Virtual excursion “Spacecraft. Spaceships What should a spaceship be like?

Details Category: Meeting with space Published 12/05/2012 11:32 Views: 17243

A manned spacecraft is designed to fly one or more people into outer space and return safely to Earth after completing the mission.

When designing this class of spacecraft, one of the main tasks is to create a safe, reliable and accurate system for returning the crew to the earth's surface in the form of a wingless lander or spaceplane. . Spaceplane - orbital plane(OS), aerospace aircraft(VKS) is a winged aircraft of an aircraft design that enters or is launched into the orbit of an artificial Earth satellite by means of a vertical or horizontal launch and returns from it after completing target tasks, making a horizontal landing at the airfield, actively using the lifting force of the glider while descending. Combines the properties of both an airplane and a spaceship.

An important feature of a manned spacecraft is the presence of an emergency rescue system (ESS) at the initial stage of launch by a launch vehicle (LV).

The projects of the first generation Soviet and Chinese spaceships did not have a full-fledged rocket SAS - instead, as a rule, ejection of the crew seats was used (the Voskhod spacecraft did not have this either). Winged spaceplanes are also not equipped with a special SAS, and may also have ejection seats for the crew. Also, the spacecraft must be equipped with a life support system (LSS) for the crew.

Creating a manned spacecraft is a highly complex and costly task, which is why only three countries have them: Russia, the USA and China. And only Russia and the USA have reusable manned spacecraft systems.

Some countries are working on creating their own manned spacecraft: India, Japan, Iran, North Korea, as well as ESA (European Space Agency, created in 1975 for space exploration). ESA consists of 15 permanent members, sometimes, in some projects, Canada and Hungary join them.

First generation spaceships

"East"

These are a series of Soviet spacecraft designed for manned flights in low-Earth orbit. They were created under the leadership of OKB-1 General Designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev from 1958 to 1963.

The main scientific tasks for the Vostok spacecraft were: studying the effects of orbital flight conditions on the condition and performance of an astronaut, testing the design and systems, testing the basic principles of spacecraft construction.

History of creation

Spring 1957 S. P. Korolev within the framework of his design bureau, he organized a special department No. 9, designed to carry out work on the creation of the first artificial Earth satellites. The department was headed by Korolev’s comrade-in-arms Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov. Soon, in parallel with the development of artificial satellites, the department began to carry out research on the creation of a manned satellite. The launch vehicle was to be the Royal R-7. Calculations showed that it, equipped with a third stage, could launch a load weighing about 5 tons into low Earth orbit.

At the early stage of development, calculations were made by mathematicians of the Academy of Sciences. In particular, it was noted that the result of a ballistic descent from orbit could be tenfold overload.

From September 1957 to January 1958, Tikhonravov’s department investigated all the conditions for carrying out the task. It was discovered that the equilibrium temperature of a winged spacecraft, which had the highest aerodynamic quality, exceeded the thermal stability capabilities of the alloys available at that time, and the use of winged design options led to a decrease in the payload. Therefore, they refused to consider winged options. The most acceptable way to return a person was to eject him at an altitude of several kilometers and further descend by parachute. In this case, there was no need to carry out a separate rescue of the descent vehicle.

In the course of medical research conducted in April 1958, tests of pilots in a centrifuge showed that in a certain body position a person is able to withstand overloads of up to 10 G without serious consequences for his health. Therefore, they chose a spherical shape for the descent vehicle for the first manned spacecraft.

The spherical shape of the descent vehicle was the simplest and most studied symmetrical shape; the sphere has stable aerodynamic properties at any possible speeds and angles of attack. Shifting the center of mass to the rear of the spherical apparatus made it possible to ensure its correct orientation during the ballistic descent.

The first ship, Vostok-1K, went into automatic flight in May 1960. Later, the Vostok-3KA modification was created and tested, completely ready for manned flights.

In addition to one launch vehicle accident at launch, the program launched six unmanned vehicles, and subsequently six more manned spacecraft.

The world's first manned space flight (Vostok-1), a daily flight (Vostok-2), group flights of two spacecraft (Vostok-3 and Vostok-4) and the flight of a female cosmonaut were carried out on the ships of the program (“Vostok-6”).

Construction of the Vostok spacecraft

The total mass of the spacecraft is 4.73 tons, length is 4.4 m, maximum diameter is 2.43 m.

The ship consisted of a spherical descent module (weighing 2.46 tons and a diameter of 2.3 m), which also served as an orbital compartment, and a conical instrument compartment (weighing 2.27 tons and a maximum diameter of 2.43 m). The compartments were mechanically connected to each other using metal bands and pyrotechnic locks. The ship was equipped with systems: automatic and manual control, automatic orientation to the Sun, manual orientation to the Earth, life support (designed to maintain an internal atmosphere close in its parameters to the Earth’s atmosphere for 10 days), command and logic control, power supply, thermal control and landing . To support tasks related to human work in outer space, the ship was equipped with autonomous and radiotelemetric equipment for monitoring and recording parameters characterizing the state of the astronaut, structure and systems, ultrashort-wave and short-wave equipment for two-way radiotelephone communication between the astronaut and ground stations, a command radio line, a software-time device, a television system with two transmitting cameras for monitoring the astronaut from Earth, a radio system for monitoring orbital parameters and direction finding of the ship, a TDU-1 braking propulsion system and other systems. The weight of the spacecraft together with the last stage of the launch vehicle was 6.17 tons, and their combined length was 7.35 m.

The descent vehicle had two windows, one of which was located on the entrance hatch, just above the astronaut’s head, and the other, equipped with a special orientation system, in the floor at his feet. The astronaut, dressed in a spacesuit, was placed in a special ejection seat. At the last stage of landing, after braking the descent vehicle in the atmosphere, at an altitude of 7 km, the astronaut ejected from the cabin and landed by parachute. In addition, provision was made for the astronaut to land inside the descent vehicle. The descent vehicle had its own parachute, but was not equipped with the means to perform a soft landing, which threatened the person remaining in it with serious injury during a joint landing.

