms, short forms, and are not combined with the adverbs “too”, “very” and their synonyms.

Digit boundaries

Talking about what an adjective is, it is worth noting one feature. The fact is that the lexical and grammatical boundaries of words in this part of speech are very flexible, so it is sometimes difficult to correctly determine the category. Thus, possessive, relative adjectives can easily take on a qualitative meaning. For example, in the phrase “dog's paw” the word “dog” will be a possessive adjective, in the phrase “pack of dogs” it will be a relative adjective, and in the phrase “a dog’s life” it will be a qualitative adjective.

Declension types

Words related to the part of speech we are considering can be inflected by cases, numbers, and in the singular also by gender. This does not apply to comparative adjectives and short adjectives that are not inflected. There are also a certain number of undecidable words, for example, beige jackets.

The case, number, and gender of adjectives depend on the same characteristics of the nouns with which they agree. Depending on the stem, there are three declension options:

solid: ;
soft: winter, winter, winter;
mixed: bad, bad, bad.

Word formation

An adjective as a part of speech can be formed in different ways:

prefix: joyful - joyless;
suffixal: swamp - marshy;
prefix-suffixal: earth - underground;
by combining two bases: three colors - tricolor, pale and pink - pale pink;
complex suffix: flax + seed + cleaning - flax seed cleaning.

Morphological analysis

At school, during Russian language lessons, teachers quite often give children tasks to make related to one or another part of speech. How to parse an adjective? To do this, you need to determine the following characteristics of the language unit:

Transition to other parts of speech

Participles and pronouns often become adjectives. For example, he is not much of a musician. In turn, adjectives can be substantivized into the category of nouns, for example, military, Russian.

Features of this part of speech in other languages

We hope that thanks to the article you were able to remember what an adjective is. It is worth saying that not all the characteristics inherent in this part of speech in the Russian language will occur in other linguistic systems. For example, adjectives in English do not change according to numbers and cases; in French, they do not change according to cases, but they change according to numbers. In Japanese, adjectives are generally unchangeable; they have tenses and determine politeness of speech. In Portuguese and Spanish, many adjectives have a common form for both masculine and feminine genders, while others vary according to gender and number. Everything is so difficult with this part of speech!

Now you can tell everything about the adjective. Of course, we did not consider all the characteristics of this part of speech, but touched only on the main features. But for general development this is quite enough.

Adjective - is an independent significant part of speech, combining words that

1) indicate the attribute of an object and answer questions which one?, whose?;

2) they change according to gender, number and cases, and some - according to completeness/brevity and degrees of comparison;

3) in a sentence they are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Classes of adjectives by meaning

There are three categories of adjectives based on meaning:qualitative, relative, possessive.

Quality adjectives denote quality, property of an object: its size (small ), shape (round ), color (white ), physical characteristics (warm ) , as well as the propensity of the subject to perform an action (barbed ).

Relative adjectives denote the attribute of an object through the relationship of this object to another object (book ), action (reading ) or other sign (yesterday's ). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and adverbs; The most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes -n - ( forest ), - ov - ( hedgehog ), - in - ( poplar-in-y ), - sk - ( warehouse ), - l - ( fluent ).

Possessives adjectives denote that an object belongs to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes -in - ( mom-in ), - ov - ( fathers ), - th - ( fox ). These suffixes come at the end of the adjective stem (cf. possessive adjectivefathers and relative adjectivepaternal ).

Quality adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all linguistic levels:

1) only qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;

2) qualitative adjectives can have antonyms (quiet - loud );

3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;

4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute (strictness ) and adverbs starting with -o (strictly ), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix (blue, angry) ;

5) only qualitative adjectives have a full/short form and degrees of comparison;

6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (Very funny ).

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives of all categories have inconstant signs of gender (in the singular), number and case, in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the V. plural form, and for the masculine gender - singular (cf.: I seebeautiful shoes and I see beautiful girls ).

Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called declension of adjectives.

Qualitative adjectives in the short form are not declined (expressions on bare feet, in broad daylight are phraseological and do not reflect the modern state of the language), as well as qualitative adjectives in the simple comparative and the compound superlative degree built on its basis (above, above all) .

In Russian there areindeclinable adjectives , which mean:

1) colors:beige , khaki , Marengo , electrician ;

2) nationalities and languages:Khanty , Mansi , Urdu ;

3) clothing styles:pleated , corrugation , bell-bottom , mini .

Fixed adjectives are also words (weight)gross , net , (hour)peak .

Their grammatical features are their invariability, adjoining to a noun, location after, and not before, the noun. The immutability of these adjectives is their constant feature.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have an inconsistent morphological feature of degrees of comparison.

School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison -comparative and superlative .

