1 I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands. “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”: analysis

Monument to A.S. Pushkin in Tsarskoe Selo (photo by the author of the article, 2011)

The poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” was written in 1836, six months before Pushkin’s death. The poet was not going through the best times then. Critics did not favor him, the tsar banned his best works from the press, gossip about his person spread in secular society, and in family life everything was far from rosy. The poet was short of money. And his friends, even his closest ones, treated all his hardships with coolness.

It is in such a difficult situation that Pushkin writes a poetic work, which over time becomes historical.

The poet seems to be summing up his work, sincerely and frankly sharing his thoughts with the reader, assessing his contribution to Russian and world literature. A correct assessment of his merits, an understanding of future glory, recognition and love of his descendants - all this contributed to helping the poet calmly deal with slander, insults, “not demand a crown from them,” and be above it. Alexander Sergeevich speaks about this in the last stanza of the work. Perhaps it was precisely the painful thoughts about misunderstanding and underestimation of him by his contemporaries that prompted the poet to write this important poem.

“I have erected a monument to myself not made by hands” is to some extent an imitation of the famous poem “Monument” (which, in turn, is based on a verse by Horace). Pushkin follows Derzhavin’s text, but puts a completely different meaning into his lines. Alexander Sergeevich tells us about his “disobedience”, that his “monument” is higher than the monument to Alexander I, the “Alexandrian Pillar” (opinions of literary researchers about which monument we are talking about differ). And that people will constantly come to his monument, and the road to it will not be overgrown. And as long as poetry exists in the world, “as long as at least one piit is alive in the sublunary world,” the poet’s glory will not fade.

Pushkin knows for sure that all the numerous nations that make up “Great Rus'” will treat him as their poet. Pushkin deserved the love of the people and eternal recognition because his poetry awakens “good feelings” in people. And also because he “glorified freedom”, fought as best he could, creating his important works. And he never stopped believing in the best, and for the “fallen” he asked for “mercy.”

Analyzing the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands,” we understand that this work is a philosophical reflection on life and creativity, it is an expression of its poetic purpose.

The genre of the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” is an ode. It is based on the main Pushkin principles: love of freedom, humanity.

The meter of the poem is iambic hexameter. He perfectly conveys the determination and clarity of the poet’s thoughts.

In the work not only " phraseological combinations, but also a single word, entails a whole range of associations and images that are closely connected with the stylistic tradition that was familiar to lyceum poets.”

The number of stanzas in the poem is five. The last stanza is kept in a solemn and calm tone.

And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild

The function of polysyndeton is “to encourage the reader to generalize, to perceive a number of details as a whole image. When perceived, the specific is transformed into the generic, namely, “the peoples of the Russian Empire.”

The idea of ​​the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” is most likely inspired by the memories of Pushkin. It was he, the closest and devoted friend of Alexander Sergeevich, who was the first to understand the greatness of Pushkin and predicted his immortal glory. During his life, Delvig helped the poet in many ways, was a comforter, protector, and in some ways even Pushkin’s teacher. Anticipating his imminent death and saying goodbye to his creative activity, Pushkin seemed to agree with Delvig’s words, asserting that his prophecies would come true, despite the narrow-minded fools who were destroying the poet as they had destroyed five years before his brother “in the muse and destinies,” himself Delviga.

I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands... (A.S. Pushkin)

(full text of the poem)
Exegi monumentum*.

I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands,
The people's path to him will not be overgrown,
He ascended higher with his rebellious head
Alexandrian Pillar.

No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the treasured lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will escape -
And I will be glorious as long as I am in the sublunary world
At least one piit will be alive.

Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus',
And every tongue that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tunguz, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk.

And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified Freedom
And he called for mercy for the fallen.

By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,
Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently,
And don't argue with a fool.

*) I erected a monument.. (beginning of Horace’s poem)

In continuation .

The fact is that the priest himself did not change anything. He only restored the pre-revolutionary publishing version.

After Pushkin’s death, immediately after the removal of the body, Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky sealed Pushkin’s office with his seal, and then received permission to transfer the poet’s manuscripts to his apartment.

All subsequent months, Zhukovsky was engaged in the analysis of Pushkin's manuscripts, preparation for the publication of the posthumous collected works and all property matters, becoming one of the three guardians of the poet's children (in Vyazemsky's words, the family's guardian angel).

And he wanted works that could not pass censorship in the author’s version to be published.

And then Zhukovsky begins to edit. That is, change.