If the automatic systems failed, the astronaut could switch to manual control. The Vostok spacecraft were not adapted for human flights to the Moon, and also did not allow the possibility of flight by people who had not undergone special training.

Vostok spaceship pilots:

"Sunrise"

Two or three ordinary chairs were installed in the space vacated by the ejection seat. Since the crew was now landing in a descent module, to ensure a soft landing of the ship, in addition to the parachute system, a solid-fuel braking engine was installed, which was activated immediately before touching the ground by a signal from a mechanical altimeter. On the Voskhod-2 spacecraft, intended for spacewalks, both cosmonauts were dressed in Berkut spacesuits. Additionally, an inflatable airlock chamber was installed, which was reset after use.

The Voskhod spacecraft were launched into orbit by the Voskhod launch vehicle, also developed on the basis of the Vostok launch vehicle. But the system of the carrier and the Voskhod ship in the first minutes after launch did not have means of rescue in case of an accident.

The following flights were carried out under the Voskhod program:

"Cosmos-47" - October 6, 1964. Unmanned test flight to develop and test the ship.

Voskhod 1 - October 12, 1964. The first space flight with more than one person on board. Crew composition - cosmonaut-pilot Komarov, constructor Feoktistov and doctor Egorov.

“Cosmos-57” - February 22, 1965. An unmanned test flight to test a spacecraft for going into space ended in failure (undermined by the self-destruction system due to an error in the command system).

“Cosmos-59” - March 7, 1965. An unmanned test flight of a device of another series (“Zenit-4”) with the installed airlock of the Voskhod spacecraft for access to space.

"Voskhod-2" - March 18, 1965. First spacewalk. Crew composition - cosmonaut-pilot Belyaev and test cosmonaut Leonov.

“Cosmos-110” - February 22, 1966. Test flight to check the operation of on-board systems during a long orbital flight, there were two dogs on board - Breeze and Coal, the flight lasted 22 days.

Second generation spaceships

"Union"

A series of multi-seat spacecraft for flights in low-Earth orbit. The developer and manufacturer of the ship is RSC Energia ( Rocket and space corporation "Energia" named after S. P. Korolev. The head office of the corporation is located in the city of Korolev, the branch is at the Baikonur Cosmodrome). It emerged as a single organizational structure in 1974 under the leadership of Valentin Glushko.

History of creation

The Soyuz rocket and space complex began to be designed in 1962 at OKB-1 as a ship of the Soviet program to fly around the Moon. At first it was assumed that a combination of a spacecraft and upper stages should have gone to the Moon under program “A” 7K, 9K, 11K. Subsequently, Project “A” was closed in favor of individual projects to fly around the Moon using the Zond spacecraft/ 7K-L1 and landing on the Moon using the L3 complex as part of an orbital ship-module 7K-LOK and landing ship-module LK. In parallel with the lunar programs, based on the same 7K and the closed project of the near-Earth spacecraft "Sever", they began to make 7K-OK- a multi-purpose three-seat orbital vehicle (OSV), designed to practice maneuvering and docking operations in low-Earth orbit, to conduct various experiments, including the transfer of astronauts from ship to ship through outer space.

Tests of 7K-OK began in 1966. After the abandonment of the flight program on the Voskhod spacecraft (with the destruction of the backlog of three of the four completed Voskhod spacecraft), the designers of the Soyuz spacecraft lost the opportunity to work out solutions for their program on it. There came a two-year break in manned launches in the USSR, during which the Americans actively explored outer space. The first three unmanned launches of the Soyuz spacecraft were completely or partially unsuccessful, and serious errors were discovered in the design of the spacecraft. However, the fourth launch was made by a manned (“Soyuz-1” with V. Komarov), which turned out to be tragic - the astronaut died during his descent to Earth. After the Soyuz-1 accident, the design of the spacecraft was completely redesigned to resume manned flights (6 unmanned launches were carried out), and in 1967 the first, generally successful, automatic docking of two Soyuzs (Cosmos-186 and Cosmos-188"), in 1968 manned flights were resumed, in 1969 the first docking of two manned spacecraft and a group flight of three spacecraft took place at once, and in 1970 an autonomous flight of record duration (17.8 days). The first six ships "Soyuz" and ("Soyuz-9") were ships of the 7K-OK series. A version of the ship was also being prepared for flights "Soyuz-Contact" to test the docking systems of the 7K-LOK and LC modules of the lunar expeditionary complex L3. Due to the lack of development of the L3 lunar landing program to the stage of manned flights, the need for Soyuz-Contact flights disappeared.

In 1969, work began on the creation of the Salyut long-term orbital station (DOS). A ship was designed to transport the crew 7KT-OK(T - transport). The new ship differed from the previous ones by the presence of a new design docking station with an internal manhole hatch and additional communication systems on board. The third ship of this type (Soyuz-10) did not fulfill the task assigned to it. Docking with the station was carried out, but as a result of damage to the docking unit, the ship's hatch was blocked, which made it impossible for the crew to transfer to the station. During the fourth flight of a ship of this type (Soyuz-11), due to depressurization during the descent section, they died G. Dobrovolsky, V. Volkov and V. Patsaev, since they were without spacesuits. After the Soyuz-11 accident, the development of 7K-OK/7KT-OK was abandoned, the ship was redesigned (changes were made to the layout of the spacecraft to accommodate cosmonauts in spacesuits). Due to the increased mass of life support systems, a new version of the ship 7K-T became a two-seater, lost its solar panels. This ship became the workhorse of Soviet cosmonautics in the 1970s: 29 expeditions to the Salyut and Almaz stations. Ship version 7K-TM(M - modified) was used in a joint flight with the American Apollo under the ASTP program. The four Soyuz spacecraft that officially launched after the Soyuz-11 accident had different types of solar panels in their design, but these were different versions of the Soyuz spacecraft - 7K-TM (Soyuz-16, Soyuz-19) ), 7K-MF6(“Soyuz-22”) and modification 7K-T - 7K-T-AF without a docking port (Soyuz-13).

