Declension of nouns of 7 types. Academy of Sciences of the USSR Institute of the Russian Language Russian Grammar. Cases in Russian

Many of us remember what is called declension from school. But not everyone will be able to reproduce all the nuances associated with it. But knowing the rules associated with will help us not to make spelling mistakes in the future.

What is declension

Almost every independent (with the exception of adverbs and participles) can change according to its own rules. persons and numbers are conjugated, and nominal parts of speech are declined. What does this mean? Declension of words is the ability of nouns, adjectives, numerals and participles to change according to:

1. Childbirth (male, middle, female, except for them. noun).
2. Numbers (singular and plural).
3. Cases.

The well-known set of Russian rules "Grammar-80" explains in a different way what is called declension. He proposes to define it as a change in the class of words by cases. Which of the terms is closer and what is called declension, everyone is free to choose for himself.

Cases of nouns

Based on the definition of declension in Russian, we need to remember what a case is. It is called a grammatical form that connects any with the words of other parts of speech. The case shows how exactly the parts of speech agree with each other.

For a long time, the case system was subject to change. In the Old Russian language, there were not six, as in our time, but seven cases. Another was called vocative. To date, it has already been abolished, and now there are 6 of them.

• Nominative. A special case, since only it is called direct (who? What?), The rest are indirect. In the form of pad. the subjects appear in the sentences. Another of its features: it is the initial form for nominal parts of speech.
• Genitive. This form answers questions Whom? What? In order not to confuse it with other cases, you can substitute the auxiliary word "no": cat - them. n, (no) cat - genus. P.
• Dative. This case is named so because it answers questions To whom? What? Declension of words will be easier if you substitute the word "give": cat - dates. P.
• Accusative. Pretty controversial form. Has a similar to the nominative for inanimate objects - What? True, in relation to living beings they ask the question Whom? The word "blame" substituted for the one he is checking. noun, will help you remember the rules of declension: (blame) cat - wine. P.
• Instrumental. Special case. Answers the questions By whom? How? The test word for him is “create”: a cat - tv. pad.
• Prepositional. Question answer form About whom? About what? For easy memorization, we substitute the word “think”: about the cat - preposition. P.

Number

We remembered the case system that the Russian language studies. The declension also depends on the category of the number. There are only two of them in our language - singular and plural. Almost all nouns have both forms. But, as with any rule, there are exceptions. Some words are used in only one form. An example of those that have only a single number: the sun (well, this is logical, it exists in one copy), milk, foliage, highway (it is foreign).

But the Russian language is so diverse that it has in its arsenal words that are used only in the plural. Example: scissors, trousers, glasses, watches, people.

Declension in Russian can be carried out in the forms of units. h and plural h. For example:

Unit h.

I.p. book, books.

R.p. books, books.

D.p. book, books.

V.p. book, books.

etc. book, books.

P.p. about the book, about the books.

first declension

The declension system in Russian, as you know, consists of three groups. Each of them has its own characteristics. The first declension has the following special features:

• Words for certain males that have endings -A or -I: uncle, man, dad, Vanya.
• Nouns that also have endings - A or -I denoting people and feminine objects: spring, hand, aunt, Anna.
• Same endings (- and I) with nouns of a common gender (that is, they designate both male and female persons at the same time): crybaby, grumbler, sleepyhead, slob.

Declension pattern 1 (examples):

I.p. boy, girl, crybaby.

R.p. boys, girls, crybabies.

D.p. boy, girl, crybaby.

V.p. boy, girl, crybaby.

etc. boy, girl, crybaby.

P.p. about a young man, about a girl, about a crybaby.

Second declension

This group differs from the previous one in endings and the gender category. It includes:

• Nouns that have zero endings in their initial form and are masculine: table, stump, ceiling, husband.
• Husband's words kind, but ending in - O or -e: house.
• Them. noun with endings - O or - e neuter: sky, spot, sea, gun.

Sample 2 declension:

I.p. table, happiness.

R.p. table, happiness.

D.p. table, fortunately.

V.p. table, happiness.

etc. table, happiness.