Seventeen years before the death of the genius, Zhukovsky gave Pushkin his portrait of her with the inscription: “To the victorious student from the defeated teacher on that highly solemn day on which he finished his poem Ruslan and Lyudmila. 1820 March 26, Good Friday"

In 1837, the teacher sat down to edit the student’s essays, which could not pass the certification commission.
Zhukovsky, forced to present Pushkin to posterity as a “loyal subject and Christian.”
Thus, in the fairy tale “About the Priest and His Worker Balda,” the priest is replaced by a merchant.

But there were more important things. One of Zhukovsky’s most famous improvements to Pushkin’s text is the famous “ I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands».

Here is the original Pushkin text in the original spelling:

Exegi monumentum

I have erected a monument to myself not made by hands;
The people's path to it will not be overgrown;
He rose higher with his rebellious head
Alexandrian pillar.

No! I won't die at all! Soul in the sacred lyre
My ashes will survive and flee decay -
And I will be glorious as long as I am in the sublunary world
At least one of them will be alive.

Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus',
And every tongue that is in it will call me:
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tunguz, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk.

And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified freedom,
And he called for mercy for the fallen.

By the command of God, O muse, be obedient:
Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
And don't challenge a fool.

This poem by A.S. A huge literature is devoted to Pushkin. (There is even a special two-hundred-page work: Alekseev M.P. “Pushkin’s poem “I erected a monument to myself...””. L., “Nauka”, 1967.). In its genre, this poem goes back to a long, centuries-old tradition. It is possible to analyze how the previous Russian and French translations and arrangements of Horace’s Ode (III.XXX) differ from Pushkin’s text, what Pushkin contributed to the interpretation of the topic, etc. But it’s not worth competing with Alekseev within a short post.

The final Pushkin text has already been self-censored. If you look at

drafts , then we see more clearly what Alexander Sergeevich actually wanted to say more precisely. We see the direction.

The original version was: " That, following Radishchev, I glorified freedom»

But even looking at the final version, Zhukovsky understands that this poem will not pass censorship.

What is it worth at least this one mentioned in the poem “ Alexandria pillar" It is clear that this does not mean the architectural miracle “Pompey’s Pillar” in distant Egyptian Alexandria, but the column in honor of Alexander the First in the city of St. Petersburg (especially considering that it is located next to the expression “rebellious head”).

Pushkin contrasts his “miraculous” glory with a monument to material glory, created in honor of the one whom he called “the enemy of labor, accidentally warmed by glory.” A contrast that Pushkin himself could not even dream of seeing in print, like the burned chapter of his “novel in verse.”

The Alexander Column, shortly before Pushkin’s poems, was erected (1832) and opened (1834) near the place where the poet’s last apartment was later located.

The column was glorified as a symbol of indestructible autocratic power in a number of brochures and poems by “overcoat” poets. Pushkin, who avoided attending the opening ceremony of the column, fearlessly declared in his poems that his glory was higher than the Pillar of Alexandria.

What is Zhukovsky doing? It replaces " Alexandria" on " Napoleonova».

He ascended higher with his rebellious head
Napoleon's Pillar.

Instead of the “Poet-Power” opposition, the “Russia-Napoleon” opposition appears. Nothing too. But about something else.

An even bigger problem with the line: “ That in my cruel age I glorified freedom“is a direct reminder of the rebellious ode “Liberty” of the young Pushkin, that glorified “freedom” that became the reason for his six-year exile, and later for the careful gendarmerie surveillance of him.

What is Zhukovsky doing?

Instead of:

And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,

That in my cruel age I glorified freedom
And he called for mercy for the fallen

Zhukovsky puts:

That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,

And he called for mercy for the fallen

How wrote about these substitutions, the great textual critic Sergei Mikhailovich Bondi:

The replacement of one verse in the penultimate stanza with another, composed by Zhukovsky, completely changed the content of the entire stanza, giving a new meaning even to those poems by Pushkin that Zhukovsky left unchanged.

And for a long time I will be kind to those people...

Here Zhukovsky only rearranged the words of Pushkin’s text (“And for a long time I will be kind to the people”) in order to get rid of Pushkin’s rhyme “to the people” - “freedom.”

That I awakened good feelings with the lyre....

The word “kind” has many meanings in Russian. In this context (“good feelings”) there can only be a choice between two meanings: “kind” in the sense of “good” (cf. the expressions “good evening”, “good health”) or in the moral sense - “feelings of kindness towards people." Zhukovsky’s reworking of the next verse gives the expression “good feelings” exactly the second, moral meaning.

That the charm of living poetry was useful to me
And he called for mercy for the fallen.

The “living charm” of Pushkin’s poems not only pleases readers and gives them aesthetic pleasure, but (according to Zhukovsky) also brings them direct benefit. What benefit is clear from the entire context: Pushkin’s poems awaken feelings of kindness towards people and call for mercy toward the “fallen,” that is, those who have sinned against the moral law, not to condemn them, to help them.”