Since 1968, Soyuz series spacecraft have been modified and produced 7K-S. 7K-S was refined over 10 years and by 1979 it became a ship 7K-ST "Soyuz T", and during a short transition period, the cosmonauts flew simultaneously on the new 7K-ST and the outdated 7K-T.

Further evolution of the 7K-ST ship systems led to modification 7K-STM "Soyuz TM": new propulsion system, improved parachute system, rendezvous system, etc. The first flight of Soyuz TM was made on May 21, 1986 to the Mir station, the last Soyuz TM-34 was in 2002 to the ISS.

A modification of the ship is currently in operation 7K-STMA "Soyuz TMA"(A - anthropometric). The ship, according to NASA requirements, was modified in relation to flights to the ISS. It can be used by cosmonauts who would not be able to fit into the Soyuz TM in terms of height. The astronaut's console was replaced with a new one, with a modern element base, the parachute system was improved, and the thermal protection was reduced. The last launch of a spacecraft of this modification, Soyuz TMA-22, took place on November 14, 2011.

In addition to the Soyuz TMA, today ships of a new series are used for space flights 7K-STMA-M “Soyuz TMA-M” (“Soyuz TMAC”)(C - digital).

Device

The ships of this series consist of three modules: the instrument and aggregate compartment (IAC), the descent vehicle (DA), and the accommodation compartment (CO).

The PAO houses a combined propulsion system, fuel for it, and service systems. The length of the compartment is 2.26 m, the main diameter is 2.15 m. The propulsion system consists of 28 DPO (mooring and orientation engines) 14 on each manifold, as well as a rendezvous-correction engine (SKD). The SKD is designed for orbital maneuvering and deorbiting.

The power supply system consists of solar panels and batteries.

The descent module contains seats for astronauts, life support and control systems, and a parachute system. The length of the compartment is 2.24 m, the diameter is 2.2 m. The household compartment has a length of 3.4 m, a diameter of 2.25 m. It is equipped with a docking unit and a rendezvous system. The sealed volume of the spacecraft contains cargo for the station, other payloads, and a number of life support systems, in particular a toilet. Through the landing hatch on the side surface of the spacecraft, the astronauts enter the ship at the launch site of the cosmodrome. BO can be used when sluicing into outer space in Orlan type spacesuits through the landing hatch.

New modernized version of Soyuz TMA-MS

The update will affect almost every system on the manned spacecraft. The main points of the spacecraft modernization program:

• the energy efficiency of solar panels will be increased through the use of more efficient photovoltaic converters;
• reliability of rendezvous and docking of the ship with the space station due to changes in the installation of the mooring and orientation engines. The new design of these engines will make it possible to perform rendezvous and docking even in the event of failure of one of the engines and ensure the descent of the manned spacecraft in the event of any two engine failures;
• a new communication and direction finding system, which, in addition to improving the quality of radio communications, will facilitate the search for a descent vehicle that has landed anywhere on the globe.

The modernized Soyuz TMA-MS will be equipped with GLONASS system sensors. During the parachute stage and after landing of the descent vehicle, its coordinates, obtained from GLONASS/GPS data, will be transmitted via the Cospas-Sarsat satellite system to the MCC.

Soyuz TMA-MS will be the latest modification of Soyuz" The ship will be used for manned flights until it is replaced by a new generation ship. But that's a completely different story...

Is it so easy to put a person in a jar or about the design of manned spacecraft January 3, 2017

Spaceship. Surely many of you, having heard this phrase, imagine something huge, complex and densely populated, an entire city in space. This is how I once imagined spaceships, and numerous science fiction films and books actively contribute to this.

It's probably good that filmmakers are limited only by their imagination, unlike space technology designers. At least in the movies we can enjoy the gigantic volumes, hundreds of compartments and thousands of crew members...

The size of a real spaceship is not at all impressive:

The photo shows the Soviet spacecraft Soyuz-19, taken by American astronauts from the Apollo spacecraft. It can be seen that the ship is quite small, and given that the habitable volume does not occupy the entire ship, it is obvious that it must be quite cramped there.

This is not surprising: large sizes mean large mass, and mass is enemy number one in astronautics. Therefore, spaceship designers try to make them as light as possible, often to the detriment of crew comfort. Notice how cramped the Soyuz ship is:

American ships in this regard are not particularly different from Russian ones. For example, here is a photo of Ed White and Jim McDivitt in the Gemini spacecraft.

Only the crews of the Space Shuttle could boast of any freedom of movement. They had two relatively spacious compartments at their disposal.

Flight deck (actually the control cabin):

Middle deck (this is a living compartment with sleeping places, a toilet, a storage room and an airlock):

The Soviet ship Buran, similar in size and layout, unfortunately, has never flown in manned mode, just like the TKS, which still has a record habitable volume among all ships ever designed.

But habitable volume is far from the only requirement for a spacecraft. I have heard statements like this: “They put a man in an aluminum can and sent him to spin around Mother Earth.” This phrase is, of course, incorrect. So how is a spaceship different from a simple metal barrel?

And the fact that the spacecraft must:
- Provide the crew with a breathable gas mixture,
- Remove carbon dioxide and water vapor exhaled by the crew from the habitable volume,
- Ensure an acceptable temperature for the crew,
- Have a sealed volume sufficient for the life of the crew,
- Provide the ability to control orientation in space and (optionally) the ability to carry out orbital maneuvers,
- Have food and water supplies necessary for the crew’s life,
- Ensure the possibility of safe return of the crew and cargo to the ground,
- Be as light as possible
- Have an emergency rescue system that allows you to return the crew to the ground in case of an emergency at any stage of the flight,
- Be very reliable. Any one equipment failure should not lead to the cancellation of the flight, any second failure should not threaten the life of the crew.

As you can see, this is no longer a simple barrel, but a complex technological device, stuffed with a variety of different equipment, having engines and a supply of fuel for them.

Here is an example of a model of the first generation Soviet spacecraft Vostok.

