What does mycology study. Formation and development of mycology as a science

Mushrooms are an extensive group of organisms, including about 70 ... 120 thousand species.

This is only a small part of their estimated number. So, even E. M. Freese (1794-1878) considered mushrooms to be the most numerous group of plant organisms. Currently, D. Hawksworth suggests that there are about 1.5 million species of fungi.

Cap mushrooms have been known to man since ancient times. In their writings, some edible (mushrooms, truffles) and poisonous mushrooms were mentioned by such famous scientists as Aristotle (IV century BC), Theophrastus (III century BC), Dioscorides (I century) . Pliny the Younger (1st century) drew attention to the abundance of tinder fungi on tree trunks and classified these organisms as fungi. The first attempts to classify mushrooms belong to him. He divided all mushrooms into edible and poisonous. In Rome, among the edible, the Caesar mushroom was valued. The Romans were well aware of the poisonous properties of mushrooms and skillfully used them to eliminate people they did not like. Presumably, poisonous mushrooms caused the death of the Roman emperor Claudius, the French king Charles VI, Pope Clement VII.

Mushrooms were worshiped by the Aztec tribes, as evidenced by the finds of stone figurines of mushrooms. Rock carvings of people-mushrooms also testify to the worship of them by the peoples who inhabited Siberia.

However, there was no information about the true nature of fungi, their biology. The appearance of mushrooms after rains was associated with lightning strikes. The appearance of fungi on plant leaves was explained by the influence of dew or plant excretion products.

There are several stages in the history of the formation of mycology as a science. The first stage, which continued until the middle of the 19th century, is associated with the accumulation of material, the description of new species, and attempts to classify them. The first scientific data on mushrooms date back to the second half of the 16th century. During this period, the naturalist C. Clusius (1526-1609), using his own collections and materials from other researchers, compiled the first systematic report on fungi. Priceless is his collection of 221 watercolor drawings of mushrooms, known as the Codex Clusius (kept in the library of Leiden University in Holland).

Fungi have usually been studied along with other organisms. The first specialist in the field of mycology is the Italian scientist P. Micheli. Improving optical instruments, he made a discovery (1729), according to which fungi are formed in the process of germination of the smallest grains, later called spores. As a result, fungi were included in the plant kingdom. So the myth about the mysterious origin of cap mushrooms was dispelled. The famous scientist C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) also contributed to the development of mycology. At first, he attributed mushrooms to the animal kingdom, finding some of their resemblance to polyps. Subsequently, he assigned them to the XXIV class of his famous system, which also included algae. Linnaeus's attempt to systematize organisms contributed to the emergence of a new science of fungi - mycology. Much work on the generalization of data on fungi was done by X. Link (1767-1850).

Subsequently, based on the accumulated material on mushrooms, the Dutch researcher H. G. Pearson (1755-1836) and the Swedish scientist E. M. Friz (1794-1878) made an attempt to systematize mushrooms. These scientists became the founders of the taxonomy of fungi, being representatives of various currents. Thus, Pearson sought to form a natural grouping of fungi, following the views of Lamarck. Friese attached great importance to anatomical research methods, following Linnaeus, adhering to the creation of an artificial system. Freese proposed to separate mushrooms into an independent kingdom. This idea did not find wide distribution at that time and was subsequently supported only by some scientists: Konard (1939), B. M. Kozo-Polyansky (1947), etc. Many species and genera established by these scientists have survived to this day in mycological nomenclature.

Mushrooms in Russia were first studied by travelers. Even Linnaeus has publications (1737, 1792) about the presence of 155 species of mushrooms in Russia. The first significant mycological works date back to 1750 and are associated with the activities of S. P. Krasheninnikov (1713-1755). He compiled a list that included 430 species of mushrooms collected in the vicinity of St. Petersburg. By 1836, N. A. Weinman (1782-1868) described 1123 species of mushrooms growing in Russia. This famous scientist is deservedly considered the first Russian mycologist.

A. de Bari is the founder of experimental mycology and is rightfully considered the father of mycology. He was the author of the first phylogenetic classification of fungi, based on the recognition of their origin from algae. The Botanical Institute in Strasbourg becomes a center for mycological research. A great merit of A. de Bari was the creation of a large school of mycologists and phytopathologists, among whom were many Russian scientists. The study of the species diversity of fungi during this period has not lost its relevance, research is being carried out in various parts of the world. The accumulated material was summarized by P. Saccardo (1845-1920), who described all the world's fungal species known by that time. Information on 74,323 species was presented in 25 volumes. A major role in the development of mycology belongs to O. Brefeld (1839-1925), who developed methods for obtaining pure cultures of fungi.

