Length and distance converter Mass converter Converter of volume measures of bulk products and food products Area converter Converter of volume and units of measurement in culinary recipes Temperature converter Converter of pressure, mechanical stress, Young's modulus Converter of energy and work Converter of power Converter of force Converter of time Linear speed converter Flat angle Converter thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency Converter of numbers in various number systems Converter of units of measurement of quantity of information Currency rates Women's clothing and shoe sizes Men's clothing and shoe sizes Angular velocity and rotation frequency converter Acceleration converter Angular acceleration converter Density converter Specific volume converter Moment of inertia converter Moment of force converter Torque converter Specific heat of combustion converter (by mass) Energy density and specific heat of combustion converter (by volume) Temperature difference converter Coefficient of thermal expansion converter Thermal resistance converter Thermal conductivity converter Specific heat capacity converter Energy exposure and thermal radiation power converter Heat flux density converter Heat transfer coefficient converter Volume flow rate converter Mass flow rate converter Molar flow rate converter Mass flow density converter Molar concentration converter Mass concentration in solution converter Dynamic (absolute) viscosity converter Kinematic viscosity converter Surface tension converter Vapor permeability converter Vapor permeability and vapor transfer rate converter Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Converter Sound Pressure Level Converter with Selectable Reference Pressure Luminance Converter Luminous Intensity Converter Illuminance Converter Computer Graphics Resolution Converter Frequency and Wavelength Converter Diopter Power and Focal Length Diopter Power and Lens Magnification (×) Electric charge converter Linear charge density converter Surface charge density converter Volume charge density converter Electric current converter Linear current density converter Surface current density converter Electric field strength converter Electrostatic potential and voltage converter Electrical resistance converter Electrical resistivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical capacitance Inductance converter American wire gauge converter Levels in dBm (dBm or dBm), dBV (dBV), watts, etc. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Ionizing radiation absorbed dose rate converter Radioactivity. Radioactive decay converter Radiation. Exposure dose converter Radiation. Absorbed dose converter Decimal prefix converter Data transfer Typography and image processing unit converter Timber volume unit converter Calculation of molar mass Periodic table of chemical elements by D. I. Mendeleev

1 centinewton [cN] = 0.01 newton [N]

Initial value

Converted value

newton exanewton petanewton teranewton giganewton meganewton kilonewton hectonewton decanewton decinewton centinewton millinewton micronewton nanonewton piconewton femtonewton attonewton dyne joule per meter joule per centimeter gram-force kilogram-force ton-force (short) ton-force (long) ton-force (meter ical) kilopound -force kilopound-force pound-force ounce-force poundal pound-foot per sec² gram-force kilogram-force wall grav-force milligrav-force atomic unit of force

More about strength

General information

In physics, force is defined as a phenomenon that changes the motion of a body. This can be either the movement of the whole body or its parts, for example, during deformation. If, for example, you lift a stone and then let it go, it will fall because it is pulled to the ground by the force of gravity. This force changed the movement of the stone - from a calm state it moved into accelerated motion. When falling, the stone will bend the grass to the ground. Here, a force called the weight of the stone changed the movement of the grass and its shape.

Force is a vector, that is, it has a direction. If several forces act on a body at the same time, they can be in equilibrium if their vector sum is zero. In this case, the body is at rest. The rock in the previous example will probably roll along the ground after the collision, but will eventually stop. At this moment, the force of gravity will pull it down, and the force of elasticity, on the contrary, will push it up. The vector sum of these two forces is zero, so the stone is in equilibrium and does not move.

In the SI system, force is measured in newtons. One newton is the vector sum of forces that changes the speed of a one-kilogram body by one meter per second in one second.

Archimedes was one of the first to study forces. He was interested in the effect of forces on bodies and matter in the Universe, and he built a model of this interaction. Archimedes believed that if the vector sum of forces acting on a body is equal to zero, then the body is at rest. Later it was proven that this is not entirely true, and that bodies in a state of equilibrium can also move at a constant speed.

Basic forces in nature

It is the forces that move bodies or force them to remain in place. There are four main forces in nature: gravity, electromagnetic force, strong force and weak force. They are also known as fundamental interactions. All other forces are derivatives of these interactions. Strong and weak interactions affect bodies in the microcosm, while gravitational and electromagnetic influences also act at large distances.

Strong interaction

The most intense of the interactions is the strong nuclear force. The connection between quarks, which form neutrons, protons, and the particles they consist of, arises precisely due to the strong interaction. The motion of gluons, structureless elementary particles, is caused by the strong interaction, and is transmitted to quarks through this motion. Without strong interaction, matter would not exist.

Electromagnetic interaction

Electromagnetic interaction is the second largest. It occurs between particles with opposite charges that attract each other, and between particles with the same charges. If both particles have a positive or negative charge, they repel each other. The movement of particles that occurs is electricity, a physical phenomenon that we use every day in everyday life and in technology.

Chemical reactions, light, electricity, interactions between molecules, atoms and electrons - all these phenomena occur due to electromagnetic interaction. Electromagnetic forces prevent one solid body from penetrating another because the electrons of one body repel the electrons of another body. Initially, it was believed that electric and magnetic influences were two different forces, but later scientists discovered that they were a variation of the same interaction. Electromagnetic interaction can be easily seen with a simple experiment: lifting a woolen sweater over your head, or rubbing your hair on a woolen fabric. Most objects have a neutral charge, but rubbing one surface against another can change the charge on those surfaces. In this case, electrons move between two surfaces, being attracted to electrons with opposite charges. When there are more electrons on a surface, the overall surface charge also changes. Hair that "stands on end" when a person takes off a sweater is an example of this phenomenon. The electrons on the surface of the hair are more strongly attracted to the c atoms on the surface of the sweater than the electrons on the surface of the sweater are attracted to the atoms on the surface of the hair. As a result, electrons are redistributed, which leads to a force that attracts the hair to the sweater. In this case, hair and other charged objects are attracted not only to surfaces with opposite but also neutral charges.