It consists of a sealed spherical capsule and a conical instrument-assembly compartment. Almost all ships have this arrangement, in which most of the instruments are placed in a separate unpressurized compartment. This is necessary to save weight: if all instruments were placed in a sealed compartment, this compartment would turn out to be quite large, and since it needs to maintain atmospheric pressure inside itself and withstand significant mechanical and thermal loads during entry into the dense layers of the atmosphere when descending to the ground, the walls it must be thick and durable, which makes the entire structure very heavy. And the leaky compartment, which will separate from the descent vehicle upon returning to earth and burn up in the atmosphere, does not need strong, heavy walls. The descent vehicle, without unnecessary instruments during return, turns out to be smaller and, accordingly, lighter. It is also given a spherical shape to reduce mass, because of all geometric bodies of the same volume, the sphere has the smallest surface area.

The only spacecraft where all the equipment was placed in a sealed capsule was the American Mercury. Here is a photo of him in the hangar:

One person could fit in this capsule, and even then with difficulty. Realizing the inefficiency of such an arrangement, the Americans made their next series of Gemini ships with a detachable, leaky instrument and component compartment. In the photo this is the back of the ship in white:

By the way, this compartment is painted white for a reason. The fact is that the walls of the compartment are penetrated by many tubes through which water circulates. This is a system for removing excess heat received from the Sun. Water takes heat from inside the habitable compartment and transfers it to the surface of the instrument compartment, from where the heat is radiated into space. To make these radiators less hot in direct sunlight, they were painted white.

On Vostok ships, radiators were located on the surface of the conical instrument compartment and were closed with shutters similar to blinds. By opening different numbers of dampers, it was possible to regulate the heat transfer of the radiators, and therefore the temperature regime inside the ship.

On the Soyuz ships and their Progress cargo counterparts, the heat removal system is similar to Gemini. Pay attention to the color of the surface of the instrument compartment. Of course, white :)

Inside the instrumentation compartment there are main engines, low-thrust shunting engines, fuel reserves for all this stuff, batteries, oxygen and water supplies, and part of the on-board electronics. Radio communication antennas, proximity antennas, various orientation sensors and solar panels are usually installed outside.

In the descent module, which also serves as the cabin of the spacecraft, there are only those elements that are needed during the descent of the vehicle in the atmosphere and a soft landing, as well as what should be in direct access to the crew: a control panel, a radio station, an emergency supply of oxygen, parachutes , cassettes with lithium hydroxide to remove carbon dioxide, soft landing engines, supports (chairs for astronauts), emergency rescue kits in case of landing at an off-design point, and, of course, the astronauts themselves.

The Soyuz ships have another compartment - a household one:

It contains what is needed during a long flight, but which can be dispensed with at the stage of putting the ship into orbit and upon landing: scientific instruments, food supplies, sewage and sanitary equipment (toilet), spacesuits for extravehicular activities, sleeping bags and other household items. items.

There is a known case with the Soyuz TM-5 spacecraft, when, in order to save fuel, the household compartment was shot not after issuing a braking impulse to deorbit, but before. Only there was no braking impulse: the attitude control system failed, and then it was impossible to start the engine. As a result, the astronauts had to stay in orbit for another day, and the toilet remained in the destroyed utility compartment. It is difficult to convey what inconvenience the astronauts experienced during these days, until they finally managed to land safely. After this incident, we decided to give up on such fuel economy and shoot the household compartment together with the instrumentation compartment after braking.

That's how many complexities there were in the "bank". We will separately go through each type of spacecraft of the USSR, USA and China in the following articles. Stay tuned.

The book covers an area of ​​astronautics that is little known to a wide range of readers, related to the selection, training, psychological, flight and engineering training of astronauts. Almost all areas of the cosmonaut training system that has developed over the past 23 years are reflected. The book will give a clear idea of ​​how high-class professionals are educated and formed. The stages of development of an astronaut's personality are consistently revealed, starting with the selection of cosmonaut candidates and their general space training using various technical means.

For a wide range of readers.

The experience of mankind, on the one hand, teaches that it is almost impossible to embrace the immensity. But on the other hand, humanity strives for this by applying the division of labor. The principle of division of labor also finds its application in the crew of a spacecraft consisting of several people.

The crew of the Soyuz T-10 during one of the training sessions on the Soyuz simulator

In order to concretely imagine much of what is written in this book, it seems advisable to cite as an illustration not an abstract, but a real crew of a spacecraft that completed a specific flight program, for example, the crew of the third main expedition of the Salyut-7 station ", which completed a 237-day space flight, a current record for duration.

The flight of this crew, on the one hand, has already become part of the history of astronautics, but, on the other hand, it is, in our opinion, a convincing example of a friendly, efficient and united crew. Let us briefly formulate the functional responsibilities of the crew members:

The ship's commander is responsible for the safety of the crew and the implementation of the entire flight program, performs all dynamic operations, some experiments;

Flight engineer - analyzes and monitors the performance of all spacecraft systems and research equipment, performs experiments;

Research cosmonaut - responsible for the health of crew members and carries out the research part of the flight program.

Without dwelling on the flight program, we will give an idea of ​​the socio-psychological portraits of the crew members who completed this flight.

Crew commander of the Soyuz T-10 and Soyuz T-15 spacecraft

Kizim Leonid Denisovich, Born in 1941, Ukrainian, has qualifications: 1st class cosmonaut pilot, 1st class military pilot, 3rd class test pilot.

In 1963 he graduated from the Chernigov VVAUL, in 1975 - the correspondence faculty of the VVAUL named after. Yu. A. Gagarin. To date, he has mastered 12 types of aircraft, has 1,448 hours of flight time, and has completed 80 parachute jumps of varying difficulty. Prepared for and performs flights in simple and adverse weather conditions, day and night. In 1966 he was accepted into the ranks of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

At the cosmonaut training center since 1965. In 1967, he completed the general space training course with a “good” grade. Since 1974, he was in preparation for flights on the Soyuz-7 space transport ship and the Salyut orbital station. From 10.79 to 11.80, he successfully completed the training phase for the Salyut-6 station, first as part of the crew: L. D. Kizim and O. G. Makarov, and then from 11.29.80 to 12.11.80 he performed a space flight on the orbital complex “ Salyut-6" - "Soyuz T-3" as crew commander consisting of L. D. Kizim, O. G. Makarov, G. M. Strekalov.