P.p. about the table, happiness.

third declension

This group of nouns is the most special. It includes only feminine words and only with a zero ending: mouse, oven, life, reality.

It is necessary to remember an important rule regarding the third declension: when a word ends in one of the hissing sounds, it must be written in it (daughter, night, oven). Do not confuse them with nouns of the second declension into hissing (beam, cloak, tick). They are masculine, and therefore do not require writing a soft sign at the end.

Declension pattern 3:

I.p. life, thing.

R.p. life, things.

D.p. life, things.

V.p. life, thing.

etc. life, thing.

P.p. about life, things.

Summing up the above, we were able to put together the declension of nouns. The table shows everything more clearly. Study it carefully.

Inflected nouns

Now we know what is called declension and what words apply to each of them. But far from all the lexical composition of our language obeys these rules. There are nouns that have absorbed the endings of both the first and second declensions. They are called dissimilar.

What are the characteristics of such nouns? First, almost all of them end in -mya: time, name, burden, stirrup, and others. And the word path also belong to this group.

Secondly, the rules for the declension of heterogeneous nouns are such that when these words change in cases in all forms, there will be a suffix - en(except I.p. and V.p.): time, stirrup, seed.

Thirdly, by inflecting these words, we can notice that in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases they took the ending - And in the 3rd declension, and in the creative the ending -em appeared, as in the 2nd declension.

I.p name, path.

R.p. name, path.

D.p. name, path.

V.p. name, path.

etc. name, path.

P.p. about the name, about the path.

Indeclinable nouns

Our speech is rapidly replenished with new words of foreign origin. They do not have declension forms in Russian and are therefore called indeclinable.

This group includes:

• Foreign words that came to us from other languages -o, -e, -u, -u: coat, fillet, Sochi, kangaroo. In all cases, they will have the same form, so there is simply no point in inflecting them. (Go to the coat, go to the kangaroo, go to Sochi.)
• Surnames ending in -ko, -ago, -y: Yurchenko, Zhivago, Belykh. (To be visiting Kozarenko, to come to the Reds.)
• Words formed by the abbreviation method: USSR, ATS.

Personal endings

This topic is related to the correct spelling of letters. And And e at the end of nouns. By following the rules of declension, we were able to reveal that the ending e write in words:

1. First declension (genus item is an exception): to the river (dat.p.), about mother (pr.p.), on the topic (dat.p.).
2. Second declension: about the beam (pr.p.), about the sea (pr.p.)

We write the letter And at the end, if this word:

1. Third declension: in the steppe (pr.p.), towards the night (dat.p.)
2. The first skl., used in giving birth. case: by the river.
3. In words ending in ee, ee, ia: in the planetarium, on the action, about the event.
4. In inflected nouns, they also write And: on the way, about time.

Conclusion

After reading these simple rules, you will know what is called declension. Do not confuse it with the inflection of other parts of speech, such as conjugation of verbs.

It is necessary to study it, because our practical literacy depends on theoretical knowledge. From our article, we can draw the following conclusions:

• Nouns change not only by cases, but also by numbers.
• But it is worth remembering that not all words of this part of speech have these categories. Some of them cannot be declined at all (indeclinable) and do not have one of the numerical forms (only plural or singular).
• Each of the declensions has its own characteristics, so you should carefully study them. We gave an example of declension of nouns (table).
• Personal endings that do not have an accent are subject to a set of certain rules. Depending on the declension and case, the letter will be written either e, or And. This topic is one of the most difficult in the course of studying nouns.

Lesson development (lesson notes)

Primary general education

Line UMK T. G. Ramzaeva. Russian language (1-4)

Attention! The site administration site is not responsible for the content of methodological developments, as well as for the compliance of the development of the Federal State Educational Standard.

Lesson type: a lesson on the generalization of knowledge.