Comparative degree of the adjective indicates that the characteristic is manifested to a greater/lesser extent in a given object compared to another object (Vanya is taller than Kolya; This river is deeper than the other ) or the same item in other circumstances (Vanya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one ).

There is a comparative degreesimple and compound .

Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed from the base of adjectives with the help of suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same ( faster, higher, earlier, deeper ).

The simple form of the comparative degree of some adjectives is formed from another stem:pl O hoy - worse , good - better .

Sometimes, when forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be addedBy- ( newer ) .

The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This:

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use primarily as a predicate (He is taller than his father ). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position (Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult ) or in a non-isolated position with the prefix po- in the position after the noun (Buy me some fresh newspapers ).

Compound comparative degree denotes both a greater and lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed as follows:

element more/less + adjective (more / less high ).

The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;

2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also be in a short form (more handsome );

3) a compound comparative degree can be either a predicate or a non-isolated and isolated definition (Less interesting article was presented V this magazine . This article is less interesting than the previous one. )

Excellent the degree of comparison indicates the greatest/smallest degree of manifestation of the trait (the highest mountain) or a very large/small degree of manifestation of the trait (the kindest person).

The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple or compound.

Simple superlative adjective comparison denotes the greatest degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed from the base of the adjective with the help of suffixes -eish- / -aysh- (after k, r, x, causing alternation):kind-eysh-y, high-yish-yy.

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be usednai -: kindest .

The morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of the adjective, i.e., variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.

Compound superlative adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed in three ways:

1) adding a wordmost the cleverest );

2) adding a wordmost/least to the initial form of the adjective (most/least smart );

3) adding a wordeveryone orTotal to the comparative degree (He was smarter than everyone ).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of adjectives, i.e. they change by gender, number and case, and can have a short form (most convenient ), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

Completeness/brevity of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form.

The short form is formed by adding positive degree endings to the stem: null ending for the masculine gender, -A for women, -O / -e for average, -s / -And for plural (deep , deepA , deepO , deepAnd ) .

A short form cannot be formed from qualitative adjectives that:

1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives -sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n- : brown , coffee , brotherly ;

2) indicate the colors of animals:brown , black ;

3) have suffixes of subjective assessment:tall , blue .

The short form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change by case, in a sentence it acts primarily as a nominal part of the predicate; the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position (Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:

1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf..: skirt short - skirt short ;

2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the long form - permanent, cf.:child is ill - child sick .

There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a short form:glad , much , must .

Transition of adjectives from category to category

It is possible for an adjective to have several meanings belonging to different categories. In school grammar this is called “the transition of an adjective from category to category.” Thus, a relative adjective can develop a meaning characteristic of qualitative ones (for example:iron detail (relative) -iron will (qual.) - metaphorical transfer). Possessives may have meanings characteristic of relative and qualitative (for example:Foxy burrow (possessive)- fox a cap (relative) -fox habits (quality).

Morphological analysis of the adjective

Morphological analysis of the adjective is carried out according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. General meaning. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).

II. Morphological characteristics.
1. Constant signs: rank by meaning (qualitative, relative or possessive) 2. Variable signs: 1) for qualitative adjectives: a) degree of comparison (comparative, superlative), b) full or short form; 2) for all adjectives: a) case, b) number, c) gender
III. Syntactic role.

An example of morphological analysis of an adjective.

And indeed, she was beautiful: tall, thin, black eyes, like those of a mountain chamois, and looked into your soul (M. Yu. Lermontov).

1. Good (what?) - adjective,

initial form is good.

2. Constant signs: high-quality, brief;

inconsistent signs: units. number, female genus.

3. She (was what?)good (part of the predicate).

1. High (what?) - adjective,

initial form - tall.

Non-constant signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p..

3. She (was what?) high (part of the predicate).

1. T-nenkaya - adjective,

the initial form is thin.

2. Constant signs: high-quality, complete;

inconsistent signs: positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p.

3. She (was what?) thin(part of the predicate).

1. Black - adjective

the initial form is black.

2. Constant signs: quality;

inconsistent features: complete, positive degree of comparison, plural. number, I. p..

3. Eyes (which ones?) black (predicate).

In a sentence, an adjective is most often a modifier, but can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.

Encyclopedic YouTube

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✪ Russian language. Morphology: Adjective as a part of speech. Foxford Online Learning Center

✪ Russian language 66. Adjective as a part of speech - Shishkina school

✪ Russian 10th grade. Adjective as part of speech

✪ Adjective (grade 5, video lesson presentation)

✪ Russian language. 6th grade. Adjective

Subtitles

Classes of adjectives

Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three category adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.

Qualitative adjectives

They denote a characteristic that can be present to a greater or lesser extent. They answer the question “which one?”

