Construction of a miniature model of a two-masted schooner. Holy Martyr Phocas. production of a model according to drawings. Creation of a running model of a two-masted schooner. Ship ranks in the sailing fleet

Part 2. Model drawing.

We start working on the model by choosing a prototype and scale.
These two factors are interrelated, since the size of the future model and, as a consequence, the amount of materials for its construction depend on them.
You can take on the construction of a model of a multi-gun battleship on a scale of 1:50, which will allow for detailed and high-quality detailing (for example, a gun a couple of meters long in a “50th” scale will have a length of 40 mm). But it should be taken into account that the model itself will be more than a meter long and high.
To build a model up to 50 cm long, you can reduce its scale to 1:150 - 1:200. But then you will have to make a lot of the smallest parts and elements (the length of the same gun will be reduced to 1 cm), which will inevitably affect the quality of detailing and the appearance of the model as a whole.
Therefore, to build a high-quality model of a small “desktop” size, it is advisable to choose small prototypes, which will allow, while maintaining the declared size of the model, to choose a larger scale and, accordingly, the possibility of higher-quality detailing.

On the other hand, the choice of model scale may be dictated by available materials.
For example, the model of Vitus Bering's packet boat "St. Peter" was created on the basis of an existing hull from another model, which dictated the choice of a scale of 1:180.

This is exactly the path I will take when building a new model.

1. SELECTION OF A PROTOTYPE OF A MODEL.

The hull of the mentioned packet boat is carved from a single block of wood.
I will use the same technology to build a new model.

For the body of the future model, I intend to use a block from a refrigerator box.
This block has a cross-section of 48 mm by 35 mm. This means that the body of the future model should be no more than 50 mm wide (including the casing).

Having previously chosen a scale of 1:100 for the future model, I calculated that the width of the prototype's hull along the midsection (in the widest cross-section of the hull) should be within 5 meters. This parameter is inherent in small one or two-masted sailing ships such as a yacht or schooner.

Having looked at the drawings of similar ships on the Internet, I chose the two-masted topsail schooner "Hannah" with the hull parameters: length 17.5 m and width along the midsection - 5.2 meters.

On the Internet you can find specialized sites that offer the user ready-made drawings for building a model on a certain scale. However, in order to correctly download and print them, a special program is required.
In addition, it is not always possible to obtain ready-made drawings - sometimes you have to use drawings from books or magazines.
No official drawings of the schooner Hannah have survived.
When building a model, modelers usually use drawings and descriptions from the book "The Colonial Schooner 1763-1775" by Harold Hahn.
I took these drawings as the basis for developing working drawings of the future model.

Often, drawings taken from books or magazines have to be adapted to work with them.
I downloaded the images containing the drawings and printed them on regular A4 sheets of paper.
The drawings did not turn out to the scale indicated on them. In addition, different sheets differed in scale from each other.

I needed to reduce all the sheets to a single size, and then bring this size into line with the chosen scale of the future model.

2. REDUCING THE DRAWINGS TO A SINGLE SIZE.

Having selected the same element on each of the printed sheets, the length of which can be measured (in my case it was the length of the keel on Sheet 2 = 182 mm), I compared it with the length of the corresponding section on Sheet 1 = 97 mm.
Using the resulting magnification factor of 1.88, I was able to complete the missing elements (spar, rigging) on ​​Sheet 2.
Then, in a similar manner, using the heights of the frames shown on Sheets 2 and 3, I obtained a reduction factor for Sheet 3 = 1.15 and brought the image from Sheet 3 into line with the main drawing on Sheet 2.

3.CALCULATING THE SCALE OF THE DRAWING.

The so-called “scale bar” is printed on Sheet 1, which I carefully, using a coefficient of 1.88, transferred to Sheet 2, which became an “intermediate” drawing of the future model.

The “scale bar” establishes the relationship between the length of a unit of measurement in real life and in the drawing scale, i.e. one division of the “scale bar” on the drawing, in this case, corresponds to 10 feet (3000 mm) of the actual length of the vessel.
Measurements and calculations showed that the “interim” drawing I received was made on a scale of 1:76.
Based on this, I was able to calculate the dimensions of the elements of a real ship.