In Russia, L. S. Tsenkovsky (1822-1887) laid the foundation for the study of the morphology and development cycles of fungi and myxomycetes, his works on these issues are considered classics. According to contemporaries, L. S. Tsenkovsky gradually opened the wonderful world of microorganisms to science. He created scientific schools of botanists and bacteriologists.

The interests of M. S. Voronin (1838-1903), a student of de Bari, concerned various aspects of mycology, his numerous works are related to the study of complex phenomena in the life of fungi. He was engaged in the study of cabbage keel, sunflower rust, the biology of mycorrhizal fungi. The appearance of most of his works is caused by the practical needs of agriculture. MS Voronin is rightfully considered the father of Russian mycology and the founder of Russian phytopathology.

The third stage in the development of mycology is characterized by the development of the physiology and biochemistry of fungi (the end of the 19th - the middle of the 20th century). Not only mycologists pay attention to fungi, but also plant physiologists who have studied various physiological processes in them (respiration, fermentation, metabolism). Many studies are of an ecological nature, since in the course of them the influence of environmental factors on the ontogeny of fungi was clarified (G. Klebs and others). With the development of technology, it becomes possible to study the cell of fungi, its chemical composition. For this purpose, P. Danzhar, R. Turner, P. Claussen used the cytological method. Much attention is paid to the study of the biological characteristics of pathogenic fungi, pathogens in plants, animals and humans.

The outstanding scientist A. A. Yachevsky (1863-1932) studied the species diversity of fungi, as well as rust and powdery mildew fungi, bacterial and viral plant diseases. His main works are devoted to the taxonomy and phylogeny of fungi. He is the author of the first mushroom guide in Russian (1897). Known for the great organizational activity of A. A. Yachevsky. In 1902, he created the Central Botanical Station in St. Petersburg, in 1907 - the Bureau of Mycology and Phytopathology under the Ministry of Agriculture, the Department of Mycology and Phytopathology (later the Laboratory of Mycology named after A. A. Yachevsky) at the Institute of Experimental Agrochemistry. Under the leadership of A. A. Yachevsky, the collection “Materials on Mycology and Phytopathology” was regularly published. As a professor at higher educational institutions in St. Petersburg, he was known for his active educational work.

V. A. Transhel (1868-1941) was mainly engaged in the study of the biology of rust fungi, which were collected by him personally or were part of numerous collections. He proposed a method for studying the heterogeneity of rust fungi, which is now used throughout the world.

He introduced the cytological method into mycology. His textbook "Mycology" is still popular among mycologists.

The most famous Russian mycologist A. S. Bondartsev (1877-1968) conducted mycological and phytopathological studies in various regions of the USSR, published the manual "Fungal diseases of cultivated plants and measures to combat them", which for a long time was the only textbook on phytopathology. His fundamental work "Tinder Fungi of the European Part of the USSR and the Caucasus" is widely known.

In the XX century. mycological research in all these areas is carried out by a galaxy of scientists and research teams from all departments of the Russian Academy of Sciences and higher educational institutions. Articles on mycology are published mainly in the journals Mycology and Phytopathology (since 1967) and News of the Systematics of Lower Plants (since 1964).

In the second half of the XX century. thanks to the work of R. Whittaker (1969) and A. L. Takhtadzhyan (1970), fungi are considered in the rank of kingdom in all modern systems. During this period, a new, fourth, stage in the development of mycology begins to take shape, associated with the study of the genetics of fungi. It was the needs of human society that stimulated the development of a new direction in mycology: fungi that produce a variety of biologically active substances - enzymes, antibiotics, phytohormones, are becoming popular as objects of biotechnology. American scientists, Nobel Prize winners D. Beadle (1903-1989) and E. Tatham (1909-1975), having discovered biochemical mutants in the marsupial fungus Neurospora crassa, laid the foundations of biochemical genetics. The development of this direction went from the solution of applied issues related to the selection of fungi used in biotechnology to the clarification of issues of theoretical mycology. In particular, the problems of fungal taxonomy, phylogeny, the study of a species in ontogeny and at the population level, and its ecological features are raised. Recently, molecular systematics has become popular, or gene systematics, which is based on a comparison of the DNA of the studied organisms, which allows you to compare genotypes, not phenotypes. Based on gene analysis, all systems of living organisms, including fungi, are currently being revised.