It is interesting that Zhukovsky managed to create a stanza that was completely anti-Pushkin in its content. He changed it. He put Salieri instead of Mozart.

After all, it was the envious poisoner Salieri, confident that talent is given for diligence and diligence that demands benefits from art, and reproaches Mozart: “What is the benefit if Mozart lives and still reaches new heights?” etc. But Mozart doesn’t care about the benefits. " There are few of us chosen, happy idle ones, disdainful of contemptible benefits, the only beautiful priests." And Pushkin has a completely Mozartian attitude towards benefit. " Everything would benefit you - you value the Belvedere as an idol».

And Zhukovsky puts “ That I was USEFUL by the charm of living poetry»

In 1870, a committee was created in Moscow to collect donations for the installation of a monument to the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin. As a result of the competition, the jury chose the project of the sculptor A.M. Opekushin. On June 18, 1880, the grand opening of the monument took place.

On the pedestal on the right side was carved:
And for a long time I will be kind to those people,
That I awakened good feelings with the lyre.

The monument stood in this form for 57 years. After the revolution, Tsvetaeva was in exile

was indignant in one of his articles: “An unwashed and indelible shame. This is where the Bolsheviks should have started! What to end with! But the false lines show off. The lie of the king, which has now become the lie of the people.”

The Bolsheviks will correct the lines on the monument.

Oddly enough, it was the most cruel year of 1937 that would become the year of the posthumous rehabilitation of the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands.”

The old text was cut down, the surface was sanded, and the stone around the new letters was cut to a depth of 3 millimeters, creating a light gray background for the text. In addition, instead of couplets, quatrains were cut out, and outdated grammar was replaced with modern one.

This happened on the centenary of the death of Pushkin, which was celebrated in the USSR on a Stalinist scale.

And on the 150th anniversary of his birth, the poem suffered another truncation.

The country celebrated one hundred and fifty years since the birth of Pushkin (in 1949) not as loudly as the bicentenary, but still quite pompously.

There was, as usual, a ceremonial meeting at the Bolshoi Theater. Members of the Politburo and other, as it was customary to say then, “notable people of our Motherland” sat on the presidium.

A report on the life and work of the great poet was given by Konstantin Simonov.

Of course, both the entire course of this solemn meeting and Simonov’s report were broadcast on the radio throughout the country.

But the general public, especially somewhere in the outback, did not show much interest in this event.

In any case, in a small Kazakh town, in the central square of which a loudspeaker was installed, no one - including the local authorities - expected that Simonov’s report would suddenly arouse such burning interest among the population.

The loudspeaker wheezed something of its own, not too intelligible. The square, as usual, was empty. But by the beginning of the solemn meeting, broadcast from the Bolshoi Theater, or rather by the beginning of Simonov’s report, the entire square was suddenly filled with a crowd of horsemen who had galloped up from nowhere. The riders dismounted and stood silently at the loudspeaker.

Least of all did they resemble subtle connoisseurs of fine literature. These were very simple people, poorly dressed, with tired, haggard faces. But they listened attentively to the official words of Simonov’s report as if their whole lives depended on what the famous poet was about to say there, at the Bolshoi Theater.

But at some point, somewhere around the middle of the report, they suddenly lost all interest in it. They jumped on their horses and rode away - just as unexpectedly and as quickly as they had appeared.

These were Kalmyks exiled to Kazakhstan. And they rushed from the distant places of their settlement to this town, to this square, with one single purpose: to hear whether the Moscow speaker would say when he quoted the text of Pushkin’s “Monument” (and he would certainly quote it! How could he not this?), the words: “And a friend of the steppes, the Kalmyk.”

If he had uttered them, it would have meant that the gloomy fate of the exiled people was suddenly illuminated by a faint ray of hope.
But, contrary to their timid expectations, Simonov never uttered these words.

He, of course, quoted “Monument”. And I even read the corresponding stanza. But not all of it. Not completely:

Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus',
And every tongue that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus...

And that’s it. On “Tungus” the quote was cut off.

I also listened to this report then (on the radio, of course). And I also noticed how strangely and unexpectedly the speaker half-corrected Pushkin’s line. But I learned about what was behind this dangling quote much later. And this story about Kalmyks who rushed from distant places to listen to Simonov’s report was also told to me later, many years later. And then I was only surprised to note that when quoting Pushkin’s “Monument,” the speaker somehow lost his rhyme. And he was very surprised that Simonov (a poet after all!), for no reason at all, suddenly mutilated Pushkin’s beautiful line.