Knowing the actual width of the ship (5168 mm) and the required width of the model (45 mm), I calculated the scale of the future model - 1:115.

Based on these calculations, I drew the final "working" drawings to build the model.

With this model of a pirate schooner, the imagination pictures the dangerous 18th century, when there were many pirates at sea who, in their fast schooners, overtook defenseless merchant ships. And then the traders did not expect mercy!

Ship drawing

Proposed schooner drawings made on a scale of 1:60, which gives the model a length of 780 mm. On two drawings(formats 90x70 and 70x50 cm) You will find a full-size side view of the ship under sail, patterns of frame parts and spar drawings. TO ship drawings 16-page step-by-step instructions are included. Instructions in English. In total, it contains more than 50 diagrams for assembling the model. Unfortunately, there is no top view of the deck anywhere, so you will have to customize some elements according to your taste. The main materials required to build a model of this ship: plywood 5 and 1 mm thick; pear slats 0.5x3 mm, linden slats 1x5 mm, walnut slats 0.5x3 mm, guns about 40 mm long (AM4169 guns, 8 pieces are suitable), light threads 0.5 mm.

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Characteristics:

Maximum body length	19.4 m.
Maximum body width	4.7 m.
Fully loaded draft	2.3 m.
Lightweight displacement	50.0 t.
Engine power	145 hp
Engine speed	9 knots
Sail area	245.0 m2
Number of beds	10 pieces.
Passenger capacity	20 people
Fuel reserve	1500 l.
Fresh water supply	1500 l.

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Description:

The purpose of creating a two-masted sailing schooner of the Grumant-58 project was to build a cruise and tourist vessel that combines the appearance of an old sailboat with the reliability and comfort of a modern yacht.

Two small postal schooners of the late 18th century from the album of drawings of the famous Swedish shipbuilder Chapman were chosen as a prototype. At the same time, the project was based on modern requirements for strength, habitability and seaworthiness.

Currently, five vessels of this project have been built. During the period of operation since 1992, the schooners have proven their reliability in all weather conditions and attractiveness from the point of view of their use as cruise and tourist yachts.

The ship's hull is wooden. The main materials used are oak and selected shipbuilding pine. The body has a single-layer sheathing with a laminated longitudinal and transverse frame. To ensure unsinkability, the vessel is divided into 4 compartments by waterproof bulkheads.

The stern is equipped with: a four-seater crew quarters, a crew latrine, and a navigator's station. There is also an entrance to the engine room.

In the central part of the ship there are four double cabins, a spacious salon, a galley and a latrine. Each latrine, equipped in accordance with the requirements of international convection for marine pollution from ships, has a shower system. All ship furniture is made of natural wood.

In the bow there is a forepeak used for storing ship's property.

The vessel has a fresh water system (cold and hot), a seawater system, a wastewater system, and a drainage system. The vessel is controlled from the upper deck using a tiller or steering wheel via a hydraulic drive. The anchor device includes a chain box, an electric windlass, a plow anchor, and, as a tribute to the appearance of an old sailboat, a hand-made wooden windlass made according to ancient drawings, and two Admiralty anchors with wooden rods.

Sailing rig with a total area of ​​245 sq.m. is quite efficient and provides speeds of up to 9 knots. The ship handles perfectly under sail. The rigging is made of natural sisal and manila ropes, the sails are made of synthetic fabric. Three people are enough to control the sails. The stability required by modern requirements is ensured by internal ballast weighing 15 tons.

Electrical equipment includes a group of two batteries, lights, navigation lights, electrical panel, charger and shore power cable. In addition to the main 12V network, the ship is equipped with a 220V network.

The vessel is equipped with navigation equipment taking into account the wishes of the Customer.

The schooner of the Grumant-58 project can be equipped for use as a training sailboat.

In 2014, the St. Petersburg Yacht Club and the Foundation for the Support of Historical Ships and Classic Yachts purchased an unfinished hull. Fitting-out work is currently underway and during the 2015 navigation season the schooner will decorate festivals of classic Baltic ships with its sails. The schooner will take part in the “Sail Training” program of the St. Petersburg Yacht Club.