Dictionary of medical terms

mycology (myco- + Greek logos teaching, science; syn. mycetology)

the branch of botany that studies fungi.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

mycology

mycology, pl. no, w. (from the Greek mykes - mushroom and logos - teaching) (special). Mushroom science.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

mycology

and. The scientific discipline that studies mushrooms.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

mycology

MYCOLOGY (from the Greek mykes - mushroom and ... logic) is the science that studies mushrooms.

Dutch mycologist H. Person and The System of Mushrooms (1821≈3

══Lit.: Yachevsky A. A., Fundamentals of Mycology, M.≈L., 1933; Kursanov L. I., Mycology, 2nd ed., M., 1940; Komarnitsky N. A., Essay on the history of the study of lower plants in Russia and the USSR, “Uch. app. Moscow State University, 1948, c. 129; Naumov N. A., On some topical issues of mycology, in the book: Problems of botany, century. 1, M.≈L., 1950; Bondartsev A. S., Polypore fungi of the European part of the USSR and the Caucasus, M.≈L., 1953; Kuprevich V.F., Transhel V.G., Rust fungi, V.A. 1 ≈ sem. Melampsorovye, M.≈L., 1957 (Flora of spore plants of the USSR, vol. 4, Mushrooms 1); Nikolaeva T. L., Ezhovik fungi, M.≈L., 1961 (Flora of spore plants of the USSR, vol. 6, Mushrooms 2); Ulyanishchev V.I., Mycoflora of Azerbaijan, vol. 1≈4, Baku, 1952≈67; Flora of spore plants of Kazakhstan, vol. 1≈8, A.-A., 1956≈73; Gäumann E., Die Pilze, Basel, 1949; Pilat A., Naše houby, t. 1≈2, Prague, 1952≈59; AI exopoulos C. I., Einführung in die Mykologie, 2 Aufl., Stuttg., 1966; KreiseI H., Grundzüge eines natürlichen Systems der Pilze, Jena, 1969.

:* for recycling,

:* in the biotechnology of products, including drugs (for example, penicillin), immunomodulatory polysaccharides,

:* fungi as plant pest pathogens

:* as medicines

:* as objects in biological research

• mushroom damage:

:* food spoilage,

:* destruction of wooden, textile and other products,

: * pathogens of plant diseases,

:* mycotoxicoses (fungal toxins - mycotoxins),

:* mycetism,

:* mycogenic allergies,

mycology(from Greek mýkēs - ​​mushroom and lógos - word, doctrine), a science that studies the structure, development, physiological and biochemical properties and role of fungi in nature, as well as their effect on the human body, animals and plants. From modern M. separated agricultural and forestry M. Special Sections M. entered the food and microbiological industries (biosynthesis of antibiotics, vitamins, organic acids, enzymes, etc.). Developed technical M. two branches M.- medical and veterinary - were defined as independent large sections that study fungal diseases of humans and animals. in medical and veterinary M. two subsections were singled out - the doctrine of mycoses and the doctrine of mycotoxicoses (1947). Medical and veterinary M. are closely related, since the majority of fungi pathogenic for humans and animals are the causative agents of anthropozoonoses.

Development of scientific veterinary M. begins at the end of the first half of the 19th century, when fungi were discovered, mainly dermatophytes, pathogenic for humans and animals. In 1837, R. Remak discovered mycelial filaments in crusts with favus. In 1853, the French researcher L. Tulan discovered the causative agent of ergotism, thereby laying the foundation for the development of the theory of toxic fungi. In the development of veterinary M. 3 periods are marked. The first period, the beginning of which (1837) coincides with the study of dermatophytes, was characterized by the discoveries of the causative agents of animal mycoses and lasted about 100 years. Great contribution to the development of veterinary M. Russian and Soviet scientists A. A. Raevsky, N. M. Bogdanov, M. G. Tartakovsky, G. L. Radzivilovskii, A. A. Avrinsky, N. M. Berestnev, N. N. Mari, P. N. Kashkin. The second period is associated with the study of mycotoxicoses - stachybotriotoxicosis (1938), dendrodochiotoxicosis (1939), clavicepstoxicosis and fusariotoxicosis (1942-44). The third period (the second half of the 20th century) is characterized by the intensive development of veterinary M.(a thorough study of mycoses and mycotoxicoses) both in the USSR and abroad. The nature of many mycotoxins has been disclosed, methods for their indication and quantitative determination of mycotoxin impurities in various products have been developed. Data on pathogens of mycoses, especially visceral ones, have been obtained. Work carried out in the USSR (1955–71) on the immunobiology of mycoses and the formation of immunity in dermatomycoses led to the creation of the first vaccine against trichophytosis in cattle, for which a group of VIEV scientists and practitioners were awarded the USSR State Prize (1973).