From 7.9.81 to 10.6.82 he underwent direct training under the program of the visiting expedition to Salyut-7 as part of the backup Soviet-French crew: L. D. Kizim, V. A. Solovyov, Patrick Baudry. According to the program of the main expedition to Salyut-7, he prepared from November 22, 1982 as part of the crew: L. D. Kizim, V. A. Solovyov, and from November 1, 1983 - as part of the crew of L. D. Kizim, V. A. Soloviev, O. Yu. Atkov.

L. D. Kizim made his second space flight lasting 237 days in 1984 as commander of the Soyuz T-10 spacecraft and the Salyut-7 orbital station. He made his third space flight as commander of the Soyuz T-15 spacecraft and the Mir orbital station in 1986. In this flight, for the first time in the history of astronautics, a flight was made from the Mir station to the Salyut-7 station and back.

During preparation, I deeply studied the systems of the ship and station, and the means of controlling them. Possesses highly developed and stable professional skills. He is an excellent operator. Works clearly and in an organized manner. All his actions are clearly controlled through on-board documentation. Has a developed sense of time and internal discipline. Deaf chamber tests, repeated training conducted in various climatic and geographical zones with extreme climatic influences, in difficult terrain and on water, as well as the results of space flight demonstrated such personality qualities as endurance, high resistance to stress, love of life and optimism, and the ability for long-term volitional effort and to maintaining a high level of performance. It tolerates overloads, vestibular influences, moderate degrees of hypoxia and high degrees of atmospheric pressure.

Purposeful, highly motivated for professional activities. During the learning process, the material is not absorbed immediately. To assimilate it well, he works hard, shows perseverance, and has a high personal interest in acquiring new knowledge and improving professional qualities. Has developed practical intelligence. Thinking is distinguished by realism and concrete images. In this regard, when assimilating new data, he strives to reach the essence of the phenomenon, to create an object-shaped idea of ​​it. Thanks to this, new skills and abilities are formed slowly, but are highly stable and reliable. Has great development potential. Takes an active position in learning. The comments of instructors, methodologists, teachers are treated with attention. Participates in the analysis of his mistakes and jointly looks for ways to eliminate them.

Behavior is based on previous experience. Prefers a reproductive style of activity, in which the analysis of the situation and decision-making are carried out on the basis of previously worked out and fixed algorithms. He is hardworking, not afraid of difficulties, and does not strive to make his life easier. In flight activities, he prefers the most complex types of flights that require a lot of work with controls and cockpit equipment. During training and survival tests, he takes the complexity of the situation with dignity, as a matter of course. Maintains a high intensity of training at all times, regardless of whether he is serving as a backup or as a primary crew commander. In his personal life he is modest and unpretentious. However, he is attentive to his social status. Cheerful, kind, knows how to enjoy life. Has a developed sense of humor. Emotions are bright and expressive. He is careful in his contacts with others. Pays great attention to emotional nuances and shades of relationships. High sensitivity is masked by the use of established patterns of behavior and relationships. Has a developed ability for reflection, intuitive perception of the feelings and states of other people. He senses the situation well, is socially flexible, with great adaptive capabilities. To achieve this goal, he strives to find mutually acceptable, friendly forms of relationships with others. Shows a strong interest in positive resolution of conflict situations, however, in cases of open infringement of his positions, he can be harsh and irreconcilable.

As a commander of crews undergoing training, he revealed a wide range of tactics of a democratic leadership style, the ability to appreciate and fully use the positive qualities of partners. When working together, he is capable of effective business cooperation, of providing his partners with the opportunity for them to implement proactive actions in order to solve assigned tasks.

He occupies a leadership position in the crew. He knows well and skillfully uses the characteristics of his partners in his work. Configured for the fullest possible implementation of the flight program. He sees his main task in the clear organization of work and life activities of the crew. Pays great attention to scientific experiments that require dynamic operations - precise orientation and fuel economy.

The psychological prognosis for the implementation of the space flight program is favorable. Ready for high-quality performance of flight and space testing tasks.

Flight engineer of the Soyuz T-10 and Soyuz T-15 spacecraft

Soloviev Vladimir Alekseevich, Born 1946, Russian. In 1970 he graduated from Moscow Higher Technical School named after. Bauman, specialty: mechanical engineer. In 1977 he was accepted into the ranks of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. For a long time he participated in the development and testing of propulsion systems for spacecraft and stations. Since 1977, he has been developing on-board documentation. Has experience of direct participation in space flight control. Since 1978, he was preparing for a flight as part of a group of test engineers. I passed the theoretical course exams with a “good” grade. In direct training under the program of the visiting expedition to the Salyut-7 station, he was part of the international crew: L. D. Kizim, V. A. Solovyov, Patrick Baudry from 7.9.81 to 10.6.82. According to the program of the main expedition to the station "Salyut-7" was prepared from November 22, 1982 with L. D. Kizim, and from November 1, 1983 - as part of the crew: L. D. Kizim, V. A. Solovyov, O. Yu. Atkov.

V. A. Solovyov made his first space flight lasting 237 days in 1984 as a flight engineer of the Soyuz T-10 spacecraft and the Salyut-7 orbital station. He made his second space flight in 1986 together with L. D. Kizim on the Soyuz T-15 spacecraft.

During the training process, he demonstrated a high initial level of general technical knowledge. He proved himself to be a competent, erudite engineer. He is distinguished by a wide range of intellectual capabilities, harmoniously combining abstract-theoretical and practical thinking. Mental performance is characterized by a high initial level, effective formation and flexibility of intellectual skills. He learns new material quickly, but to maintain a high level of preparedness he needs periodic reinforcement of what he has learned.