Weak interaction

The weak nuclear force is weaker than the electromagnetic force. Just as the movement of gluons causes strong interaction between quarks, the movement of W and Z bosons causes weak interaction. Bosons are elementary particles emitted or absorbed. W bosons participate in nuclear decay, and Z bosons do not affect other particles with which they come into contact, but only transfer momentum to them. Thanks to the weak interaction, it is possible to determine the age of matter using radiocarbon dating. The age of an archaeological find can be determined by measuring the radioactive carbon isotope content relative to the stable carbon isotopes in the organic material of that find. To do this, they burn a pre-cleaned small fragment of a thing whose age needs to be determined, and thus extract carbon, which is then analyzed.

Gravitational interaction

The weakest interaction is gravitational. It determines the position of astronomical objects in the universe, causes the ebb and flow of tides, and causes thrown bodies to fall to the ground. The gravitational force, also known as the force of attraction, pulls bodies towards each other. The greater the body mass, the stronger this force. Scientists believe that this force, like other interactions, arises due to the movement of particles, gravitons, but so far they have not been able to find such particles. The movement of astronomical objects depends on the force of gravity, and the trajectory of movement can be determined by knowing the mass of the surrounding astronomical objects. It was with the help of such calculations that scientists discovered Neptune even before they saw this planet through a telescope. The trajectory of Uranus could not be explained by gravitational interactions between the planets and stars known at that time, so scientists assumed that the movement was under the influence of the gravitational force of an unknown planet, which was later proven.

According to the theory of relativity, the force of gravity changes the space-time continuum - four-dimensional space-time. According to this theory, space is curved by the force of gravity, and this curvature is greater near bodies with greater mass. This is usually more noticeable near large bodies such as planets. This curvature has been proven experimentally.

The force of gravity causes acceleration in bodies flying towards other bodies, for example, falling to the Earth. Acceleration can be found using Newton's second law, so it is known for planets whose mass is also known. For example, bodies falling to the ground fall with an acceleration of 9.8 meters per second.

Ebbs and flows

An example of the effect of gravity is the ebb and flow of tides. They arise due to the interaction of the gravitational forces of the Moon, Sun and Earth. Unlike solids, water easily changes shape when force is applied to it. Therefore, the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun attract water more strongly than the surface of the Earth. The movement of water caused by these forces follows the movement of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth. These are the ebbs and flows, and the forces that arise are tidal forces. Since the Moon is closer to the Earth, tides are influenced more by the Moon than by the Sun. When the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon are equally directed, the highest tide occurs, called spring tide. The smallest tide, when tidal forces act in different directions, is called quadrature.

The frequency of tides depends on the geographical location of the water mass. The gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun attract not only water, but also the Earth itself, so in some places, tides occur when the Earth and water are attracted in the same direction, and when this attraction occurs in opposite directions. In this case, the ebb and flow of the tide occurs twice a day. In other places this happens once a day. The tides depend on the coastline, the ocean tides in the area, and the positions of the Moon and Sun, as well as the interaction of their gravitational forces. In some places, high tides occur once every few years. Depending on the structure of the coastline and the depth of the ocean, tides can affect currents, storms, changes in wind direction and strength, and changes in atmospheric pressure. Some places use special clocks to determine the next high or low tide. Once you set them up in one place, you have to set them up again when you move to another place. These clocks do not work everywhere, as in some places it is impossible to accurately predict the next high and low tide.

The power of moving water during the ebb and flow of tides has been used by man since ancient times as a source of energy. Tidal mills consist of a water reservoir into which water flows at high tide and is released at low tide. The kinetic energy of water drives the mill wheel, and the resulting energy is used to do work, such as grinding flour. There are a number of problems with using this system, such as environmental ones, but despite this, tides are a promising, reliable and renewable source of energy.

Other powers

According to the theory of fundamental interactions, all other forces in nature are derivatives of the four fundamental interactions.

Normal ground reaction force

The normal ground reaction force is the body's resistance to external load. It is perpendicular to the surface of the body and directed against the force acting on the surface. If a body lies on the surface of another body, then the force of the normal support reaction of the second body is equal to the vector sum of the forces with which the first body presses on the second. If the surface is vertical to the surface of the Earth, then the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed opposite to the force of gravity of the Earth, and is equal to it in magnitude. In this case, their vector force is zero and the body is at rest or moving at a constant speed. If this surface has a slope relative to the Earth, and all other forces acting on the first body are in equilibrium, then the vector sum of the force of gravity and the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed downward, and the first body slides along the surface of the second.

Friction force

The friction force acts parallel to the surface of the body and opposite to its movement. It occurs when one body moves along the surface of another when their surfaces come into contact (sliding or rolling friction). Frictional force also arises between two bodies at rest if one lies on the inclined surface of the other. In this case, it is the static friction force. This force is widely used in technology and in everyday life, for example, when moving vehicles with the help of wheels. The surface of the wheels interacts with the road and the friction force prevents the wheels from sliding on the road. To increase friction, rubber tires are placed on the wheels, and in icy conditions, chains are placed on the tires to further increase friction. Therefore, motor transport is impossible without friction. Friction between the rubber of the tires and the road ensures normal vehicle control. The rolling friction force is less than the dry sliding friction force, so the latter is used when braking, allowing you to quickly stop the car. In some cases, on the contrary, friction interferes, since it wears out the rubbing surfaces. Therefore, it is removed or minimized with the help of liquid, since liquid friction is much weaker than dry friction. This is why mechanical parts, such as a bicycle chain, are often lubricated with oil.