As a rule, they have the following symptoms:

combined with the adverbs “very” (and its synonyms) and “too” ( very big, too handsome, extremely smart).
from qualitative adjectives it is possible to form
- compound adjective by repetition ( delicious-delicious, big-big).
- cognate adjective with prefix Not- (not stupid, ugly).
have an antonym ( stupid - smart), and sometimes a hypernym ( big - huge)

Some qualitative adjectives do not satisfy all of the above criteria.

Most qualitative adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( smart, delicious) and short ( smart, delicious). The full form changes according to numbers, genders and cases. Short form - only by gender and number. In a sentence, the short form is used as a predicate, and the full form is usually used as a definition. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly, amiable) . Others, on the contrary, do not have a full form ( glad, much, must, need)

Possessive adjectives

Indicate that an object belongs to a living creature or person ( paternal, sisters, fox). They answer the question “whose?” Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) fur, hare (qualitative) soul, hare (relative) trace.

General information

The boundaries of the lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are flexible. Thus, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive), dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives are inflected by case and inflected by number; in the singular, they are also inflected by gender. The exception is short adjectives and comparative adjectives: they are not declined. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people, khaki, gross weight.

The gender, case and number of the inflected adjective depend on the corresponding characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually found after the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: beige jackets.

solid: red th, red Wow, red wow
soft: syn th, syn his, syn to him
mixed: great Ouch, more Wow, more them.

Adjective

An adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that

1) indicate a non-procedural feature of the subject and answer questions Which?, whose?;

2) change according to gender, number and cases, and some - according to completeness/brevity and degrees of comparison;

3) in a sentence they are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Classes of adjectives by meaning

There are three categories of adjectives according to their meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.

Quality adjectives denote quality, property of an object: its size ( big), shape ( round), color ( blue), physical characteristics ( cold), as well as the propensity of the subject to perform an action ( talkative).

Relative adjectives denote the attribute of an object through the relationship of this object to another object ( book), action ( reading) or another sign ( yesterday's). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and adverbs; The most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes - n- (forest), -ov- (hedgehog), -in- (poplar-in-y), -sk- (warehouse), -l- (fluent).

Possessives adjectives denote that an object belongs to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes - in- (mom-in), -ov- (father-ov), -th- (fox). These suffixes come at the end of the adjective stem (cf. possessive adjective fathers and relative adjective paternal).

Qualitative adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all linguistic levels:

1) only qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;

2) qualitative adjectives can have antonyms ( deep - shallow);

3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;

4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute ( strictness) and adverbs ending in - O(strictly), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix ( blue, angry);

5) only qualitative adjectives have a full/short form and degrees of comparison;

6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree ( very big, but not * very readable).

Thus, we see that qualitative adjectives are grammatically opposed to relative and possessive adjectives, which, in turn, are grammatically very similar. The difference between relative and possessive adjectives is manifested only in the type of their declension (see declension of adjectives), which gives grounds for many researchers to combine them into one group of relative adjectives, into which, with the consistent grammatical separation of parts of speech, also ordinal numerals and pronominal adjectives fall.

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives of all categories have inconstant features sort of(singular) numbers And case, in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the V. plural form, and for the masculine gender - singular (cf.: I see beautiful shoes And I see beautiful girls) - see animate noun.

Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called declension of adjectives.

Quality And relative adjectives are declined equally. This type of declension is called adjectival.

In the Russian language there are indeclinable adjectives that mean:

1) colors: beige, khaki, marengo, electric;

2) nationalities and languages: Khanty, Mansi, Urdu;

3) clothing styles: pleated, corrugated, flared, mini.

Fixed adjectives are also words (weight) gross, net, (hour) peak.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have an inconsistent morphological feature of degrees of comparison.

School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative. It is more correct to distinguish three degrees of comparison - positive, comparative and superlative. The positive degree of comparison is the initial form of the adjective, in relation to which we recognize other forms as expressing greater/lesser or greatest/smallest degrees of the attribute.

comparative adjective indicates that the characteristic is manifested to a greater / lesser extent in this object compared to another object ( Petya is taller than Vasya; This river is deeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).

The comparative degree can be simple or compound.

Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows:

positive degree stem + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (faster, higher, earlier, deeper).

If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element To /OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.

Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad is worse, good is better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be added By- (newer). Simple comparative degree with prefix By- is used if the adjective takes the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what this feature is being compared with. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix By- adds a conversational tone ( These boots are newer than those).

The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use primarily as a predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with an attachment By- in position after a noun ( Buy me some fresh newspapers).

Compound comparative degree denotes both a greater and lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed as follows:

element more/less + positive degree ( more/less high).

The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;

3) a compound comparative degree can be either a predicate or a non-isolated and isolated definition ( A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)

Superlative comparison indicates the greatest/smallest degree of manifestation of the trait ( highest mountain) or to a very large/small degree of manifestation of the trait ( kindest person).