Works diligently and conscientiously.

Perceives the situation in all its complexity and integrity. He strives to understand it in detail, identify the most important, key points and concentrate his attention on them. Prone to long-term planning of activities. Has developed mental discipline. Under time pressure, he acts carefully and confidently. The developed ability for intuition, objective observation and controlled thinking ensures independence, criticality, and speed of decision-making. In difficult professional situations he works without much internal tension. Prefers low-regulated activities. Disciplined, internally collected. In behavior, he strives to comply with the rules and norms accepted in the immediate environment. In difficult situations of interpersonal interaction, he shows restraint, caution, and strives for a business-like and conflict-free resolution. In communication, he is reflexive and has a good sense of the states of others. Attentive, prudent, but not inclined to establish close, trusting relationships.

He controls his behavior and emotions well. He is attentive to the assessment of his activities by others. Interested in securing his position. The level of aspirations is high, adequate to one’s intellectual capabilities. Purposeful and persistent in achieving goals. Well adapted socially.

He takes active positions in crews. He is attentive and thoughtful about the activities of his partners, strives to make a significant contribution to the overall result of the work.

As part of a real crew, he feels confident and free. His general theoretical knowledge, great creative potential and developed plasticity of thinking successfully complement the commander’s practical experience. Satisfied with his positions in the crew, well oriented to the individual characteristics of his partners. Reveals positive emotional attitudes towards them.

Cosmonaut-researcher of the Soyuz T-10 spacecraft

Atkov Oleg Yurievich, Born 1949, Russian. In 1973 he graduated from the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. I. M. Sechenov. After graduating from the institute, he worked at the Research Institute of Cardiology named after. A. A. Myasnikova Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Currently, he is the head of the laboratory of ultrasound research methods at the All-Union Cardiology Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Actively and enthusiastically engaged in research work. Has 5 inventions and more than 30 scientific papers. In 1978, he was awarded the Lenin Komsomol Prize for the development and implementation of ultrasound methods for diagnosing heart diseases. Candidate of Medical Sciences. Member of the CPSU since 1977

Since 1975, he took part in clinical and physiological examinations of crews. He knows well the physiological mechanisms of the impact of space flight factors on the human body. In 1977, he began special training at IBMP. From June to September 1983 he completed a general space training course. Since November 1983, he was in direct preparation for a flight on the Soyuz T orbital complex - Salyut-7, which was carried out in 1984 and lasted 237 days. During the preparation process, he showed high activity, interest in mastering special knowledge as fully as possible, and the desire to make a significant contribution to the work of the crew. Has a total flight time on an L-39 aircraft with an instructor - 12 hours, 4 flights on an Il-76K with reproduction of weightlessness modes, 2 parachute jumps. Participated in training for leaving the descent module at sea and for evacuation by helicopter from a tall forest. Showed good resistance to extreme factors, optimism, and a sense of humor. I flew with pleasure. He remained calm during flights and perceived changes in the air situation correctly. When dealing with emergency situations, he was proactive and decisive, quickly navigating the situation. I quickly learned the elements of piloting technique and aerobatic maneuvers shown. He tolerated maximum flight loads, G-forces up to 6g and high angular velocities during aerobatics well, maintaining attention and the ability to analyze information in full. Highly productive in cognitive activity.

The practical orientation of the intellect is combined with abstract forms of thinking, non-standard, original methods of analysis. Perceives the situation in all its integrity and complexity. Has high creative potential and is capable of independent research activities.

The emotional sphere is characterized by high differentiation, maturity and a developed system of volitional self-control. Stable and reliable under stress.

Takes an active life position. Passionate about his profession. Strives to expand the scope of activities. Purposeful. The level of motivation to achieve the goal is high. He builds his behavior on the basis of fairly rigid and stable individual attitudes. Resourceful. Within the limits of his competence, he prefers to have his own opinion. Despite high intellectual self-control and the desire to hide impulsiveness, he may allow actions that lead to complications in interpersonal relationships. In conflict situations, he tends to react radically. A leader by nature. When leading a group, he displays energy and great organizational skills. Demanding and critical of himself and others.

In business he requires clarity, always strives to be as informed as possible, cannot tolerate uncertainty and hesitation on the part of partners, and is intolerant of others violating the accepted rules and norms of relationships. The level of self-esteem and aspiration is high and adequate. He tries to ignore his own emotional problems and weaknesses. Firmness and determination are combined with sensitivity and the ability to deeply empathize. In choosing partners he uses the most stringent criteria. In relationships, he looks for evidence of sincerity. When achieving common goals, he strives for cooperation and harmony in relationships, for mutual understanding and mutual benevolent concessions.

He takes an active position in the crew. He understands his tasks well. Performs the functional duties assigned to him conscientiously, with maximum efficiency. Takes the initiative to resolve all issues related to the health of crew members. Requires commitment, precision in work and organization from performers.

As part of the crew, he completed 15 training sessions on a transport ship. Orients himself in ship and station systems to the extent necessary. Well prepared for the medical research program.

On the simulator of the Salyut orbital station

In general, this expedition was characterized by a high workload of the cyclogram with responsible and labor-intensive work in unfavorable conditions of work and rest, which placed increased demands on the mental sphere of the cosmonauts and required the mobilization of all internal psychophysiological reserves.

The crew coped with all the tasks of going into outer space and carrying out repair and restoration work at a high professional level. The astronauts' goals for performing these works were consistently progressive in nature and were practically realized in the thoroughness of preparation for them, in the effectiveness of general interaction in working out the cyclogram of upcoming actions, and in the appearance of a large number of proactive, creative proposals. The cosmonauts were deeply satisfied with the work performed. The crew worked purposefully, showing perseverance, perseverance and will in achieving their goals, while revealing a developed sense of duty and responsibility.