Lesson Objectives:

students should know: nouns come in 3 types of declension:

• 1 declension - masculine and feminine with endings -a -z,
• 2 declensions - masculine with zero ending and neuter with endings: -o, -e,
• 3 declensions - feminine with a soft sign at the end.

should be able:

• determine the type of declension by gender and ending in the nominative case,
• determine the type of declension in any other case according to the algorithm,
• formulate the learning task of the lesson, answer the questions posed,

Equipment: textbook "Russian language" (author Ramzaeva), notebook, subject pictures of vegetables, fruits and berries, baskets, presentation for the lesson.

During the classes

Teacher activity	Student activities
I. Organizational moment. (1 min.) The bell rang for us You went quietly into the classroom, Everyone got up at their desks beautifully, greeted politely, Sit quietly, back straight. Smiled, cheered up. Let's start our lesson.
II Self-examination of homework according to the standard. Ex. 173, page 91.(3 min.) - Check if you have completed your homework. Mark with an icon in the margin. + - managed ? – doubted - - did not cope Who ""? Who "?"? Who "-"?	Children check their homework according to the model. Children in the margins in a notebook evaluate their work with signs. Children raise their hands.
III. Knowledge update(3 min) - Guys, what do you think, have you learned to determine the type of declension of nouns in the nominative case and in oblique cases? Tell us how you determine the type of declension of nouns.	Yes, we have learned.
What declension are nouns?	The children answer the questions. 1,2,3 declensions.
What nouns belong to the 1st declension?	The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine nouns with the endings -a-z.
What nouns belong to the 2nd declension?	The 2nd declension includes masculine nouns with a zero ending and neuter nouns with an ending -о -е.
What nouns belong to the 3rd declension?	The 3rd declension includes feminine nouns ending with a soft sign at the end.
How to determine the type of declension of a noun in oblique cases?	To determine the type of declension in another case, you need to: put the noun in the nominative case, determine the gender and highlight the ending.
IV. Delivery of the learning task(2 minutes.) From all that has been said, what do you think: what is the name of the topic of our lesson? What tasks will you set for yourself?	Topic: 3 types of declension of nouns. Tasks: learn to correctly determine the type of declension; Give correct and accurate answers to the questions posed; write words and sentences without errors; cooperate with each other and with the teacher.
V. Work on the topic of the lesson. (20 minutes.) 1. Exercise "Collect in a basket" On the board are subject pictures of vegetables, fruits, berries. - Look at the blackboard. What do you see? Children of the 1st option choose nouns of the 1st declension and write these words in a notebook. The guys of the 2nd option work with nouns of the 2nd declension. Two students will come to the board. For them in the basket. They will lay out the pictures according to the type of declension. Potato, turnip, radish, raspberry, eggplant, apple, pepper, mountain ash, garlic, onion, currant, cabbage, tomato, radish, carrot, strawberry, cucumber.	2 children work at the board with pictures, put the pictures in a basket according to the type of declension, and all the rest work in a notebook according to the options.
Let's check what kind of "harvest" the guys of the 1st option gathered. What's in the cart for option 2? What is not included in the baskets?	Children check the baskets of the guys working at the blackboard based on the screen.
Why is this noun redundant?	The word "carrot". This is a 3rd declension noun.
2. Game "Make no mistake". I will call you words with a soft sign at the end. And you must write down the nouns of the 3rd declension. There are 2 students at the board. Life, fosal, oven, daughter, help, potatoes, steppe, car, notebook, horse, horse, laziness, day, stump, pain, dryness, tulle.	Children write nouns on their own. There are 2 students at the blackboard. After finishing work, they are checked by two more. Cross-checking according to the standard on the screen. Marked with an icon: + - coped, - - did not cope.
Fizminutka electronic. (5 minutes.)
3. The guys at the blackboard. Ex. 177 p.93. Write down, determine the declensions of nouns.	Pupils come to the board, analyze and perform 1 sentence each.
VI. Test 10 min. (2min explanation) Now you will perform the test while sitting at the computer. Remember the rules of conduct. Read assignments carefully.	Independent work.
VII Outcome. (2 minutes.) What topic are we working on today? Were there any difficulties in completing the tasks? Do you think you did well in class? Who else needs to practice? Homework- Tiered cards. 1 level to "3". Task: mark the declension of nouns. Silence, horse, silence, notebook, summer, night, notebook, morning, shadow, shade, horse, beast, wilderness, shower, backwater. Level 2 - to "4". Task: indicate the declension and case of nouns. Friendship () has no boundaries, knowledge has no bottom. The book is not red with a letter (), red with the mind. Gold is tested by fire, friend by danger (). Level 3 - to "5". Task: indicate the declension and case of dependent nouns. Make sentences with these phrases. Iron rail (), road to the village (), door from the kitchen (), wooden bridge (), window to the room (), glass tube ().	Discussion.