Teaching veterinary M. is carried out at veterinary institutes and at the veterinary faculties of agricultural institutes (at the departments of microbiology, epizootology and toxicology). Research work on M. in the USSR it is carried out in the laboratories of mycology and feed sanitation of the VNIIVS, mycology and antibiotics of the VIEV and in other scientific and educational veterinary institutions. Abroad research in the field of veterinary M. conducted in Great Britain, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, USA, France and other countries. Works on veterinary M. in the USSR they are published in the Proceedings and Bulletins of VIEV, VNIIVS and other veterinary institutes, in the journals Mycology and Phytopathology. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1967), "Veterinary".

Literature:
Kursanov L. I., Mycology, 2nd ed., M., 1940;
Sarkisov A. Kh., Mycotoxicoses, M., 1954;
Spesivtseva N. A., Mycoses and mycotoxicoses, 2nd ed., M., 1964;
Sarkisov A. Kh. [and others], Diagnosis of fungal diseases (mycosis and mycotoxicosis) of animals, M., 1971;
Bilay V. I., Fundamentals of general mycology, K., 1974;
Ainsworth G. C., Austwick P. K. C., Fungal diseases of animals, 2 ed., Slough, 1973.

• the science that studies mushrooms...

  Agricultural Encyclopedic Dictionary

• The branch of botany that studies mushrooms. M. is the basis of phytopathology, since most of the diseases are plant. caused by fungus...

  Agricultural dictionary-reference book

• - mycology, a science that studies the structure, development, physiological and biochemical properties and the role of fungi in nature, as well as their effect on the human body, animals and plants ...

  Veterinary Encyclopedic Dictionary

• - English. mycology in German mykologie; Pilzkunde french...

  Phytopathological dictionary-reference book

• - a science that studies the morphology, systematics, distribution, ecology, harmfulness of fungi ...

  Ecological dictionary

• - the science of MUSHROOMS ...

  Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

• - a scientific discipline devoted to the study of fungi ...

  Glossary of botanical terms

• the branch of botany that studies fungi...

  Big Medical Dictionary

• - the doctrine of mushrooms, see Mushrooms ...

And they are assigned to certain groups. Mushrooms are useful, which can be eaten and used for the production of medicines, or harmful, causing certain diseases.

The subject of study of mycology

Mycology is the science that studies fungi in all their diversity. A feature of these living organisms is that they are not able to produce their own food as, for example, plants do. For full growth, they need to find a source of nutrients. They grow well in dark places and do not need light as a source of life. Many types of mushrooms are similar to plants in appearance, but there are also those that are fundamentally different.

The healing power of mushrooms

There are types of mushrooms that are used as medicines to eliminate various ailments, and the healing properties are so effective that they are considered magical. One of the clearest examples of beneficial mushrooms is penicillin, which has saved more than one thousand human lives over its long history. Penicillin is used as an antibiotic to treat bacterial infections. The mold from which it is extracted prevents the growth of bacteria. Mushrooms are the basis for many types of drugs, such as steroids, which treat different types of diseases.



bad mushrooms

Mycology is the science of mushrooms, and, as you know, they are good and not very good. Fungal infections can cause diseases of the skin, mouth, blood and even the heart. A person can become seriously ill and need medication to get rid of these nasty infections. The fungus can harm not only the human body, but also the home.



Fungus in the form of mold can cover the walls of houses, causing dampness and an unpleasant smell, and the dust from it can cause allergic reactions in people, such as tearing and coughing. Many types of mushrooms are poisonous and should not be eaten as they can cause serious poisoning and even death.



Huge variety of species

When answering the question of what mycology is, it is important to know that there are a huge number of very different types of fungi. The results of research and study of this science have helped thousands of people and changed many lives. In total, there are about 70,000 species of mushrooms, although many scientists estimate that there are at least 1.5 million species.



What is radical mycology?

Radical Mycology is a social movement and social philosophy based on the belief that the highly consistent life cycles of fungi and their interactions in nature serve as powerful tools for teaching how humans can best interact with one another and properly manage the world in which they live. These ideas were born in 2006. Why are mushrooms so important? Radical Mycology - The Science of How Fungi Can Improve Quality of Life The world of mycology is constantly expanding, and the practical integration of fungi into modern life is taking on new forms.