The missing rhyme was returned to Pushkin only eight years later. Only in 1957 (after Stalin’s death, after XX Congress), the exiled people returned to their native Kalmyk steppes, and the text of Pushkin’s “Monument” could finally be quoted in its original form.Even from the stage of the Bolshoi Theater."
Benedikt Sarnov «

Comparative analysis of works by different authors

Scenario plan for a literature lesson in 9th grade according to the program by V.Ya. Korovina.
Technology of educational and research activities
on comparative analysis of works by different authors.

Lesson topic:	“I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands...” Comparative analysis of works by different authors.
The purpose of the lesson:	- create conditions for students’ research activities; - teach comparative analysis of fiction texts; - develop basic types of speech activity; - to cultivate a sense of patriotism, to form civic consciousness.
Planned learning result, including formation of UUD	Personal: improve the spiritual and moral qualities of the individual; use of various sources of information to solve cognitive and communicative problems. Meta-subject: the ability to understand a problem, put forward a hypothesis, structure material, formulate conclusions, independently organize activities. Subject: understanding the connection of literary works with the era of their writing, identifying the timeless moral values ​​embedded in them and their modern sound; the ability to analyze a work, understand and formulate the theme, idea, pathos of a literary work; determination of the composition of a poem, visual and expressive means, mastery of literary terminology when analyzing a literary work. Cognitive UUD: record information in various ways; carry out analysis and synthesis in scientific research; generalize, establish analogies. Communication UUD: use language resources to solve educational search problems; formulate, argue your own opinion, take into account and coordinate the opinions of others in cooperation. Personal UUD: the ability to self-esteem, orientation in the moral space of society, awareness of a sense of citizenship, acquiring one’s own position in evaluating works of art. Regulatory UUD: plan activities, show cognitive initiative in cooperation, exercise control, evaluate results.
Basic concepts:	idea of ​​the work, ode, historical commentary, visual and expressive means, composition, translation, arrangement, author’s position.
Interdisciplinary connections:	Russian language, history, world artistic culture.
Resources:	texts of works, textbook, multimedia equipment

Lesson steps	Formed UUD	Teacher activities	Student activity
Organizational moment	Cognitive educational activities: planning work, collecting information for the lesson.	Establishing a thematic framework for the content of the work; motivation of educational activities; creating an emotional component.	Perception of information; a message about the preparatory stage for the lesson: information was collected, an exhibition of books was prepared, a survey was conducted, homework was completed.
Goal setting and motivation	Regulatory: determine the goal of the activity with the help of the teacher, learn to discover and formulate an educational problem together with the teacher.	Monitoring the speech activity of students; making adjustments to answers. Assessment of the preparatory stage for the study.	Formulation of a cognitive goal; determination of information retrieval methods; directions of research work; message about the preparatory stage for the lesson: -information collected; -an exhibition of books has been prepared; - a sociological survey was conducted; -homework completed.
Updating knowledge	Communicative: oral speech, argumentation of opinion, formulation of conclusions	Defining rules for working in groups. Demonstration of a film about Horace. Slide show about poets.	Summing up the results of a sociological survey, demonstrating diagrams and diagrams, formulating conclusions based on the results of the survey. They formulate questions that they would like to receive answers to as a result of the research. Reading poems by heart.
Identifying causes difficulties and goal setting activities (production educational task)	Regulatory: searching for means to achieve the goals of educational activities. Cognitive: relate objects and lines of comparison.	Organization of work of students in groups, instruction. Time control.	They formulate questions that they would like to receive answers to as a result of the research. Working with a table. Distribution of tasks within groups by the students themselves.
Construction exit project out of difficulty (“discovery” by children new knowledge)	Cognitive: process information to obtain the desired result, including the creation of a new product. Regulatory: taking actions to create a common project.	Directs the work, controls the logic and appropriateness of the choice of comparison lines.	Presentation of research results in a table, creation of syncwines. Formulate conclusions for each line of comparison. Organize work in groups.
Implementation built project	Communicative: communication, oral speech activity. Cognitive: perform analysis, produce synthesis, select grounds for comparison, build a logical chain of reasoning.	Organizes student messages.	Construction of a conscious voluntary speech utterance in oral form; integration into a peer group and building productive cooperation in searching for information.
Primary consolidation in external speech	Communicative: willingness to listen to others, argumentation of point of view. Cognitive: the ability to format information in the required form, establish analogies and cause-and-effect relationships.		Correcting your own difficulties, participating in a collective discussion of the obtained work result.
Independent Job with self-test according to the standard	Regulatory: correlating the results of one’s activities with the purpose of the lesson, assessing the success of the group’s work and self-esteem, understanding the reasons for failure. Communicative: appropriate use of evaluative vocabulary.	Shows a sample table on the screen. Evaluating work using comparative analysis.	Assessing the quality and level of research work.
Inclusion into the knowledge system and repetition	Regulatory: drawing conclusions. Communicative: the ability to formulate a hypothesis for further scientific research.	Commenting on homework.	Recording the degree of compliance with the set goal and performance results, setting goals for subsequent activities.

