Demonstrative pronouns. Demonstrative pronouns in French Pronoun cela

Allo, Marie? C'est Nicolas. Comment ça va?

— Comme ci comme ca!

Cha et cela

Cela is used very rarely in colloquial speech, as a rule it will always be replaced by ça, especially in such expressions as: ça va how are you, ça y est everything is fine; ready, comme ci comme ça so-so, etc. Cela is used in written speech and in literary language: cela a été difficile it was difficult (ça a été difficile), après tout cela after all this (après tout ça), etc. d.

Exception: cela dit (cela [or ceci] dit...) (well) now... (après avoir dit) not ça dit.

But if cela is opposed to ceci it cannot usually be replaced by ça: ceci est à nous, cela est à vous, (in oral speech, the opposition ceci / cela is often neutralized by using ça: ça, c'est à nous; ça, c'est a vous).

Ce and ca

Ce is used mainly with the verb to be (être) as the subject:

C'est possible. It's possible. C'est Marie qui prepare le gâteau. Marie will cook a cake. C'est à lui que je me suis adressée. I turned to him. Est-ce qu'il est la? Is he there? Qu'est-ce que c'est. What is this? C'est-a-dire. That is.

The verb être can be either singular or plural: c'est moi, ce sont mes parents.

Stressed (independent) pronouns are used with turns c'est / ce sont ... qui.

The turnover c'est … qui is used with all persons (c'est moi/toi/ lui /elle / nous /vous .. qui), except for eux/elles — with the third person of the plural we use ce sont… qui: ce sont eux/ elles…qui. In colloquial French, c'est eux .. qui is used, but c'est elles ... qui is never used, to avoid ambiguity and ambiguity, since the turn sounds like in the singular c'est elle ..qui.

The phrase ce sont is not inverted: Ce sont tes affaires? Are these your things?

Ça is used with other verbs (as subject or object). It does not have a truncated form, there is no elision before the vowel:

Prenez ca. Take it. C'est comme ça. This is true. Ça y est! Ready. Ça arrive! Qui ca? Who? Où ça? Where? Ca suffit. It's enough. Ne me parle pas de ça. Do not tell me about it. Ça vous fait plaisir? Do you like it?

However, sometimes ça is used with être and ce with other verbs:

Ça n'a pas été difficile, ce doit être une étrangère.

Ce (c'/ç)

Ce is used mainly with the verb être:

• always used before the verb être in the present and past tenses (imparfait, passé composé, plus-que-parfait):

C'est bien; ce sont des tudiants; c'était facile; (ce) ç'a été difficile.

• always used before a verb in the present and past continuous (imparfait) in the negative form:

Ce n'est pas possible.

Ça used

• Before a pronoun:

Acheter cette maison n'est pas possible? - Si, ca l'est. (le = possible).

Inflected pronouns

simple shapes

Never used in isolation. After them, be sure to follow T

1) participle:

Voici son dessin, voici celui realise par mon fils. - Here is his drawing, here is the one my son made.

2) addition with suggestion(most often de).

The demonstrative pronoun used in sentences of this type is usually not translated into Russian. Instead, the same noun is repeated that was replaced by a pronoun in the French sentence:

Les chaussures de Michel sont noires, celles de Victor sont jaunes. - Michel's black boots, boots Victor - yellow.

3) relative clause:

Je vous présente ceux qui ont triomphé ce matin.- I present to you those,who won this morning.

complex shapes

Used on their own.

Particles ci and là indicate the remoteness of an object / person in space and time. Ci indicates what is closer in space, or replaces the noun that was mentioned last (in comparisons or homogeneous members of a sentence). La- what's next or mentioned earlier:

Prenez celui-ci! - Take this one!(whichever is closer).

Prenez celui la! - Take that one!(what's next).

Marie et Anne travaillent bien, mais celle-ci est plus appliquée. - Marie and Anna study well, but the latter (Anna) is more diligent.

Invariable pronouns

1. Ce (c’) - “this”

Used assubject with the verb être, for example, in the case of selection, when the following follows:

1. relative pronoun (qui, que, dont, ...):

C' est la fille dont je t'ai parle. - This is the girl I told you about.
Ce sont les artistes que nous avons vus au theater. - These are the artists we saw in the theatre.

2. subject expressed by a noun:

Ah, c'est beau, l'amour! - Oh, it's beautiful, love!