How does the spacecraft crew emergency rescue system work? aslan wrote in October 24th, 2018

The Emergency Rescue System, or SAS for short, is a “rocket within a rocket” that crowns the spire of the Union:

The astronauts themselves sit in the lower part of the spire (which has the shape of a cone):

SAS ensures the rescue of the crew both on the launch pad and during any part of the flight. Here it is worth understanding that the probability of getting lyuli at the start is many times higher than in flight. It's like a light bulb - most burnouts happen the moment you turn it on. Therefore, the first thing the SAS does at the moment of an accident is to fly into the air and take the astronauts somewhere away from the spreading explosion:

The SAS engines are brought into readiness 15 minutes before the rocket launch.

Now comes the most interesting part. The SAS is activated by two attendants who synchronously press a button at the command of the flight director. Moreover, the command is usually the name of some geographical object. For example, the flight director says: “Altai” and the attendants activate the SAS. Everything is the same as 50 years ago.

The worst thing is not the landing, but the overload. In the news about the rescued cosmonauts, the overload was immediately indicated as 9g. This is an extremely unpleasant overload for an ordinary person, but for a trained astronaut it is not fatal or even dangerous. For example, in 1975, Vasily Lazarev achieved an overload of 20, and according to some sources, 26G. He did not die, but the consequences put an end to his career.

As it was said, CAS is already more than 50 years old. During this time, it has undergone many changes, but formally the basic principles of its work have not changed. Electronics have appeared, many different sensors have appeared, reliability has increased, but rescuing astronauts still looks the same as it would have looked 50 years ago. Why? Because gravity, overcoming the first cosmic velocity and the human factor are quantities that are apparently unchanged:

The first successful testing of SAS was carried out in 1967. Actually, they tried to fly around the Moon unmanned. But the first pancake came out lumpy, so we decided to test the CAS at the same time, so that at least some result would be positive. The descent vehicle landed intact, and if there had been people inside, they would have survived.

And this is what the SAS looks like in flight:

Dear expedition participants! We are starting with you the Third Flight of the Star Trek Masters program. The crew is prepared. We have already learned a lot about the starry sky. And now - the most important thing. How will we explore outer space? Ask your friends: what do people fly in space? Many will probably answer - on a rocket! But that’s not true. Let's look at this issue.

What is a rocket?

This is a firecracker, a type of military weapon, and, of course, a device that flies into space. Only in astronautics it is called launch vehicle . (Sometimes incorrectly called launch vehicle, because they are not carrying a rocket, but the rocket itself launches space devices into orbit).

Launch vehicle- a device operating on the principle of jet propulsion and designed to launch spacecraft, satellites, orbital stations and other payloads into outer space. Today, this is the only vehicle known to science that can launch a spacecraft into orbit.

This is the most powerful Russian launch vehicle Proton-M.

To enter low-Earth orbit, it is necessary to overcome the force of gravity, that is, the gravity of the Earth. It is very large, so the rocket must move at very high speed. A rocket needs a lot of fuel. You can see several first stage fuel tanks below. When they run out of fuel, the first stage separates and falls (into the ocean), thus no longer serving as ballast for the rocket. The same happens with the second and third stages. As a result, only the spacecraft itself, located in the bow of the rocket, is launched into orbit.

Spacecraft.

So, we already know that in order to overcome gravity and launch a spacecraft into orbit, we need a launch vehicle. What types of spacecraft are there?

Artificial Earth satellite (satellite) - a spacecraft orbiting the Earth. Used for research, experiments, communications, telecommunications and other purposes.

Here it is, the world's first artificial Earth satellite, launched in the Soviet Union in 1957. Quite small, right?

Currently, more than 40 countries are launching their satellites.

It is the first French satellite, launched in 1965. They named him Asterix.

Spaceships- used to deliver cargo and people into Earth orbit and return them. There are automatic and manned ones.

This is our latest generation Russian manned spacecraft Soyuz TMA-M. Now he is in space. It was launched into orbit by the Soyuz-FG launch vehicle.

American scientists have developed another system for launching people and cargo into space.

Space transportation system, better known as Space shuttle(from English Spaceshuttle - space shuttle) - American reusable transport spacecraft. The shuttle is launched into space using launch vehicles, maneuvers in orbit like a spacecraft, and returns to Earth like an airplane. The space shuttle Discovery made the most flights.

And this is the launch of the shuttle Endeavor. Endeavor made its first flight in 1992. The Shuttle Endeavor is planned to complete the Space Shuttle program. The launch of its last mission is scheduled for February 2011.

The third country that managed to enter space is China.

Chinese spaceship Shenzhou ("Magic Boat"). In design and appearance it resembles the Soyuz and was developed with the help of Russia, but is not an exact copy of the Russian Soyuz.

Where are the spaceships going? To the stars? Not yet. They can fly around the Earth, they can reach the Moon or dock with a space station.

International Space Station (ISS) - manned orbital station, space research complex. The ISS is a joint international project involving sixteen countries (in alphabetical order): Belgium, Brazil, Great Britain, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, USA, France, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan.

The station is assembled from modules directly in orbit. Modules are separate parts, gradually delivered by transport ships. Power comes from solar panels.

But it is important not only to escape from earth’s gravity and end up in space. The astronaut still needs to return safely to Earth. For this purpose, descent vehicles are used.

Landers- used to deliver people and materials from orbit around a planet or interplanetary trajectory to the surface of a planet.

The descent of the descent vehicle by parachute is the final stage of space travel when returning to Earth. The parachute is used to soften the landing and braking of artificial satellites and spacecraft with a crew.

This is the descent vehicle of Yuri Gagarin, the first man to fly into space on April 12, 1961. In honor of the 50th anniversary of this event, 2011 was named the Year of Cosmonautics.

Can a person fly to another planet? Not yet. The only celestial body where people have managed to land is the Earth's satellite, the Moon.

In 1969, American astronauts landed on the moon. The manned spacecraft Apollo 11 helped them fly. In orbit of the Moon, the lunar module undocked from the ship and landed on the surface. After spending 21 hours on the surface, the astronauts headed back on the take-off module. And the landing part remained on the surface of the Moon. Outside there was a sign with a map of the Earth’s hemispheres and the words “Here people from planet Earth first set foot on the Moon. July 1969 AD. We come in peace on behalf of all Mankind." What good words!