1. Organizational moment.

Today we work in groups. You yourself determined the functions of each group member. We completed our homework. We received a working folder with materials for work.

2. Goal setting and motivation.
Presentation of the lesson topic.
Watching a film about Horace.

What makes a person immortal? Heroic deeds? Wealth? Chins? And in what did poets, people of art, see their immortality?

One of them lived in the first century BC, participated in battles, but chose to devote his life to literature. The other one also fought, was both a governor and a senator, had state awards, but found happiness in creative activity. And the third was neither a warrior nor a politician. He immediately felt like a poet.

Almost two millennia passed between the first and third, but the work to which they devoted themselves erases the barriers of centuries. After all, we are talking about poetry, about its eternity, about its immortality.

How long ago did you hear the topic of the lesson?

Why was the topic announced already in the first lesson?

How did we prepare for this lesson?

What are the results of the opinion poll?

QUESTIONS FOR A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY

1. How do you understand the meaning of the word “monument”?

2.Which people have monuments erected in our city?

3.What architectural structures in Sudzha are named after monuments?

4. Is it necessary to install monuments on the graves of relatives?

5.Which monument can be called eternal?

Demonstration of the presentation of the results of the opinion poll. One of the students comments on the survey results.

26 students of 11th grade participated in the survey. Most of them understand the meaning of the word "monument" as a sculptural structure in honor of someone or some event. Monuments to Lenin and Shchepkin have been named. Only a few respondents correctly named architectural monuments. The fifth question caused the greatest difficulty. 13 people refused to answer it, only two answered correctly.

From the survey results we see that the topic of memory worries people. Every person thinks that human life cannot be endless. How can you keep your name even after death? How and with what to fill your immortal soul so that it becomes immortal not only in the Christian sense?

What goal do we set for ourselves in the lesson and achieve it?
(Goal: As a result of a comparative analysis of poems, understand what Horace revealed to the world? What made Lomonosov and Derzhavin turn to him? Why does Pushkin also develop the ideas of the ancient Roman poet?)

I have proposed a way to achieve the goal. You should have understood it from the wording of your homework. Compiling and filling out a table is one of the types of designing scientific research, and in today’s lesson we will improve this universal educational activity.

3. Updating knowledge and recording difficulties in activities.

The table itself is in front of you. There are factual errors in the first line of comparison. We check the homework of the first group, find factual errors in the proposed historical commentary.

Homework for the second group. Interpretation of unclear words and expressions.

Aufidus is a river in Italy, the homeland of Horace.
Alcean lyre – lyre of Alceus (Alcaeus). 6th century BC
Delphic laurel- laurel from the city of Delphi, from the temple of Apollo.
Poems of the Aeolian - the poems of the Aeolian tribe (Sappho and Alcaeus) were considered a model in ancient Greek lyric poetry.
Aquilon - north wind.
Davnus is the legendary king of Apulia, the homeland of Horace.
Melpomene is the muse of tragedy.
Felitsa is the heroine of Derzhavin’s ode. The name is borrowed from the fairy tale of Catherine 11. The ode “Felitsa” is dedicated to Catherine.
Alexandria pillar- monument to Alexander 1 on Palace Square in honor of the victory over Napoleon.

In the previous lesson we got acquainted with the texts of the works. Let them be performed today by you. (Expressive reading by heart.)

Texts of the works under study.