The use of the word “radical” to describe this approach to the science and culture of mycology depends on several factors. First, the use of mushrooms serves to improve the environment and is directly related to radical ecology, which recognizes the sacred value of every living being. Secondly, through the use of mushrooms, personal, social and environmental sustainability is improved. Thirdly, the word "radical" comes from the Latin "radix", meaning "root".



Problems such as lack of food, water, cleanliness, soil fertility, reduction of pollution and more can be solved through targeted work with fungi - the subject of mycology. Sometimes, in order to get the most out of science, you need to literally get to the bottom of things.



What is mycology from a radical point of view?

Mushrooms are a source of nutritious and healthy food. They can be grown from paper waste, coffee waste, and many invasive plants, including paniculata and water hyacinth (one of the fastest growing plants in the world). A more global understanding of mushroom cultivation could easily help solve world hunger. Many mushrooms are powerful natural medicines that can reduce tumors, kill viruses, and increase the stability of the human immune system. Yeasts and other microorganisms can create methane and other alternatives to fossil fuels through their natural fermentation processes.



Mushrooms, like other natural medicines, can have a powerful preventive effect. They may well become a worthy alternative to some expensive medications. As they decompose, mushrooms can help regenerate the landscape by breaking down toxic and persistent chemicals, purifying polluted water, and even breaking down plastic. Mycorrhizal fungi can be grown to build topsoil, improve soil ecology, maintain plant health, and reduce fertilizer use.

What mycology studies can solve many pressing issues, namely: problems with food shortages, water quality, chronic diseases, soil pollution, problems related to the emotional, psychological and spiritual health of a person, housing and much more. In addition to all this, the correct attitude to mushrooms in everyday life will help to take a different look at the world where all organisms are in close relationship, and how important it is to maintain the health of the entire ecosystem.



Mushrooms will help save the world

Farmers, gardeners and scientists have long known the importance of healthy soil. Knowledge is the key to using mushrooms for the benefit of humanity. The more information a person receives about mushrooms and their role in the natural balance of the planet, the more likely it is that this power will be used for good. In a research institution such as the Institute of Mycology, work is focused on the study of pathogenic microscopic fungi that cause disease in humans. One of the largest is the P. N. Kashkin Institute of Medical Mycology in St. Petersburg (Russia).



What is the branch of biology dedicated to the study of fungi and fungi. Mushrooms have been collected and used by people since prehistoric times and have always played an important role in human life, however, the whole variety of properties and applications has not been fully studied and explored until recently. With great potential, they are an excellent source of vitamins, nutrients and minerals. They can also be used to treat and prevent diseases, extract metals and impurities from the soil, absorb oil from spills, and treat wastewater in industrial areas.

Depending on the object of study, mycology is divided into industrial, agricultural, veterinary and medical. Thus, industrial M. studies various yeast fungi (fungi) used in bread baking, the production of alcohols, brewing, the production of cheese, and fermented milk products (see Yeast). Some types of yeast are used in the production of protein concentrates, as well as for medicinal purposes in honey. industry. In pharmakol, for the purpose, mold fungi are studied as producers of antibiotics (see), enzymes, organic acids, etc. Industrial M. conducts research on the protection of various raw materials - cotton, wood, technical materials, textiles, paper, etc. - from their destruction by microscopic fungi. Many diseases of cultivated plants, vegetables, and fruits caused by fungi cause enormous damage to the national economy and require the study of their etiology and the development of methods to combat them. This work is carried out within the limits of page - x. and vet. M.

Sanitary M. studies methods for identifying pathogenic and opportunistic fungi in the environment - soil, water, air.

Diseases of humans and animals caused by microscopic fungi are called mycoses (see). Honey. M. studies features of biology of fungi pathogenic for the person, their antigenic activity, the mechanism of pathogenic action, reservoirs in the nature, ways of distribution, a wedge, manifestations and pathogenesis of mycoses, protective immunological reactions of a human body in response to introduction of fungi into it, methods a lab. diagnostics, means and methods of treatment of patients with mycoses. The study of allergic reactions in patients with fungal infections as a result of sensitization of the body by the waste products of fungi is becoming increasingly important. A special section of honey. M. is the doctrine of mycotoxicoses (see), the occurrence of which is associated not with the primary invasion of fungi into tissues, but with poisoning by the metabolic products of the fungi themselves. So, after prolonged contact with moldy grain, the so-called. grain fever, the cause of which is the inhalation of fungal spores. M.'s value in studying of epidemiology of mycoses, in development of methods of fight against them and prevention is great.