Open lesson in grade 4 "B"

Date: 17. 10. 2017

Subject: Russian

Topic: Three types of declension of nouns.

Target:

To organize the activities of students in the study and primary consolidation of the concept of types of declension of nouns;

To create meaningful and organizational conditions for the development of schoolchildren's ability to analyze a cognitive object;

To create conditions for the formation of a culture of interpersonal communication through the organization of group, pair, individual and frontal work.

Methods: reproductive, partially exploratory.

Lesson structure:

Organizational moment - 1 min

A minute of calligraphy - 2 minutes

Updating knowledge - 5 min

Setting learning objectives - 1min

Problem solving -15 min

Fizminutka - 2 min

Practical work -10 min

Summary of the lesson. Reflection - 3 min

Homework. -1 min

During the classes.

1. Organizing moment: psychological mood (game "Good afternoon!") 1 min

* Good afternoon to all the girls! (waving hand)

* Good day to all the boys!

* Good afternoon to all who love their homeland!

* Good afternoon to everyone who likes the weather outside the classroom today!

What is the mood?

Is everyone of this opinion?

All without exception!

Then we can start, have a seat.

2. Minute of calligraphy: a) making notes in notebooks: 2 min

October seventeenth.

Classwork.

b) write letters dd, gg

c) You will find out what word we will write if you restore the poem.

Will come to the rescue

Shoulder, as always substitute.

Can't find words to answer

And get rid of problems.

Answer (4 letters, the first and last are in the minute of calligraphy)

What is the spelling of the word friend?

Write down this word.

3. Updating knowledge:a) frontal survey: 5 minutes

What can you say about the word "friend" in terms of morphology? (Friend is a noun)

Prove your claim.

What is a noun?

b) group work with the cluster.

Remember and write the grammatical features of the noun in the rectangles

sometimes ______

sometimes ______

varies by

varies by

role in the proposal

happens _____,

noun

d) work with the evaluation sheet:

6 correct signs - "5" points

5 named signs - "4" points

4 - "3" points

less than 4 - "2" points

3. Setting the topic and goals: a) frontal survey: 1 min

Looking at the cluster, tell me, do we know everything about the noun?

Tell me, how else can you call the change of nouns according to cases? (declension)

Describe the word "friend" as a part of speech (noun, animate, singular, m.)

Do you think the noun is inflected or indeclinable?

Can you determine which declension this noun is? (No)

Why? (we don't know how to do it)

Conclude what we should learn in the lesson, what should we learn?

4. Learning new material: a) work in pairs. 15 minutes

Read the words. Find common ground in them.

Beauty, heroism, courage, will, selfishness, patience, greed, courage, honesty.

What do these words mean? (human qualities). Are they all positive?

Divide these nouns into three groups, focusing on the table:

ending -a, -i	 end	ending - oh	 end

Who sits on the left highlights the ending, who on the right determines the gender. Then they are put together in a table.

b) self-examination and self-assessment:

Name the nouns that you assigned to group 1.

Name the nouns that are included in group 2.

What words made up group 3?

"5" points if there are no errors

"4" points - 1 mistake

"3" points - 2-3 mistakes

"2" points - more than 3 errors

c) frontal survey:

How do you group nouns? (according to their gender and ending)

With the help of gender and ending, we can determine the declension of a noun. Nouns come in 1, 2, 3 declensions (the word "declension" appears next to each digit)

Conclude which nouns belong to the 1st declension, to the 2nd and 3rd declension?