Horace "To Melpomene" (1st century BC) translation by Lomonosov (1747)	Derzhavin “Monument” (1795)	Pushkin “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands..." (1836) Exegi monumentum
I erected a sign of immortality for myself Higher than the pyramids and stronger than copper, What stormy Aquilon cannot erase, Neither many centuries, nor the caustic antiquity. I won’t die at all, but death will leave me Great is my part, as soon as I end my life. I will grow in glory everywhere, While great Rome controls the light. Where Avfid makes noise with fast streams, Where Davnus reigned among the common people, My fatherland will not remain silent, That my ignorant family was not an obstacle to me, To bring Aeolian poetry to Italy And be the first to ring the Alcean lyre. Be proud of your righteous merit, muse, And crown the head with the Delphic laurel.	I erected a wonderful, eternal monument to myself, He is harder than metals and higher than the pyramids, Neither a whirlwind nor a fleeting thunder will break it, And time's flight will not crush it. So! - all of me will not die, but part of me is big, Having escaped from decay, he will live after death, And my glory will increase without fading, How long will the universe honor the Slavic race? Rumors will spread about me from the White Waters to the Black Waters, Where the Volga, Don, Neva, the Urals flow from Riphean; Everyone will remember this among countless nations, How from obscurity I became known, That I was the first to dare in a funny Russian syllable To proclaim Felitsa’s virtues, Talk about God in simplicity of heart And speak the truth to kings with a smile. O Muse! Be proud of your just merit, And whoever despises you, despise them yourself; With a relaxed, unhurried hand Crown your brow with the dawn of immortality.	I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands, The people's path to him will not be overgrown, He ascended higher with his rebellious head Alexandrian Pillar. No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the treasured lyre My ashes will survive and decay will escape - And I will be glorious as long as I am in the sublunary world At least one piit will be alive. Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus', And every tongue that is in it will call me, And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild Tungus, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk. And for a long time I will be so kind to the people, That I awakened good feelings with my lyre, That in my cruel age I glorified freedom And he called for mercy for the fallen. By the command of God, O muse, be obedient, Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown; Praise and slander were accepted indifferently, And don't argue with a fool.

The third group determined the lines of comparison between these works. What lines do they offer us and why? Idea, composition, means of expression, author's position, images of the poem.

4. Identifying the causes of the difficulty and setting goals for the activity.

How to build the proposed lines correctly? Let's determine the sequence of these lines. (Arrange the cards vertically on the board in the desired sequence.)

So, working in groups, in collaboration, we begin to fill out the table.

5. Construction of a project for getting out of the difficulty (“discovery” of new knowledge).

Distribution of work by the students themselves in groups: leader, secretary, assistants.

Groups use dictionaries of literary terms.

6. Project implementation.

Presentation of research results in a table.

	COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WORKS
	OBJECTS OF COMPARISON
Comparison line	Horace (trans. Lomonosov) "To Melpomene"	Derzhavin "Monument"	Pushkin "I am a monument to myself erected not made by hands..."
Date of creation. Brief description of the era (important events in the life of the country, rulers, fate of the poet	Horace – 1st century BC Lomonosov -1747 Father is a freed slave. Horace is a participant in the civil war on the side of Brutus. Author of The Science of Poetry. Translated from Greek by Alcaeus, Anacreon, Sappho. Recognized in Italy as a classic of literature.	18th century (1795) Secretary of State under Catherine II, senator, governor. Member of the Supreme Council under Pavel, Minister of Justice under Alexander. Recipient of several orders.	19th century (1836) One of the first graduates of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, opened by Alexander the First. During his lifetime he was awarded the fame of a great poet. Reformer of the Russian literary language. Sympathized with the nobles who rebelled against the government (1825)
Genre	Ode (Horace himself called it a lyric poem	Ode to the era of classicism. An ode by Horace is taken as a model.	Oh yeah. A solemn, lyrical and philosophical work
Idea	Poetic creativity is a monument, a “sign of immortality.”	Poetry is immortal, it is more powerful than the forces of nature.	Poetic creativity is immortal, if fulfilled by God's command, and awakens good feelings.
Composition. 1.Introduction. 2. Main part. 3. Conclusion.	1. Erected an unusual monument (“a sign of immortality”). 2. Merits (translated Greek poetry). 3. Appeal to the muse. (Laurel crown.)	1. Erected an eternal monument. 2. Merits (simple style, truthfulness). 3. Appeal to the muse. (Be immortal.)	1. Erected a “monument not made by hands.” 2. Kindness, mercy, love of freedom in creativity give immortality. 3. Appeal to the Muse. (Be obedient to God's command.)
The central image of the poem (creation of syncwines)	MONUMENT tall, strong I will not die, I raised it, I will grow, I will ring, I brought it in, “Be proud of your righteous merit, muse!” Alcean lyre.	MONUMENT wonderful, eternal I will not die, will remember, dared, talk, speak “Oh muse! Be proud of your just merit..." Funny Russian syllable and truth.	MONUMENT miraculous, sacred I will not die, glorified, called, awakened, will survive “By the command of God, O muse, be obedient...” "The soul in the treasured lyre..."
Means of expression: -epithets; -metaphors; -personification; -oxymoron;	Great, righteous. Death will leave a great part of me... Be proud of your righteous merit, muse. Ring the Alcean lyre.	Wonderful, eternal. Flight of time. O muse! Be proud...	Miraculous, rebellious, cherished, proud, wild, kind, cruel. The rumor will pass. By the command of God, O muse, be obedient...
Features of vocabulary	High style words: owns, great part, Fatherland, sign of immortality.	High style words: crush, decay, grow, until, obscurity, be proud.	High style words: raised, not made by hands, ascended, soul, cherished, glorious, drink, glorified, fallen, command, praise, received.
Syntax Features	Complex structures, handling.	Rows of homogeneous members, appeal.	Rows of homogeneous members, circulation, isolated members of a sentence. Multi-union.
Author's position	He sees his merit in the fact that he discovered something new in poetry and translated Greek poetry. Proud of Rome.	Admires the Motherland, the Slavs. He believes that creativity will give him immortality for his truthfulness and “funny Russian style.”	I am confident in immortality as a true Christian. “The soul in the treasured lyre” is imperishable. The miraculous monument of poetry is the fulfillment of the will of God.
Attitude to the author's position and its artistic embodiment.	It is of interest to many poets as an axiom of immortality. He was the first to introduce poetic creativity as an eternal monument.	For the first time, Horace’s idea was “transplanted onto Russian soil.” Teaches love for the Fatherland.	It sounds light and sublime, fascinating, captivating with thoughts and feelings. The laws of poetic immortality have been created for all poets of the earth.
The significance of the work in the context of the author’s work and world literary processes	Horace's legacy caused a huge number of imitations. In Russian literature, 32 poets addressed her. In many universities, they learn the Latin language based on the works of Horace.	Created the first Russian transcription of Horace's ode. “He sang and glorified Holy Rus'. He put the public good above all other goods in the world" (K. Ryleev about Derzhavin)	In Pushkin’s work, the theme of the poet and poetry is one of the leading themes. This poem is the poet’s testament and manifesto; it develops the idea of ​​the poem “Prophet”. The lines of this poem are carved on the base of the first monument to the poet in Moscow.