The beginning of the development of honey. M. is considered the discovery of the causative agent of favus by J. L. Schoenlein in 1839. In the second half of the 19th century. and the first years of the 20th century. honey. M. was formed against the background of the rapid development of microbiology, the greatest discoveries of L. Pasteur:, J. Lister, R. Koch, and others. The causative agents of dermatomycosis were described (see Fungal diseases of the skin) and their clinical manifestations. Although the works of the first period were predominantly descriptive, clinical and morphological in nature, even then an attempt was made to experimentally identify the polymorphism of the causative agent of the favus - achorio (N. P. Tishutkin, 1894).

In the second half of the 20th century studies of the pathogenesis, immunology of mycoses, the study of the state of the body's reactivity to the introduction of pathogenic fungi, the development of serological methods for detecting the corresponding antibodies prevail. Much attention is drawn to the research of new antifungal drugs. A huge role was played by the creation of experimental models of mycoses, which made it possible to study their wedge, pathogenetic, immunol. features, as well as the therapeutic efficacy of antifungal drugs. The study of the features of the clinic and the pathogenesis of trichophytosis in adults led to the creation by Soviet dermatomycologists of the doctrine of chronic trichophytosis (see). The important role of adult patients in the epidemiology of trichophytosis in children was proved, a mandatory dispensary examination of all family members of a sick child was introduced, which led to a natural decrease in the incidence of trichophytosis in the USSR. In the study of pathogens, epidemiology and pathogenesis of mycoses of the feet, important data were obtained on the mechanism of allergic complications arising from these infections, on the mechanism of development of onychomycosis and generalized forms of these diseases (see Onychomycosis). Many years of research into new methods for treating mycoses of the scalp led to the development of a sparing technique for x-ray hair removal with fractional doses, to the creation of thallium and epiline patches, which made it possible to cure these patients without the use of x-rays. A wide study and introduction into practice of antibiotics nystatin and levorin for the treatment of candidiasis (see) and griseofulvin for the treatment of patients with dermatomycosis. The widespread use of antibacterial antibiotics, corticosteroid hormones, cytostatic drugs, biologically highly active agents contributed to an increase in the number of diseases with certain deep mycoses, caused mostly by opportunistic fungi of the genus Candida and aspergillus. There was a need to find means and methods for the prevention and treatment of these complications, involving, along with dermatomycologists, also therapists, pediatricians, surgeons, as well as doctors of other specialties. In the USSR, a program was developed to combat dermatomycosis, including a preventive direction, a dispensary method of servicing patients, their active detection, and the creation of a wide network of mycological institutions. The implementation of this program has led to the practical elimination of diseases of the favus (see), a significant decrease in the incidence of other dermatomycosis.

Socio-economic value of honey. M. is defined by nek-ry statistical data on incidence and mortality from mycoses. According to Green (E. Grin), by 1964, 15,000,000 patients with ringworm were registered in all countries of the world. In almost all countries of the world, hundreds of thousands of patients with mycosis of the feet, with lesions of the nails of the hands and feet, annually turn to medical institutions. Often, these mycoses lead to repeated disability, spending huge amounts of money on the treatment of patients, contribute to the development and unfavorable course of prof. skin diseases.

Bibliography: Arievich A. M. and Stepanishcheva 3. G. Candidiasis and other mycoses as complications of antibiotic therapy, M., 1965, bibliogr.; Bilay V. I., etc. Methods of experimental mycology, Kyiv, 1973; Kashkin P.N. and Sheklakov N.D. Guide to medical mycology, M., 1978, bibliogr.; Multi-volume guide to microbiology, clinic and epidemiology of infectious diseases, ed. H. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikova, vol. 10, p. 177, 252, M., 1966, bibliogr.; Feyer E. et al. Medical mycology and fungal diseases, trans. from Hungarian., Budapest, 1966, bibliogr.; Khmelnytsky O.K. Histological diagnosis of superficial and deep mycoses, L., 1973, bibliogr.; Sh e to l and - to about in N. D. and M and l and h M. V. Fungal diseases of the person, M., 1973, bibliogr.; Conant N.a. about. Manual of clinical mycology, Philadelphia, 1971; E m ~ mons G h. W.a. o. Medical mycology, Philadelphia, 1977; The fungi, an advanced treatise, ed. by G. C. Ainsworth a. o., v. 4A, N.Y., 1973; Libero A j e 1 1 o L. a. o. Laboratory manual for medical mycology, Washington, 1963.

A. M. Arievich.