What needs to be done to determine the declension of a noun in the singular, in the nominative case?

Is it possible to immediately determine the declension of a noun in the indirect case?

d) work in groups: make an algorithm for determining the declension of a noun in the indirect case in a sentence: Everything in a person should be perfect.(you need to put this noun in the nominative case, find out its gender, highlight the ending, determine the declension of the noun by gender and ending)

5. Physical minutes."Sport Bunny" 2 min

6. Consolidation of the material covered 10 min

Exercise 1.

Read the words. Distribute according to the type of declension in three columns (work in a chain of 1 word).

T: We use an algorithm.

Kindness, attention, modesty, justice, courage, respect, friendship, peace, generosity, love, affection, sympathy, care, courage, sensitivity.

W: We have written down many words denoting the positive qualities of a person. Be kind to the people around you too.

Task 2.

For these words, select antonyms, write, determine the declension (individual work)

Q: What are antonyms? (words that are opposite in meaning)

Anger - ... (kindness)

rudeness - ... (politeness)

greed - ... (generosity)

U: I would like such words as kindness, politeness, generosity to accompany you in life.

Evaluation by criteria:

1. Spelling - all words are written correctly - 1 point

2. All antonyms are written correctly - 2 points (if not all - 1, failed - 0)

3. Types of declensions are correctly identified - 2 points

Sum up all the points, put a mark for this work in the evaluation sheet.

7. The result of the lesson.

What was the purpose of the lesson?

Have we achieved it?

I came up with a difficult task for you to check it out. Try to find out the word, what declension I have in mind, by asking me only one clarifying question.

a) I conceived a word with a zero ending in the nominative case (is it a masculine or feminine word?)

b) I thought of a masculine word (is it a word with the ending -a or -ya in the initial form?)

c) I thought of a feminine word (does this word have a zero ending in the nominative case?)

Students ask questions and draw conclusions.

Maybe you have a question, why do we need to know the declension of nouns?

We will learn about this in the next lesson.

8. Evaluation.

Calculate all scores on the evaluation sheet.

	Task type
	Compiling a cluster
	Table work
	Selection of antonyms and definition of declension

15-14 points - "5"

13-12 points - "4"

11-9 points - "3"

9. D/Z p. 51 ex. 135

In addition to the three types of declension of nouns accepted for study, there are several more categories in the grammar of the Russian language. The modification of a word according to number, gender and case is denoted by the term "declension". This transformation forms new parts of the word or changes their original form. Only nominal parts of speech are subject to declension.

The belonging of a part of speech to certain types of declension is revealed by their inherent endings, the word must be in its original form (nominative case, singular).

First declension of nouns

The indicated parts of speech, which are in the masculine or feminine gender, are related to the first type of noun declension, whose initial form (nominative case) differs by the endings -а or -я.

Examples: ruler- A (female) , birch- A (female) , plate- A (female) , magnoli- I (female) , grandfather- A (m.s.) , dad- A (m.s.) , planets- A (female) , category- I (female) .

It should also be borne in mind that this declension also includes nouns of the general gender (words whose gender is determined by the semantic load or context in which they are used).

Examples: confused- A, roar- A, confused- A, quiet- I, orphans- A, dirty- I .

Depending on the word with which they are used, their gender changes: Confused Polina (female) — Confused Dima (m.). Tikhonya girl (female) - Tikhonya boy (m.b.).

Second declension of nouns

Masculine words ending in -o or -e also belong to the second declension: house- O, voice- e, man- O.

Neutral nouns that end in -o or -e are also parts of speech of the second declension: mountains e, lakes- O, towels e, farewell- e, craft- O, knee- O, decrease- e.

Third declension of nouns

Examples: midnight b_, daughter b_, bed b_, help b_, area b_, youth b_, love b_, mouse b_.

Three declensions of nouns (table)

Inflected nouns

In particular cases, the rules for declension of nouns are violated. These words must be remembered:

• neuter nouns ending in -me, there are 10 in total: flame, time, burden, banner, and-me, tribe, you-me, stirrup, se-me, those;
• child(cf. gender);
• path ( m. genus).