But what about the exploration of other planets? Is it possible? Yes. This is what planetary rovers exist for.

Planet rovers- automatic laboratory complexes or vehicles for moving across the surface of the planet and other celestial body.

The world's first planetary rover "Luna-1" was launched and delivered to the surface of the Moon on November 17, 1970 by the Soviet interplanetary station "Luna-17" and worked on its surface until September 29, 1971 (on this day the last successful communication session with the device was carried out) .

Lunokhod "Luna-1". He worked on the Moon for almost a year, after which he remained on the surface of the Moon. BUT... In 2007, scientists who carried out laser probing of the Moon did NOT DISCOVER it there! What happened to him? Did a meteorite hit? Or?...

How many more mysteries does space hide? How many are connected with the planet closest to us - Mars! And now American scientists managed to send two rovers to this red planet.

There were many problems with the launch of Mars rovers. Until they thought of giving them their own names. In 2003, the United States held a real naming competition for new Mars rovers. The winner was a 9-year-old girl, an orphan from Siberia who was adopted by an American family. She suggested calling them Spirit and Opportunity. These names were chosen from 10 thousand others.

January 3, 2011 marked seven years since the Spirit rover (pictured above) began work on the surface of Mars. Spirit became stuck in the sand in April 2009 and has not been in contact with Earth since March 2010. It is currently unknown whether this rover is still alive.

Meanwhile, its twin, Opportunity, is currently exploring the 90-meter-diameter crater.

And this rover is just getting ready for launch.

This is an entire Martian scientific laboratory that is preparing to be sent to Mars in 2011. It will be several times larger and heavier than the existing twin Mars rovers.

And finally, let's talk about starships. Do they exist in reality or is it just fantasy? Exist!

Starship- a spacecraft (spaceship) capable of moving between star systems or even galaxies.

In order for a spacecraft to become a starship, it is enough for it to reach the third escape velocity. Currently, starships of this type are the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2 spacecraft that left the solar system.

This " Pioneer-10"(USA) - an unmanned spacecraft designed primarily to study Jupiter. It was the first apparatus to fly past Jupiter and photograph it from space. The twin device Pioneer 11 also explored Saturn.

It was launched on March 2, 1972. In 1983, it passed the orbit of Pluto and became the first spacecraft launched from Earth to leave the solar system.

However, mysterious phenomena began to occur outside the solar system with Pioneer 10. A force of unknown origin began to slow him down. The last signal from Pioneer 10 was received on January 23, 2003. It was reported to be heading towards Aldebaran. If nothing happens to it along the way, it will reach the vicinity of the star in 2 million years. Such a long flight... A gold plate is fixed on board the device, where the location of the Earth is indicated for aliens, and a number of images and sounds are also recorded.

Space tourism

Of course, many people want to go to space, to see the Earth from above, the starry sky is much closer... Is only astronauts able to go there? Not only. Space tourism has been successfully developing for several years.

Currently, the only used space tourism destination is the International Space Station (ISS). Flights are carried out using Russian Soyuz spacecraft. Already 7 space tourists have successfully completed their voyage, having spent several days in space. The last one was Guy Laliberte- founder and director of the Cirque du Soleil (Circus of the Sun) company. True, a trip to space is very expensive, from 20 to 40 million dollars.

There is another option. More precisely, it will be soon.

The manned spaceship SpaceShipTwo (it's in the middle) is lifted by a special White Knight catamaran aircraft to an altitude of 14 km, where it undocks from the plane. After undocking, its own solid rocket engine should turn on, and SpaceShipTwo will rise to an altitude of 50 km. Here the engines will be switched off, and the device will rise to a height of 100 km by inertia. Then it turns around and begins to fall to Earth, at an altitude of 20 km the wings of the device take up the glide position, and SpaceShipTwo lands.

It will be in outer space for just 6 minutes, and its passengers (6 people) will be able to experience all the delights of weightlessness and admire the view from the windows.

True, these 6 minutes will also not be cheap - 200 thousand dollars. But the pilot who took the test flight says they're worth it. Tickets are already on sale!

In the world of fantasy

So, we very briefly got acquainted with the main spacecraft that exist today. In conclusion, let's talk about those devices whose existence science has not yet confirmed. Newspaper editorial offices, television, and the Internet often receive such photographs of flying objects visiting our Earth.

What is this? A flying saucer of alien origin, the wonders of computer graphics and something else? We don't know yet. But you will definitely find out!

Flights to the stars have always attracted the attention of science fiction writers, directors, and screenwriters.

This is what the Pepelats spacecraft looks like in G. Danelia’s film “Kin-dza-dza”.

In the slang of specialists in rocket and space technology, the word “pepelats” has come to humorously designate a single-stage vertical launch and landing launch vehicle, as well as ridiculous and exotic designs of spacecraft and launch vehicles.

However, what seems like science fiction today may soon become reality. We still laugh at our favorite film, and an American private company decided to bring these ideas to life.

This “pepelats” appeared ten years after the film and it actually flew, albeit under the name “Roton”.

One of the most famous foreign science fiction films is Star Trek, a film epic of many parts created by Jim Roddenberry. There, a team of space explorers sets off on a flight between galaxies on the starship Enterprise.

Several real-life spaceships have been named after the legendary Enterprise.

Starship Voyager. More advanced, continuing the Enterprise's exploratory mission.

Material from Wikipedia, www.cosmoworld.ru, from news feeds.

As you can see, reality and fiction are not so far from each other. In this flight you will have to create your own spacecraft. You can choose any type of existing devices: launch vehicle, satellite, spacecraft, space station, planetary rover, etc. Or you can depict a starship from the world of science fiction.

Other topics in this flight:

• Virtual tour “Spacecraft”
• Topic 1. Designing spacecraft
• Topic 2. Depicting spacecraft