Forces can deform solids and also change the volume and pressure of liquids and gases. This occurs when the force is distributed unevenly throughout a body or substance. If a sufficiently large force acts on a heavy body, it can be compressed into a very small ball. If the size of the ball is less than a certain radius, then the body becomes a black hole. This radius depends on the mass of the body and is called Schwarzschild radius. The volume of this ball is so small that, compared to the mass of the body, it is almost zero. The mass of black holes is concentrated in such an insignificantly small space that they have a huge gravitational force, which attracts all bodies and matter within a certain radius from the black hole. Even light is attracted to a black hole and is not reflected from it, which is why black holes are truly black - and are named accordingly. Scientists believe that large stars turn into black holes at the end of their lives and grow, absorbing surrounding objects within a certain radius.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question in TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

Isaac Newton was born on December 25, 1642 (or January 4, 1643 according to the Gregorian calendar) in the village of Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire.

Young Isaac, according to contemporaries, was distinguished by a gloomy, withdrawn character. He preferred reading books and making primitive technical toys to boyish pranks and pranks.

When Isaac was 12 years old, he enrolled in Grantham School. The extraordinary abilities of the future scientist were discovered there.

In 1659, at the insistence of his mother, Newton was forced to return home to farm. But thanks to the efforts of teachers who were able to discern the future genius, he returned to school. In 1661, Newton continued his education at Cambridge University.

College education

In April 1664, Newton successfully passed the exams and acquired a higher student level. During his studies, he was actively interested in the works of G. Galileo, N. Copernicus, as well as the atomic theory of Gassendi.

In the spring of 1663, lectures by I. Barrow began at the new mathematics department. The famous mathematician and prominent scientist later became a close friend of Newton. It was thanks to him that Isaac's interest in mathematics increased.

While studying in college, Newton came up with his main mathematical method - the expansion of a function into an infinite series. At the end of the same year, I. Newton received a bachelor's degree.

Notable discoveries

Studying the short biography of Isaac Newton, you should know that it was he who expounded the law of universal gravitation. Another important discovery of the scientist is the theory of the movement of celestial bodies. The 3 laws of mechanics discovered by Newton formed the basis of classical mechanics.

Newton made many discoveries in the field of optics and color theory. He developed many physical and mathematical theories. The scientific works of the outstanding scientist largely determined the time and were often incomprehensible to his contemporaries.

His hypotheses regarding the oblateness of the Earth's poles, the phenomenon of polarization of light and the deflection of light in the gravitational field still surprise scientists today.

In 1668, Newton received his master's degree. A year later he became a Doctor of Mathematical Sciences. After he created the reflector, the forerunner of the telescope, the most important discoveries were made in astronomy.

Social activity

In 1689, as a result of a coup, King James II, with whom Newton had a conflict, was overthrown. After this, the scientist was elected to parliament from the University of Cambridge, where he sat for about 12 months.

In 1679, Newton met Charles Montagu, the future Earl of Halifax. Under the patronage of Montagu, Newton was appointed custodian of the Mint.

last years of life

In 1725, the health of the great scientist began to rapidly deteriorate. He passed away on March 20 (31), 1727, in Kensington. Death occurred in a dream. Isaac Newton was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Other biography options

• At the very beginning of his schooling, Newton was considered very mediocre, perhaps the worst student. He was forced to achieve his best by moral trauma when he was beaten by his tall and much stronger classmate.
• In the last years of his life, the great scientist wrote a certain book, which, in his opinion, should have become some kind of revelation. Unfortunately, the manuscripts are burning. Due to the fault of the scientist's beloved dog, which knocked over the lamp, the book disappeared in the fire.

Length and distance converter Mass converter Converter of volume measures of bulk products and food products Area converter Converter of volume and units of measurement in culinary recipes Temperature converter Converter of pressure, mechanical stress, Young's modulus Converter of energy and work Converter of power Converter of force Converter of time Linear speed converter Flat angle Converter thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency Converter of numbers in various number systems Converter of units of measurement of quantity of information Currency rates Women's clothing and shoe sizes Men's clothing and shoe sizes Angular velocity and rotation frequency converter Acceleration converter Angular acceleration converter Density converter Specific volume converter Moment of inertia converter Moment of force converter Torque converter Specific heat of combustion converter (by mass) Energy density and specific heat of combustion converter (by volume) Temperature difference converter Coefficient of thermal expansion converter Thermal resistance converter Thermal conductivity converter Specific heat capacity converter Energy exposure and thermal radiation power converter Heat flux density converter Heat transfer coefficient converter Volume flow rate converter Mass flow rate converter Molar flow rate converter Mass flow density converter Molar concentration converter Mass concentration in solution converter Dynamic (absolute) viscosity converter Kinematic viscosity converter Surface tension converter Vapor permeability converter Vapor permeability and vapor transfer rate converter Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Converter Sound Pressure Level Converter with Selectable Reference Pressure Luminance Converter Luminous Intensity Converter Illuminance Converter Computer Graphics Resolution Converter Frequency and Wavelength Converter Diopter Power and Focal Length Diopter Power and Lens Magnification (×) Electric charge converter Linear charge density converter Surface charge density converter Volume charge density converter Electric current converter Linear current density converter Surface current density converter Electric field strength converter Electrostatic potential and voltage converter Electrical resistance converter Electrical resistivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical capacitance Inductance converter American wire gauge converter Levels in dBm (dBm or dBm), dBV (dBV), watts, etc. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Ionizing radiation absorbed dose rate converter Radioactivity. Radioactive decay converter Radiation. Exposure dose converter Radiation. Absorbed dose converter Decimal prefix converter Data transfer Typography and image processing unit converter Timber volume unit converter Calculation of molar mass Periodic table of chemical elements by D. I. Mendeleev

Initial value

Converted value

newton exanewton petanewton teranewton giganewton meganewton kilonewton hectonewton decanewton decinewton centinewton millinewton micronewton nanonewton piconewton femtonewton attonewton dyne joule per meter joule per centimeter gram-force kilogram-force ton-force (short) ton-force (long) ton-force (meter ical) kilopound -force kilopound-force pound-force ounce-force poundal pound-foot per sec² gram-force kilogram-force wall grav-force milligrav-force atomic unit of force

More about strength

General information

In physics, force is defined as a phenomenon that changes the motion of a body. This can be either the movement of the whole body or its parts, for example, during deformation. If, for example, you lift a stone and then let it go, it will fall because it is pulled to the ground by the force of gravity. This force changed the movement of the stone - from a calm state it moved into accelerated motion. When falling, the stone will bend the grass to the ground. Here, a force called the weight of the stone changed the movement of the grass and its shape.