The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple or compound.

Simple superlative The adjective of comparison denotes the greatest degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows:

positive degree basis + formative suffixes -eysh- / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good, Supreme

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.

The morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of the positive degree, i.e., variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. Unlike the positive degree, the simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.

Compound superlative comparison of adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed in three ways:

1) element the most + positive degree ( the cleverest);

2) element most/least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);

3) simple comparative degree + element total/everyone (He was smarter than everyone).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of the positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, number and cases, and can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

The absence of simple comparative and superlative degrees may be due to

1) with the formal structure of the adjective: if the adjective contains a suffix that matches the suffixes of relative adjectives, it may not have a simple comparative degree ( emaciated - * emaciated, * emaciated, advanced - * more advanced);

2) with the lexical meaning of the adjective: the meaning of the degree of manifestation of the attribute can already be expressed in the basis of the adjective - in its root ( barefoot - *barefoot) or in the suffix ( fat-en-y - *thicker, angrier-y - *angry, whitish-y - *whitish, blue-yush-y - *blue-ish).

Compound forms of degrees of comparison are not formed only in words with a semantic limitation, i.e. in the second case. Yes, no forms *more feisty, *less whitish, but there are forms less emaciated, more advanced.

Adjective categories

Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three categories of adjectives:

Most qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form. The full form changes according to cases, numbers and genders. Adjectives in short form vary according to number and gender. Short adjectives are not inflected; in a sentence they are used as predicates. Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree of attribute, and adjectives that are part of terminological names (fast train, deep rear). Qualitative adjectives can be combined with the adverb very and have antonyms. Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. In form, each degree can be simple (consists of one word) or compound (consists of two words): the harder, the quietest.

relative(answer the question “which one?”)
- relative adjectives have no degrees; indicate the material from which the object is made, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the object: tree - wood, January - January, freezing - frosty;
- most relative adjectives cannot be combined with the adverb “very”;

Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that cannot be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent. Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with the adverb very, and do not have antonyms. Relative adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).

possessive- answer the question “whose?” and denote belonging to something living or a person ( paternal, sisters, fox).

Possessive adjectives denote that something belongs to a person and answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose? Possessive adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).

To assign an adjective to any category, it is enough to find at least one sign of this category in the adjective.

Agreement of adjectives with nouns

Adjectives agree with the nouns they refer to in gender, number and case.

Example: adjective "blue"
- blue (Singular, m.r., Imp.) house (Singular, m.r., Imp.)
- blue (singular, sr.r., im.p.) sky (singular, sr.r., im.p.).

Declension of adjectives.

The gender, case and number of an adjective depend on the corresponding characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition in relation to the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.

solid: red th, red Wow, red wow
soft: syn th, syn his, syn to him
mixed: great Ouch, more Wow, more them.

The declension of adjectives includes changes in numbers, and in the singular - also in cases and genders.

The form of an adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number and case.

Short adjectives change only by gender and number.

The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, but are the same in other forms.

There are different forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular masculine and in the plural, referring to animate and inanimate nouns:

V.p. = I.p. for inanimate nouns:
- “For the violent raid he doomed their villages and fields to swords and fires” (A. Pushkin);
V.p. = R.p. with animate nouns:
- “Masha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman” (A. Pushkin);
- “And the whole earth should forever glorify ordinary people, to whom I would pour stars into medals for their victories” (V. Sysoev).

Masculine adjectives in -Ouch bow in the same way as on th, but always have a stressed ending: grey, young - gray, young - gray, young - about gray, about the young.

The letter designation of the endings of adjectives in a number of cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - bel[ъвъ], letn-him - letn[въ].

Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives:

solid declination;
soft declination;
mixed declension.

Hard declension of adjectives

Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant are inclined according to the hard type, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, dear, boring, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.

Formation of adjectives

Adjectives are most often formed in a suffixal way: swamp - swamp n y. Adjectives can also be formed by prefixes: Not big, and prefix-suffix ways: under water n y. Adjectives are also formed in a complex suffix way: flax O seed peeler identifiable. Adjectives can also be formed by combining two stems: pale pink, three-year-old.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

General grammatical meaning.
Initial form. The initial form of an adjective is the singular form, nominative case, masculine ( blue).
Constant signs: discharge.
Non-permanent features: used in short/long (only for high-quality ones); degree of comparison (only for high-quality ones); number, gender, case (blue - used in full form, singular)
syntactic role - definition

Transition to other parts of speech

Most often, participles become adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives ( He's not much of an artist).

Adjectives, in turn, can be substantivized, that is, become nouns: Russian, military.

Features of adjectives in other languages

Notes

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Synonyms:

See what “Adjective” is in other dictionaries:

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