In 1991, a group of LKI students, having visited the Navy Museum, decided to make a working design of an 18th century Schooner, which they liked for the elegance of its forms and simplicity of design, as well as the simplicity of its rigging.

Initially, the Grumant 58 project was created - a project for a pirate schooner of the 18th century; this type of sailing ship was used by pirates of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. The narrow hull with well-set front and main sails gave decent speed for boarding ships. In the 18th century, the British also began to use this type of sailing ship for the transportation and rapid delivery of mail and other small cargo.

The Grumant 58 project is a pilot project in which technologies were tested - assembling hull parts, gluing the main structural elements, as well as manufacturing rigging using old technologies. The pine did not perform well, especially in the underwater part. Making the deck also brought with it problems: water leakage and drying out.

The spar, made of pine, behaved well, even well, but it was heavy. Running rigging made from natural materials is, of course, good (it supports style), but it creates a lot of problems when used. Hemp and sisal get wet and shrink strongly, breaking the spar, and if you do not have time to loosen the tackle in time, as well as with constant work, the material loses its strength, which greatly exposes the tackle to rupture.

The Grumant 69 project has radically changed its design - spars and rigging. A lot of work has been done with the Registers. The project was based on the requirements of the French Maritime Register Bureau veritas and the English Lloyd’s Register of Shipping. All wishes and mistakes of the previous project were taken into account as much as possible. Keel protection was the first 30 of the requirements; a metal keel section is made of marine-grade steel, which is subsequently joined to a wooden hull. The wood was used only from valuable species - Bryansk oak (Russia), over 100 years old, Angara larch (Russia) and teak (Burma).

The entire longitudinal and transverse frame of the body is made of oak; hull cladding, the first layer of longitudinal cladding is made of oak using the Swedish lath technology. Two outer layers, diagonal marine grade cabinetry plywood, Lloyd's certified. Thus, maximum strength of the housing was achieved. The deck flooring is teak, the deck load-bearing structures are made of oak.

The spar has also undergone changes in design - the masts, booms, yards, bowsprit are made using new technologies, they are hollow, flag technology has been used for a long time, but it was forgotten and was used in this project, we hope it was the right decision.

The standing rigging was left as it is, it is quite reliable and practical, the style has not changed. Running rigging - almost all the equipment was changed, all ropes made of natural materials were replaced with synthetic ones, stylized as natural ones, materials of good quality - durable and easy to use, which did not affect the style of the ship. The blocks did not undergo major alterations; on the contrary, some of the blocks were recreated according to drawings from old drawings found.

Sailing ships are divided into frigates and battleships. The most powerful three-masted ships are battleships, which are characterized by displacement, armament and the size of the crew.

This class of sailing ships dates back to the seventeenth century, with the advent of artillery (cannons) capable of conducting linear combat (simultaneously from all onboard guns from the side line).
In shortened form they are called “battleships”.

Model drawings can be downloaded for free from the website or from other sources.

In May 1715, the Russian 3rd rank cannon battleship Ingermanland (64 guns) was launched from the Admiralty shipyard in St. Petersburg. Peter I himself took part in the development of its drawings. The battleship had impressive dimensions for that time: length - 52 m; width – 14m; hold depth - 6m. Peter's golden standard soared on his mast. This ship was the flagship of the Russian fleet for a long time.

Ship ranks in the sailing fleet:

• The first rank is a three-deck or four-deck, the largest sailing ship (from sixty to one hundred and thirty guns).
• The second rank is three-deck (a ship with three decks) (from forty to ninety-eight guns).
• The third rank is two-deck (from thirty to eighty-four guns).
• The fourth rank is two-deck (from twenty to sixty guns).

L"Artemise

L "Artemiz was a cannon frigate of the French fleet. Magicienne frigate class, weight 600 tons, on board 32 guns, of which 26 were twelve-pound long guns and 6 were six-pound guns. The frigate was laid down in Toulon in December 1791. It had a length of 44 meters 20 centimeters .

Frigates were military ships with one or two decks and three masts. They differed from battleships in their smaller size. Their purpose is cruising service, reconnaissance (long-range), a surprise attack on an object with the aim of further capture or destruction. The largest models were called linear frigates. According to statistics, more frigate models are downloaded for free than battleships.