Force is a vector, that is, it has a direction. If several forces act on a body at the same time, they can be in equilibrium if their vector sum is zero. In this case, the body is at rest. The rock in the previous example will probably roll along the ground after the collision, but will eventually stop. At this moment, the force of gravity will pull it down, and the force of elasticity, on the contrary, will push it up. The vector sum of these two forces is zero, so the stone is in equilibrium and does not move.

In the SI system, force is measured in newtons. One newton is the vector sum of forces that changes the speed of a one-kilogram body by one meter per second in one second.

Archimedes was one of the first to study forces. He was interested in the effect of forces on bodies and matter in the Universe, and he built a model of this interaction. Archimedes believed that if the vector sum of forces acting on a body is equal to zero, then the body is at rest. Later it was proven that this is not entirely true, and that bodies in a state of equilibrium can also move at a constant speed.

Basic forces in nature

It is the forces that move bodies or force them to remain in place. There are four main forces in nature: gravity, electromagnetic force, strong force and weak force. They are also known as fundamental interactions. All other forces are derivatives of these interactions. Strong and weak interactions affect bodies in the microcosm, while gravitational and electromagnetic influences also act at large distances.

Strong interaction

The most intense of the interactions is the strong nuclear force. The connection between quarks, which form neutrons, protons, and the particles they consist of, arises precisely due to the strong interaction. The motion of gluons, structureless elementary particles, is caused by the strong interaction, and is transmitted to quarks through this motion. Without strong interaction, matter would not exist.

Electromagnetic interaction

Electromagnetic interaction is the second largest. It occurs between particles with opposite charges that attract each other, and between particles with the same charges. If both particles have a positive or negative charge, they repel each other. The movement of particles that occurs is electricity, a physical phenomenon that we use every day in everyday life and in technology.

Chemical reactions, light, electricity, interactions between molecules, atoms and electrons - all these phenomena occur due to electromagnetic interaction. Electromagnetic forces prevent one solid body from penetrating another because the electrons of one body repel the electrons of another body. Initially, it was believed that electric and magnetic influences were two different forces, but later scientists discovered that they were a variation of the same interaction. Electromagnetic interaction can be easily seen with a simple experiment: lifting a woolen sweater over your head, or rubbing your hair on a woolen fabric. Most objects have a neutral charge, but rubbing one surface against another can change the charge on those surfaces. In this case, electrons move between two surfaces, being attracted to electrons with opposite charges. When there are more electrons on a surface, the overall surface charge also changes. Hair that "stands on end" when a person takes off a sweater is an example of this phenomenon. The electrons on the surface of the hair are more strongly attracted to the c atoms on the surface of the sweater than the electrons on the surface of the sweater are attracted to the atoms on the surface of the hair. As a result, electrons are redistributed, which leads to a force that attracts the hair to the sweater. In this case, hair and other charged objects are attracted not only to surfaces with opposite but also neutral charges.

Weak interaction

The weak nuclear force is weaker than the electromagnetic force. Just as the movement of gluons causes strong interaction between quarks, the movement of W and Z bosons causes weak interaction. Bosons are elementary particles emitted or absorbed. W bosons participate in nuclear decay, and Z bosons do not affect other particles with which they come into contact, but only transfer momentum to them. Thanks to the weak interaction, it is possible to determine the age of matter using radiocarbon dating. The age of an archaeological find can be determined by measuring the radioactive carbon isotope content relative to the stable carbon isotopes in the organic material of that find. To do this, they burn a pre-cleaned small fragment of a thing whose age needs to be determined, and thus extract carbon, which is then analyzed.

Gravitational interaction

The weakest interaction is gravitational. It determines the position of astronomical objects in the universe, causes the ebb and flow of tides, and causes thrown bodies to fall to the ground. The gravitational force, also known as the force of attraction, pulls bodies towards each other. The greater the body mass, the stronger this force. Scientists believe that this force, like other interactions, arises due to the movement of particles, gravitons, but so far they have not been able to find such particles. The movement of astronomical objects depends on the force of gravity, and the trajectory of movement can be determined by knowing the mass of the surrounding astronomical objects. It was with the help of such calculations that scientists discovered Neptune even before they saw this planet through a telescope. The trajectory of Uranus could not be explained by gravitational interactions between the planets and stars known at that time, so scientists assumed that the movement was under the influence of the gravitational force of an unknown planet, which was later proven.

According to the theory of relativity, the force of gravity changes the space-time continuum - four-dimensional space-time. According to this theory, space is curved by the force of gravity, and this curvature is greater near bodies with greater mass. This is usually more noticeable near large bodies such as planets. This curvature has been proven experimentally.

The force of gravity causes acceleration in bodies flying towards other bodies, for example, falling to the Earth. Acceleration can be found using Newton's second law, so it is known for planets whose mass is also known. For example, bodies falling to the ground fall with an acceleration of 9.8 meters per second.