These words acquired such a name due to the correspondence of their endings in the instrumental case to the endings of the second declension, but otherwise they have all the features of nouns of the 3rd declension. An example of the formation of new endings when converting by case forms:

• Nominative: path_; striving I; dit- I; youth_.
• Genitive: put- And; stirrup- And; child- And; youth And.
• Dative: put- And; stirrup- And; child- And; youth And.
• Accusative: path_; striving I; dit- I; youth_.
• Instrumental: put- eat; stirrup- eat; child- to her; youth- Yu.
• Prepositional: oh put- And; about stirrups And; oh baby- And; about youth And.

Nouns formed from other parts of speech and retaining their features are distinguished into a special group. These words include nouns with signs of adjectives, numerals and participles (worker, weekend, subject, animal, worker, tailor, shower, second, subtracted). Declension, which includes such parts of speech, is called adjective. According to him, these nouns will decline, as well as the part of speech, the features of which it possesses.

Nouns that cannot be used in the singular make it difficult to determine the gender, so they do not have it, as well as declensions: glasses, bran, yeast, holidays, spirits, Carpathians, fees, chess, swings, shadows, cream.

Indeclinable nouns also include words borrowed from other languages ​​that do not change their ending in any of the cases: maestro, entertainer, kiwi, flamingo, cockatoo, lady, salami, kohlrabi, aloe.

Determining the declension of a noun

Video

Declension is the change of a word in cases. The system of case forms of nouns is called the noun declension paradigm.

The types of declension of nouns in the university course of the Russian language differ from the types of declension considered in the school course. At the university, as well as at school, they stand out three substantive types of declension. The difference lies in the order of numbering of declensions and, accordingly, in their names.

First of all, there are three substantive types of declension - first, second and third.

according to the scientific classification system first declension include masculine nouns with a hard and soft stem and zero inflection ( ocean, animal) and neuter nouns with endings -o, -e (cloud, sea).

AND. - ø, -o (-e) IN. - ø, -o (-e) (unsouled), -and I) (smoke)

R. -and I) T. -om (-em)

D. -y (-y) P. –e

TO second declension include feminine nouns with endings -а, -я (moon, earth), as well as a small number of masculine nouns with endings -а, -я (grandfather, hare, uncle).

The system of endings of this type:

AND. -and I) IN. -y (-y)

R. -s(s) T. -oh (-s)

D. -e P. –e

TO third declension include feminine nouns with zero inflection, having a basis in a soft consonant or hissing (steppe, youth, night).

The system of endings of this type:

AND. - ø B. -ø

R.-i T. -(b)yu

D. -And P. - And

Scientific and educational grammars, in addition to three substantive declensions, distinguish adjective, mixed and zero declensions.

adjective declension is an adjectival declension. Substantiated adjectives and participles change by case in the same way as they changed when they were adjectives and participles (teacher's, ice cream, student).

The system of endings of this type:

Unit number Mn. number

husband. and cf. genus f.r.

AND. - th / -th, -oh, -th, -ø -th, -a / -th -th / -th, -i

R. -th / -his -oh / -her -th / -them

D. -th / -him -oh -th / -im

V. I. (inanimate), R. (inanimate) th I. (inanimate), R. (inanimate)

T. -th / -im -oh / -her -th / -im

P. -ohm / -em -oh / -she -th / -them

Mixed declension - this is such a declension, in the paradigm of which the endings of different declensions meet (mix).

Traditionally, the mixed declension includes 10 neuter nouns ending in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown) and the words way (m.r.). They are otherwise called dissimilar nouns. When declining, these words in the genitive, dative, prepositional cases have the ending -i (as in the third declension), and in the instrumental case they have the ending -em (as in the first declension).

AND. time-i way-ø dit-i

R. time-and way-and child-and

D. time-and way-and child-and

IN. time-i way-ø dit-i

T. time-eat way-em child-her

P. (o) time-and (o) way-and (o) child-and

TO heterogeneous the noun child (cf.) also applies. But the forms of indirect cases singular. the numbers of this noun are perceived as obsolete, they have been replaced by forms of the word child.