7. Primary consolidation in external speech.

Students fill out the table in each group, commenting, generalizing, and drawing conclusions for each line of comparison.

8. Inclusion in the knowledge system and repetition.

The teacher focuses on the finished product of the work, but welcomes a creative approach and non-standard thinking. One of the tasks is performed using syncwine technology, if students are prepared for this. Each group works with one piece.

9. Independent work with self-test according to the standard.

The finished educational product (comparative analysis table) is reproduced on the board. Students compare the results of their activities and the sample and draw conclusions.

Horace (Quintus Horace Flaccus) was born in 65 BC. in Venusui, southern Italy. His father was a manumitted slave. He was educated in Rome and participated in the civil war that began after the assassination of Caesar. Commanded a legion in the army of Brutus.

After defeat and amnesty, he devotes himself to poetry. Creates political poems, satires, odes, messages. He considered the main thing in the work to be ideological. Favorite poet of many statesmen of Europe and Russia. The ode “Monument” attracted the attention of many poets. The first translation from Latin in Russia was made by Lomonosov.

Lomonosov (Horace): the poet erected a “sign of immortality”, neither stormy Aquilon nor centuries can destroy it; posthumous glory will increase as long as great Rome rules the world. He sees his merit in the fact that he brought Greek poetry to Italy. The ode was translated in 1747.

Derzhavin: erected an eternal monument; glory will increase “as long as the Slavic race is honored by the universe”; he sees merit in the simplicity and truthfulness of the style. Derzhavin created his work based on the text of Horace. The poem was written in 1795. Original title “To the Muse. Imitation of Horace."

Belinsky wrote: “Although Derzhavin took the idea of ​​this excellent poem from Horace, he was able to express it in such an original form, characteristic of him alone, and to apply it to himself so well that the honor of this thought belongs to him, as well as to Horace.”

Pushkin writes the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...” in 1836. This is a confession, a testament, and a manifesto of the poet. The epigraph indicates a direct continuation of the traditions of Horace. For a poet, the main thing in creativity is creativity itself, “good feelings,” freedom and “mercy for the fallen” elevate the poet to the rank of prophet and teacher. The final stanza is Pushkin’s spiritual program: one must obey only God’s command.

10. Reflection on activity (lesson summary).

What can you say about our work in today's lesson? What did you like about the job? What element of the lesson was the most striking? What could have been done differently?

What life lessons have we learned?

Additional demo material:

Pushkin's poem performed by Vladimir Yakhontov (video clip).

The homework is designed for you to return to the text of the poems again. I offer three tasks to choose from. Each of you will decide for yourself what is more interesting for further reflection on the lines of the poems.

Homework.

1. Find a typo in the text of Horace’s poem (translated by Lomonosov). How does this typo change the meaning of the poem?