Ebbs and flows

An example of the effect of gravity is the ebb and flow of tides. They arise due to the interaction of the gravitational forces of the Moon, Sun and Earth. Unlike solids, water easily changes shape when force is applied to it. Therefore, the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun attract water more strongly than the surface of the Earth. The movement of water caused by these forces follows the movement of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth. These are the ebbs and flows, and the forces that arise are tidal forces. Since the Moon is closer to the Earth, tides are influenced more by the Moon than by the Sun. When the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon are equally directed, the highest tide occurs, called spring tide. The smallest tide, when tidal forces act in different directions, is called quadrature.

The frequency of tides depends on the geographical location of the water mass. The gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun attract not only water, but also the Earth itself, so in some places, tides occur when the Earth and water are attracted in the same direction, and when this attraction occurs in opposite directions. In this case, the ebb and flow of the tide occurs twice a day. In other places this happens once a day. The tides depend on the coastline, the ocean tides in the area, and the positions of the Moon and Sun, as well as the interaction of their gravitational forces. In some places, high tides occur once every few years. Depending on the structure of the coastline and the depth of the ocean, tides can affect currents, storms, changes in wind direction and strength, and changes in atmospheric pressure. Some places use special clocks to determine the next high or low tide. Once you set them up in one place, you have to set them up again when you move to another place. These clocks do not work everywhere, as in some places it is impossible to accurately predict the next high and low tide.

The power of moving water during the ebb and flow of tides has been used by man since ancient times as a source of energy. Tidal mills consist of a water reservoir into which water flows at high tide and is released at low tide. The kinetic energy of water drives the mill wheel, and the resulting energy is used to do work, such as grinding flour. There are a number of problems with using this system, such as environmental ones, but despite this, tides are a promising, reliable and renewable source of energy.

Other powers

According to the theory of fundamental interactions, all other forces in nature are derivatives of the four fundamental interactions.

Normal ground reaction force

The normal ground reaction force is the body's resistance to external load. It is perpendicular to the surface of the body and directed against the force acting on the surface. If a body lies on the surface of another body, then the force of the normal support reaction of the second body is equal to the vector sum of the forces with which the first body presses on the second. If the surface is vertical to the surface of the Earth, then the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed opposite to the force of gravity of the Earth, and is equal to it in magnitude. In this case, their vector force is zero and the body is at rest or moving at a constant speed. If this surface has a slope relative to the Earth, and all other forces acting on the first body are in equilibrium, then the vector sum of the force of gravity and the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed downward, and the first body slides along the surface of the second.

Friction force

The friction force acts parallel to the surface of the body and opposite to its movement. It occurs when one body moves along the surface of another when their surfaces come into contact (sliding or rolling friction). Frictional force also arises between two bodies at rest if one lies on the inclined surface of the other. In this case, it is the static friction force. This force is widely used in technology and in everyday life, for example, when moving vehicles with the help of wheels. The surface of the wheels interacts with the road and the friction force prevents the wheels from sliding on the road. To increase friction, rubber tires are placed on the wheels, and in icy conditions, chains are placed on the tires to further increase friction. Therefore, motor transport is impossible without friction. Friction between the rubber of the tires and the road ensures normal vehicle control. The rolling friction force is less than the dry sliding friction force, so the latter is used when braking, allowing you to quickly stop the car. In some cases, on the contrary, friction interferes, since it wears out the rubbing surfaces. Therefore, it is removed or minimized with the help of liquid, since liquid friction is much weaker than dry friction. This is why mechanical parts, such as a bicycle chain, are often lubricated with oil.

Forces can deform solids and also change the volume and pressure of liquids and gases. This occurs when the force is distributed unevenly throughout a body or substance. If a sufficiently large force acts on a heavy body, it can be compressed into a very small ball. If the size of the ball is less than a certain radius, then the body becomes a black hole. This radius depends on the mass of the body and is called Schwarzschild radius. The volume of this ball is so small that, compared to the mass of the body, it is almost zero. The mass of black holes is concentrated in such an insignificantly small space that they have a huge gravitational force, which attracts all bodies and matter within a certain radius from the black hole. Even light is attracted to a black hole and is not reflected from it, which is why black holes are truly black - and are named accordingly. Scientists believe that large stars turn into black holes at the end of their lives and grow, absorbing surrounding objects within a certain radius.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question in TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

Length and distance converter Mass converter Converter of volume measures of bulk products and food products Area converter Converter of volume and units of measurement in culinary recipes Temperature converter Converter of pressure, mechanical stress, Young's modulus Converter of energy and work Converter of power Converter of force Converter of time Linear speed converter Flat angle Converter thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency Converter of numbers in various number systems Converter of units of measurement of quantity of information Currency rates Women's clothing and shoe sizes Men's clothing and shoe sizes Angular velocity and rotation frequency converter Acceleration converter Angular acceleration converter Density converter Specific volume converter Moment of inertia converter Moment of force converter Torque converter Specific heat of combustion converter (by mass) Energy density and specific heat of combustion converter (by volume) Temperature difference converter Coefficient of thermal expansion converter Thermal resistance converter Thermal conductivity converter Specific heat capacity converter Energy exposure and thermal radiation power converter Heat flux density converter Heat transfer coefficient converter Volume flow rate converter Mass flow rate converter Molar flow rate converter Mass flow density converter Molar concentration converter Mass concentration in solution converter Dynamic (absolute) viscosity converter Kinematic viscosity converter Surface tension converter Vapor permeability converter Vapor permeability and vapor transfer rate converter Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Converter Sound Pressure Level Converter with Selectable Reference Pressure Luminance Converter Luminous Intensity Converter Illuminance Converter Computer Graphics Resolution Converter Frequency and Wavelength Converter Diopter Power and Focal Length Diopter Power and Lens Magnification (×) Electric charge converter Linear charge density converter Surface charge density converter Volume charge density converter Electric current converter Linear current density converter Surface current density converter Electric field strength converter Electrostatic potential and voltage converter Electrical resistance converter Electrical resistivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical capacitance Inductance converter American wire gauge converter Levels in dBm (dBm or dBm), dBV (dBV), watts, etc. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Ionizing radiation absorbed dose rate converter Radioactivity. Radioactive decay converter Radiation. Exposure dose converter Radiation. Absorbed dose converter Decimal prefix converter Data transfer Typography and image processing unit converter Timber volume unit converter Calculation of molar mass Periodic table of chemical elements by D. I. Mendeleev