The mixed declension should include feminine nouns in -iya (army), which in the nominative, genitive, accusative and instrumental cases are inclined according to the second substantive declension (such as land), and in the dative and prepositional - according to the third substantive declension (such as steppe). The mixed declension also includes masculine nouns in -i (planetarium) and neuter gender in -i (movement), which in all cases, except for the prepositional, have the endings of the first substantive declension, and in the prepositional case - the ending -i (the ending of the third substantive declension).

AND. genius-ø station-i rank-e

R. geniuses-i station-and rank-i

D. geniuses-yu station-and rank-yu

IN. Geniuses-I station-th rank-e

T. geniuses-em station-her rank-em

P. (o) genius-and (o) station-and (o) rank-and

Nouns - names of masculine surnames with suffixes -in, -ov belong to the mixed declension, since the endings in their paradigm combine the signs of the first substantive declension (all cases except the instrumental case), and the signs of the declension of possessive adjectives (in the instrumental case). Nouns - feminine surnames cannot be classified as a mixed declension, because. the paradigm of their endings completely coincides with the paradigm of the declension of feminine possessive adjectives. This is the adjectival declension.

I. Rostov-ø (Nikolai) Rostov-a (Natasha)

R. Rostov-a (Nikolai) Rostov-oh (Natasha)

D. Rostov (to Nikolay) Rostov (to Natasha)

V. Rostov-a (Nikolai) Rostov-u (Natasha)

T. Rostov (Nicholas) Rostov (Natasha)

P. (o) Rostov-e (Nikolai) (o) Rostov-oh (Natasha)

When such nouns are used in plural forms, all cases, except for the nominative, have adjective endings:

I. Rostov V. Rostov

R. Rostov T. Rostov

D. Rostov P. (o) Rostov

Nouns - the names of cities and villages of the same type are declined completely according to the model of the 1st declension: under Rostov ohm, near Borodino ohm.

Zero declination As a special type of declension, A.A. Zaliznyak singled out and assigned unchangeable nouns to this type. Traditionally, this group of words is defined as indeclinable words. However, since invariable nouns like coat, metro, cinema can be used with prepositions, i.e. form a prepositional case form that serves to express case meanings (near the metro, in a coat, about cinema), and the case meanings of these words (bought a coat, invited to the cinema) can be expressed syntactically, insofar as the allocation of zero declension seems quite justified.

In Russian there is a special group of nouns that do not have indicators of the declension type. This group includes nouns pluralia tantum (gates, scissors, spirits), which have only the plural form, do not have indicators of the gender category and are declined in the plural. The absence of the singular form and the category of gender does not make it possible to determine the type of declension.

Depending on the hardness / softness of the final consonants, the stems differ hard And soft varieties of declensions: oak, son - horse, beast; wall, fish - melon, dormouse; mouse - night (in the 3rd fold, hard and soft varieties are characteristic only for nouns with a basis in hissing).

Nouns with stems in r, k, x, sibilant and c refer to mixed type of declension: leg - legs, regiment - shelves, daughter-in-law - daughter-in-law, knife - knives, key - keys, fingers - fingers.

Declension types are strictly distinguished only in case forms of the singular. In the plural, the differences between the types of declension are not clearly expressed, and in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases there are no differences at all.

For solid declension nouns in the dative and prepositional cases of the singular, the final consonant stems are softened: country, about the country.

All types of declensions in D., T., P. plural cases have the same inflections. Forms I., R., V. cases have their own characteristics.

Plural ending system:

AND. -i(s), -a, -e V. \u003d I. (inanimate), R. (inanimate)

R. -ø, -ov(s), -ey T. - ami/-ami

D. -am/-yam P. -ah/-ah

When declensing nouns in the plural form, animation / inanimateness is consistently expressed, while in the singular, animation is expressed only in masculine nouns of the 2nd declension (to love books - to love sisters, to see cities - to see brothers, to see windows - to see monsters, to see the steppes - to see mice).