Ce sont and c'est are used before the names of professions and nationalities when representing unfamiliar faces:

Ce sont des étudiantes. - These are students.
C' est un chanteur. - This is a singer.
Ce sont des Espagnols. - These are the Spaniards.

In the case when acquaintances are introduced, personal pronouns are used:

Elles sont étudiantes. - They are students.
Robert? il est chanteur. - Robert? He is a singer.
Olga est espagnole. - Olga is Spanish.

2. Ceci, cela, ça - "this"

- Used as a subject with all verbs except être; and also as an addition or nominal part of the predicate:

Cela semble normal. - This seems normal.
Votre chat available ceci dans la gorge, dit le vétérinaire en montrant une grosse boule de fil. - Your cat had it in her throat,” the vet said, holding up a large ball of thread.
Elle sait conduire. Sans cela, elle ne pourrait pas réussir à faire tout ce qu'elle fait. - She knows how to drive a car. Without this, she would not be able to do everything that she does.

- Cela replaces a previous suggestion or idea; ceci - introduces the idea that will follow this statement:

On t'a dit que j'etais malade.<- Cela est absolute faux. - You were told that I was sick. It is not true.

Je vais te dire ceci. -I'm going to tell you this.

- Cela denotes a more distant object; ceci - closer:

Vu d'ici, celaest un animal et non une plante. -And from here it looks like an animal, not a plant.

Ceciest un vase précieux, pas un jouet.-This is a precious vase, not a toy.

- Ça replaces cela and cecispoken, but rarely used in writing:

Manger en class, ca ne se fait pas. - You can't eat in class.

- with a verb être cela may be replaced by ce:

Cen'est pas tres gentil de ta part. -This is not very good of you.

Pronouns are a fairly common part of speech used to build a sentence. One of the types of pronouns are demonstrative pronouns.

French demonstrative pronouns are used to distinguish a specific subject from others, as well as to determine its features or quantitative characteristics, to replace the corresponding noun. This group includes such pronouns as celui (this or that), ce (this), celui-ci (this), celui-là (that), cela (this, that), ceci - this, etc. Depending on from inclination, they are declinable (they agree with the noun in gender and number) and indeclinable.

The demonstrative pronoun celui (masculine) has the following forms:

• Celle - this, that (feminine)
• Ceux - these (masculine and feminine or masculine plural),
• celles - these (feminine plural).

See related topics:

Usually it is not translated into Russian, or it is translated by means of the word it replaces, depending on the situation and context.

For example:

celui que vous voulez visiter - the one you want to visit.

Celle que je cherche longtemps is the one I've been looking for for a long time.

Les revue hebdomadaires arrivent ici le soir et ceux quotidiennes le matin - weekly magazines come here at night, and daily magazines in the morning. (as we can see, in the 2nd part, the noun “journals” replaced by the demonstrative pronoun is missing).

Often this demonstrative pronoun French is used in set phrases or phrases, in particular, in proverbs or business phrases used in official documents, and therefore loses its direct meaning. The most common such phrases are the following:

ceux de l'âge - the same age, peers,

parmi ceux-ci citons - from this number it is necessary to highlight,

celui la en vaut quinze! - this is class! Just wonderful!

selon celle des dates qui survienne la première - whichever comes first.

The French demonstrative pronoun celui-ci is also used to indicate the pronoun “this”, (celle-ci is this, celles-ci is these (feminine is implied), ceux-ci (either masculine or feminine and masculine are implied), and to denote the pronoun "that" - celui-là. Having forms similar to the above pronoun, namely celle-là - that, celles-là - those, ceux-là - those. These pronouns can be used in a sentence independently, as well as to indicate closer to the speaking object or object.For example:

Ceux-ci se levent, ceux-là se couchent - these get up, they fall asleep.

Il ne s'attendait pas voir à celle-là was something he didn't expect to see.

Also one of the most widely used demonstrative pronouns is the pronoun ce - this, that which retains its form regardless of gender and number. It is used both on its own (for example, ce me semble que je dois le dire - I think I need to tell him about it), and in constructions or sentences with être, most often to enhance emphasis (c'est le travail qu' il doit faire demain - this is the work he must do tomorrow), in stable phrases (for example, si ce n'est - except, ce n'est pas de refus - an expression of his consent to something, compte tenu de ce qui précède dans le texte - taking into account everything stated above in this document). This pronoun is also used in the formation of complex interrogative pronouns or interrogative particles in French, for example: Qu'est-ce que nous faisons? - what are we doing? Le soleil brille n'est-ce-pas? The sun is shining, isn't it?