1 newton [N] = 0.001 kilonewton [kN]

Initial value

Converted value

newton exanewton petanewton teranewton giganewton meganewton kilonewton hectonewton decanewton decinewton centinewton millinewton micronewton nanonewton piconewton femtonewton attonewton dyne joule per meter joule per centimeter gram-force kilogram-force ton-force (short) ton-force (long) ton-force (meter ical) kilopound -force kilopound-force pound-force ounce-force poundal pound-foot per sec² gram-force kilogram-force wall grav-force milligrav-force atomic unit of force

More about strength

General information

In physics, force is defined as a phenomenon that changes the motion of a body. This can be either the movement of the whole body or its parts, for example, during deformation. If, for example, you lift a stone and then let it go, it will fall because it is pulled to the ground by the force of gravity. This force changed the movement of the stone - from a calm state it moved into accelerated motion. When falling, the stone will bend the grass to the ground. Here, a force called the weight of the stone changed the movement of the grass and its shape.

Force is a vector, that is, it has a direction. If several forces act on a body at the same time, they can be in equilibrium if their vector sum is zero. In this case, the body is at rest. The rock in the previous example will probably roll along the ground after the collision, but will eventually stop. At this moment, the force of gravity will pull it down, and the force of elasticity, on the contrary, will push it up. The vector sum of these two forces is zero, so the stone is in equilibrium and does not move.

In the SI system, force is measured in newtons. One newton is the vector sum of forces that changes the speed of a one-kilogram body by one meter per second in one second.

Archimedes was one of the first to study forces. He was interested in the effect of forces on bodies and matter in the Universe, and he built a model of this interaction. Archimedes believed that if the vector sum of forces acting on a body is equal to zero, then the body is at rest. Later it was proven that this is not entirely true, and that bodies in a state of equilibrium can also move at a constant speed.

Basic forces in nature

It is the forces that move bodies or force them to remain in place. There are four main forces in nature: gravity, electromagnetic force, strong force and weak force. They are also known as fundamental interactions. All other forces are derivatives of these interactions. Strong and weak interactions affect bodies in the microcosm, while gravitational and electromagnetic influences also act at large distances.

Strong interaction

The most intense of the interactions is the strong nuclear force. The connection between quarks, which form neutrons, protons, and the particles they consist of, arises precisely due to the strong interaction. The motion of gluons, structureless elementary particles, is caused by the strong interaction, and is transmitted to quarks through this motion. Without strong interaction, matter would not exist.

Electromagnetic interaction

Electromagnetic interaction is the second largest. It occurs between particles with opposite charges that attract each other, and between particles with the same charges. If both particles have a positive or negative charge, they repel each other. The movement of particles that occurs is electricity, a physical phenomenon that we use every day in everyday life and in technology.

Chemical reactions, light, electricity, interactions between molecules, atoms and electrons - all these phenomena occur due to electromagnetic interaction. Electromagnetic forces prevent one solid body from penetrating another because the electrons of one body repel the electrons of another body. Initially, it was believed that electric and magnetic influences were two different forces, but later scientists discovered that they were a variation of the same interaction. Electromagnetic interaction can be easily seen with a simple experiment: lifting a woolen sweater over your head, or rubbing your hair on a woolen fabric. Most objects have a neutral charge, but rubbing one surface against another can change the charge on those surfaces. In this case, electrons move between two surfaces, being attracted to electrons with opposite charges. When there are more electrons on a surface, the overall surface charge also changes. Hair that "stands on end" when a person takes off a sweater is an example of this phenomenon. The electrons on the surface of the hair are more strongly attracted to the c atoms on the surface of the sweater than the electrons on the surface of the sweater are attracted to the atoms on the surface of the hair. As a result, electrons are redistributed, which leads to a force that attracts the hair to the sweater. In this case, hair and other charged objects are attracted not only to surfaces with opposite but also neutral charges.

Weak interaction

The weak nuclear force is weaker than the electromagnetic force. Just as the movement of gluons causes strong interaction between quarks, the movement of W and Z bosons causes weak interaction. Bosons are elementary particles emitted or absorbed. W bosons participate in nuclear decay, and Z bosons do not affect other particles with which they come into contact, but only transfer momentum to them. Thanks to the weak interaction, it is possible to determine the age of matter using radiocarbon dating. The age of an archaeological find can be determined by measuring the radioactive carbon isotope content relative to the stable carbon isotopes in the organic material of that find. To do this, they burn a pre-cleaned small fragment of a thing whose age needs to be determined, and thus extract carbon, which is then analyzed.

Gravitational interaction

The weakest interaction is gravitational. It determines the position of astronomical objects in the universe, causes the ebb and flow of tides, and causes thrown bodies to fall to the ground. The gravitational force, also known as the force of attraction, pulls bodies towards each other. The greater the body mass, the stronger this force. Scientists believe that this force, like other interactions, arises due to the movement of particles, gravitons, but so far they have not been able to find such particles. The movement of astronomical objects depends on the force of gravity, and the trajectory of movement can be determined by knowing the mass of the surrounding astronomical objects. It was with the help of such calculations that scientists discovered Neptune even before they saw this planet through a telescope. The trajectory of Uranus could not be explained by gravitational interactions between the planets and stars known at that time, so scientists assumed that the movement was under the influence of the gravitational force of an unknown planet, which was later proven.