The pronoun ceci is this, cela is that, ça is most often used as a subject, the exception in this case is the verb être, with which they are not used, as well as to replace the previous phrase, phrase or sentence, or simply in set phrases. For example:

ceci n'est pas négociable - not subject to discussion (consideration),

cela ne fait rien - no need to worry about anything!

For fans of the French language, remote French tutors will be useful.

DEMONSTRATIFS - LES PRONOMS DÉMONSTRATIFS

Forms of demonstrative pronouns:

- Donne moi le livre. Lequel? Celui qui est sur la table.(= ce livre qui est sur la table).

- Ceux qui veulent, peuvent rester.

- Couvre la table! - Celle de la cuisine? - Non, celle de la salle à manger.
- Lay the table. - Is the table in the kitchen? - No, the table is in the dining room.

- J'ai rendu à la bibliothèque mes livres et ceux de ma sœur.
I returned my books and my sister's books to the library.

- Quel gâteau est-ce que tu preferes? Celui-ci ou celui-la?
- What kind of cake do you prefer? This or that?

- Marie et Jeanne sont mes amies. Celle-ci (Jeanne) est toujours gaie, celle-là (Marie) est toujours triste.
Maria and Zhanna are my friends. Jeanne is always cheerful, and Maria is always sad.

- Ce livre est trop difficile pour vous, prenez plutôt celui-là (celui-ci).
- This book is too difficult for you, better take this one.

- L'enfant a regardé le père. Celui-ci etait serieux.
The child looked at his father. He was serious.

- C "est ma voisine.
- Ce sont mes amis.
- Ce sera difficile.
- Ce doit être interesting.

- C'est interesting.
- Cela(ceci, ça) ne m'intéresse pas.

- Ce qui se passe est étrange.
- What's happening is strange.

- Ecoutez ce que je vous dis.
- Listen to what I tell you.

- Ce dont vous parlez ne m'intéresse pas.
- What you're talking about doesn't interest me.

- Ceci est un secret. - It's a secret.
- Prenez ceci.- Take this.
- Cela est étrange. - This is strange.
- Je pense toujours à cela. - I think about it all the time.

- Ceci est beau et cela est laid. - This is beautiful, but that is ugly.

- Cela (ceci) m'étonne.- This surprises me.

- Comment ça va? - How are you?

- Tu es contre? - Je n'ai pas dit ça.- Are you against it? - I didn't say that.

Application in French:
"LES PRONOMS DÉMONSTRRATIF"

• construction

Je voudrais essayer la jupe qui est en showcase. → Je voudrais essayer celle qui est en showcase.
La region où je suis né s "appelle le Poitou.→ Celle où je suis ne...
Les livres de Paul sont ici. → Ceux de Paul sont ici.
Le vase en → Celui en verre est plus joli que l "autre.

• Le pronom neutre

Vous prenez ceci?

Ca va! Ça marche! Je prends ca. Ca?

?
Philippe: L "appartement des Blanchet, c" est celui qui a un balcony?
Noel: Non, celui-la, c "est celui des Mercier. Celui des Blanchet est à l "étage au-dessus.
Philippe: Il doit être plus grand quele tien, non?
Noel: C "est difficile à dire. Les deux appartements sont différents. Le leura une forme plutôt carrée, alors que le mien est tout en longueur, comme tous ceux qui sont au deuxieme étage.
Philippe: C "est comme le nôtre, alors...

UN BUFFET DANS LE JARDIN:
Francoise: Michel, tu me passes mon assiette, s "il te plaît?
Michel: C "est celle-ci ?
Francoise: Non, celle-ci, with "est celle de Gilles. La mienne, c "est celle qui est à côté du plat, là-bas!
Michel: Moi, je ne sais plus où j "ai mis la mienne! J" ai pris celle de Claire par erreur...
Francoise: Et ce verre à moitié vide, il est à qui? C "est celui de Paulette?
Michel: Non, le sien est là, à côté de ceux de Pierre et Sarah.
Francoise: Quelle pagaille, mes amis!
Gilles: II y a une voiture qui gêne, devant la grille. C "est celle de Pierre et Sarah, non?
Michel: Mais non, la leur est rouge. Je crois que c "est la nôtre ... Je vais aller la changer de place.
Gilles: En attendant, je vais prendre un peu de vin, de celui-ci! A la vôtre!