According to the theory of relativity, the force of gravity changes the space-time continuum - four-dimensional space-time. According to this theory, space is curved by the force of gravity, and this curvature is greater near bodies with greater mass. This is usually more noticeable near large bodies such as planets. This curvature has been proven experimentally.

The force of gravity causes acceleration in bodies flying towards other bodies, for example, falling to the Earth. Acceleration can be found using Newton's second law, so it is known for planets whose mass is also known. For example, bodies falling to the ground fall with an acceleration of 9.8 meters per second.

Ebbs and flows

An example of the effect of gravity is the ebb and flow of tides. They arise due to the interaction of the gravitational forces of the Moon, Sun and Earth. Unlike solids, water easily changes shape when force is applied to it. Therefore, the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun attract water more strongly than the surface of the Earth. The movement of water caused by these forces follows the movement of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth. These are the ebbs and flows, and the forces that arise are tidal forces. Since the Moon is closer to the Earth, tides are influenced more by the Moon than by the Sun. When the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon are equally directed, the highest tide occurs, called spring tide. The smallest tide, when tidal forces act in different directions, is called quadrature.

The frequency of tides depends on the geographical location of the water mass. The gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun attract not only water, but also the Earth itself, so in some places, tides occur when the Earth and water are attracted in the same direction, and when this attraction occurs in opposite directions. In this case, the ebb and flow of the tide occurs twice a day. In other places this happens once a day. The tides depend on the coastline, the ocean tides in the area, and the positions of the Moon and Sun, as well as the interaction of their gravitational forces. In some places, high tides occur once every few years. Depending on the structure of the coastline and the depth of the ocean, tides can affect currents, storms, changes in wind direction and strength, and changes in atmospheric pressure. Some places use special clocks to determine the next high or low tide. Once you set them up in one place, you have to set them up again when you move to another place. These clocks do not work everywhere, as in some places it is impossible to accurately predict the next high and low tide.

The power of moving water during the ebb and flow of tides has been used by man since ancient times as a source of energy. Tidal mills consist of a water reservoir into which water flows at high tide and is released at low tide. The kinetic energy of water drives the mill wheel, and the resulting energy is used to do work, such as grinding flour. There are a number of problems with using this system, such as environmental ones, but despite this, tides are a promising, reliable and renewable source of energy.

Other powers

According to the theory of fundamental interactions, all other forces in nature are derivatives of the four fundamental interactions.

Normal ground reaction force

The normal ground reaction force is the body's resistance to external load. It is perpendicular to the surface of the body and directed against the force acting on the surface. If a body lies on the surface of another body, then the force of the normal support reaction of the second body is equal to the vector sum of the forces with which the first body presses on the second. If the surface is vertical to the surface of the Earth, then the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed opposite to the force of gravity of the Earth, and is equal to it in magnitude. In this case, their vector force is zero and the body is at rest or moving at a constant speed. If this surface has a slope relative to the Earth, and all other forces acting on the first body are in equilibrium, then the vector sum of the force of gravity and the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed downward, and the first body slides along the surface of the second.

Friction force

The friction force acts parallel to the surface of the body and opposite to its movement. It occurs when one body moves along the surface of another when their surfaces come into contact (sliding or rolling friction). Frictional force also arises between two bodies at rest if one lies on the inclined surface of the other. In this case, it is the static friction force. This force is widely used in technology and in everyday life, for example, when moving vehicles with the help of wheels. The surface of the wheels interacts with the road and the friction force prevents the wheels from sliding on the road. To increase friction, rubber tires are placed on the wheels, and in icy conditions, chains are placed on the tires to further increase friction. Therefore, motor transport is impossible without friction. Friction between the rubber of the tires and the road ensures normal vehicle control. The rolling friction force is less than the dry sliding friction force, so the latter is used when braking, allowing you to quickly stop the car. In some cases, on the contrary, friction interferes, since it wears out the rubbing surfaces. Therefore, it is removed or minimized with the help of liquid, since liquid friction is much weaker than dry friction. This is why mechanical parts, such as a bicycle chain, are often lubricated with oil.

Forces can deform solids and also change the volume and pressure of liquids and gases. This occurs when the force is distributed unevenly throughout a body or substance. If a sufficiently large force acts on a heavy body, it can be compressed into a very small ball. If the size of the ball is less than a certain radius, then the body becomes a black hole. This radius depends on the mass of the body and is called Schwarzschild radius. The volume of this ball is so small that, compared to the mass of the body, it is almost zero. The mass of black holes is concentrated in such an insignificantly small space that they have a huge gravitational force, which attracts all bodies and matter within a certain radius from the black hole. Even light is attracted to a black hole and is not reflected from it, which is why black holes are truly black - and are named accordingly. Scientists believe that large stars turn into black holes at the end of their lives and grow, absorbing surrounding objects within a certain radius.

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Physics as a science that studies the laws of our Universe uses standard research methods and a certain system of units of measurement. It is customary to denote N (newton). What is force, how to find and measure it? Let's study this issue in more detail.

Isaac Newton is an outstanding English scientist of the 17th century who made an invaluable contribution to the development of exact mathematical sciences. He is the forefather of classical physics. He managed to describe the laws that govern both huge celestial bodies and small grains of sand carried away by the wind. One of his main discoveries is the law of universal gravitation and the three basic laws of mechanics that describe the interaction of bodies in nature. Later, other scientists were able to derive the laws of friction, rest and sliding only thanks to the scientific discoveries of Isaac Newton.

A little theory

A physical quantity was named in honor of the scientist. Newton is a unit of force. The very definition of force can be described as follows: “force is a quantitative measure of the interaction between bodies, or a quantity that characterizes the degree of intensity or tension of bodies.”

The magnitude of force is measured in newtons for a reason. It was these scientists who created three unshakable “power” laws that are still relevant today. Let's study them with examples.

First Law

To fully understand the questions: “What is a newton?”, “A unit of measurement for what?” and “What is its physical meaning?”, it is worth carefully studying the three main

The first says that if the body is not affected by other bodies, then it will be at rest. And if the body was in motion, then in the complete absence of any action on it, it will continue its uniform motion in a straight line.

Imagine that a certain book with a certain mass lies on a flat table surface. Having designated all the forces acting on it, we find that this is the force of gravity, which is directed vertically downwards, and (in this case of the table), directed vertically upwards. Since both forces balance each other's actions, the magnitude of the resultant force is zero. According to Newton's first law, this is the reason why the book is at rest.

Second Law

It describes the relationship between the force acting on a body and the acceleration it receives due to the applied force. When formulating this law, Isaac Newton was the first to use a constant value of mass as a measure of the manifestation of inertia and inertia of a body. Inertia is the ability or property of bodies to maintain their original position, that is, to resist external influences.

The second law is often described by the following formula: F = a*m; where F is the resultant of all forces applied to the body, a is the acceleration received by the body, and m is the mass of the body. The force is ultimately expressed in kg*m/s2. This expression is usually denoted in newtons.

What is Newton in physics, what is the definition of acceleration and how is it related to force? These questions are answered by the formula of the second law of mechanics. It should be understood that this law only works for those bodies that move at speeds much lower than the speed of light. At speeds close to the speed of light, slightly different laws work, adapted by a special section of physics on the theory of relativity.

Newton's third law

This is perhaps the most understandable and simple law that describes the interaction of two bodies. He says that all forces arise in pairs, that is, if one body acts on another with a certain force, then the second body, in turn, also acts on the first with a force equal in magnitude.

The very formulation of the law by scientists is as follows: “... the interactions of two bodies on each other are equal to each other, but at the same time they are directed in opposite directions.”

Let's figure out what Newton is. In physics, it is customary to consider everything based on specific phenomena, so we will give several examples describing the laws of mechanics.

1. Waterfowl such as ducks, fish or frogs move in or through water precisely by interacting with it. Newton's third law states that when one body acts on another, a reaction always arises, equal in strength to the first, but directed in the opposite direction. Based on this, we can conclude that the movement of ducks occurs due to the fact that they push the water back with their paws, and they themselves swim forward due to the response action of the water.
2. The squirrel wheel is a striking example of a proof of Newton's third law. Everyone probably knows what a squirrel wheel is. This is a fairly simple design that resembles both a wheel and a drum. It is installed in cages so that pets like squirrels or rats can run around. The interaction of two bodies, a wheel and an animal, leads to the fact that both of these bodies move. Moreover, when the squirrel runs fast, the wheel spins at high speed, and when it slows down, the wheel begins to spin more slowly. This once again proves that action and reaction are always equal to each other, although they are directed in opposite directions.
3. Everything that moves on our planet moves only due to the “response action” of the Earth. This may seem strange, but in fact, when we walk, we only exert effort to push the ground or any other surface. And we move forward because the earth pushes us back.

What is a newton: a unit of measurement or a physical quantity?

The very definition of “newton” can be described as follows: “it is a unit of measurement of force.” What is its physical meaning? So, based on Newton’s second law, this is a derived quantity, which is defined as a force capable of changing the speed of a body weighing 1 kg by 1 m/s in just 1 second. It turns out that Newton is i.e. it has its own direction. When we apply force to an object, for example pushing a door, we simultaneously set the direction of movement, which, according to the second law, will be the same as the direction of the force.

If you follow the formula, it turns out that 1 Newton = 1 kg*m/s2. When solving various problems in mechanics, it is often necessary to convert newtons into other quantities. For convenience, when finding certain values, it is recommended to remember the basic identities that connect newtons with other units:

• 1 N = 10 5 dyne (dyne is a unit of measurement in the GHS system);
• 1 N = 0.1 kgf (kilogram-force is a unit of force in the MKGSS system);
• 1 N = 10 -3 walls (unit of measurement in the MTS system, 1 wall is equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 m/s 2 to any body weighing 1 ton).

Law of Gravity

One of the most important discoveries of the scientist, which changed the understanding of our planet, is Newton’s law of gravity (read below for what gravity is). Of course, before him there were attempts to unravel the mystery of the Earth's gravity. For example, he was the first to suggest that not only the Earth has an attractive force, but also the bodies themselves are capable of attracting the Earth.

However, only Newton managed to mathematically prove the relationship between the force of gravity and the law of planetary motion. After many experiments, the scientist realized that in fact, not only the Earth attracts objects to itself, but also all bodies are magnetized to each other. He derived the law of gravity, which states that any bodies, including celestial bodies, are attracted with a force equal to the product of G (gravitational constant) and the masses of both bodies m 1 * m 2, divided by R 2 (the square of the distance between the bodies).

All the laws and formulas derived by Newton made it possible to create a holistic mathematical model, which is still used in research not only on the surface of the Earth, but also far beyond the borders of our planet.

Unit Conversion

When solving problems, you should remember about the standard ones that are also used for “Newtonian” units of measurement. For example, in problems about space objects, where the masses of the bodies are large, it is often necessary to simplify large values ​​to smaller ones. If the solution yields 5000 N, then it will be more convenient to write the answer in the form of 5 kN (kiloNewton). There are two types of such units: multiples and submultiples. Here are the most used ones: 10 2 N = 1 hectoNewton (gN); 10 3 N = 1 kiloNewton (kN); 10 6 N = 1 megaNewton (MN) and 10 -2 N = 1 centiNewton (cN); 10 -3 N = 1 milliNewton (mN); 10 -9 N = 1 nanoNewton (nN).