2. Analyze the article in the literature textbook for the 8th grade of high school, edited by A.G. Aleksin (1986), dedicated to the poem by A.S. Pushkin. What conclusions of the author of the article do you disagree with and why?

3. Many Russian poets (more than 30) turned to Horace’s ode. Why did the ideas of the ancient Roman poet arouse such interest among many readers and writers?

Choose one of the tasks and complete it in writing.

Classes are graded by groups. The teacher offers both his own assessment criteria and points, using a table of observations of students’ work.

I am re-reading Pushkin’s poem “Monument”. Amazing thing! And infectious. After him, many poets, in one form or another, also began to build poetic monuments for themselves. But this monument mania came not from Pushkin, but from the depths of centuries from Horace. Lomonosov was the first in Russian literature of the 18th century to translate Horace's verse. This translation goes like this:

I erected a sign of immortality for myself8
Higher than the pyramids and stronger than copper,
What the stormy aquilon cannot erase,
Neither many centuries, nor the caustic antiquity.
I won’t die at all; but death will leave
Great is my part, as soon as I end my life.
I will grow in glory everywhere,
While great Rome controls the light.

This monument mania came from Horace. Based on the text of Horace, Derzhavin also wrote his “Monument”.

I erected a wonderful, eternal monument to myself,
It is harder than metals and higher than the pyramids;
Neither a whirlwind nor a fleeting thunder will break it,
And time's flight will not crush it.
So! - all of me will not die, but part of me is big,
Having escaped from decay, he will live after death,
And my glory will increase without fading,
How long will the universe honor the Slavic race?
Rumors will spread about me from the White Waters to the Black Waters,
Where the Volga, Don, Neva, the Urals flow from Riphean;
Everyone will remember this among countless nations,
How from obscurity I became known,
That I was the first to dare in a funny Russian syllable
To proclaim Felitsa’s virtues,
Talk about God in simplicity of heart
And speak the truth to kings with a smile.
O muse! be proud of your just merit,
And whoever despises you, despise them yourself;
With a relaxed, unhurried hand
Crown your brow with the dawn of immortality

Behind him Pushkin writes his famous “Monument”

I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands,
The people's path to him will not be overgrown,
He ascended higher with his rebellious head
Alexandrian Pillar.
No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the treasured lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will escape -
And I will be glorious as long as I am in the sublunary world
At least one piit will be alive.
Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus',
And every tongue that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk.
And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified freedom
And he called for mercy for the fallen.
By the command of God, O muse, be obedient;
Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
And don't argue with a fool.

The attentive reader will notice that these three poetic monuments are in many ways similar to each other.
Then it went on and on. The poet Valery Bryusov builds a good monument to himself, where he confidently declares that his monument “cannot be toppled” and that his descendants will “rejoice”

My monument stands, composed of consonant stanzas.
Scream, go on a rampage - you won’t be able to bring him down!
The disintegration of melodious words in the future is impossible, -
I am and must forever be.
And all camps are fighters, and people of different tastes,
In the poor man's closet, and in the king's palace,
Rejoicing, they will call me Valery Bryusov,
Speaking about a friend with friendship.
To the gardens of Ukraine, to the noise and bright dream of the capital,
To the threshold of India, on the banks of the Irtysh, -
Burning pages will fly everywhere,
In which my soul sleeps.
I thought for many, I knew the pangs of passion for everyone,
But it will become clear to everyone that this song is about them,
And, in distant dreams in irresistible power,
Each verse will be proudly glorified.
And in new sounds the call will penetrate beyond
Sad homeland, both German and French
They will humbly repeat my orphaned poem,
A gift from the supportive Muses.
What is the glory of our days? - random fun!
What is the slander of friends? - contempt blasphemy!
Crown my brow, Glory of other centuries,
Leading me into the universal temple.

The poet Khodasevich also hoped that
"In Russia new and great,
They will put up my two-faced idol
At the crossroads of two roads,
Where is time, wind and sand..."

But Akhmatova, in her poem “Requiem,” even indicated the place where to erect a monument to her.

And if ever in this country
They are planning to erect a monument to me,

I give my consent to this triumph,
But only with the condition - do not put it

Not near the sea where I was born:
The last connection with the sea is severed,

Not in the royal garden near the treasured stump,
Where the inconsolable shadow is looking for me,

And here, where I stood for three hundred hours
And where they didn’t open the bolt for me.

Then, even in the blessed death I am afraid
Forget the rumble of the black marus,

Forget how hateful the door slammed
And the old woman howled like a wounded animal.

And let from the still and bronze ages
Melted snow flows like tears,

And let the prison dove drone in the distance,
And the ships sail quietly along the Neva.

In 2006, in the year of the fortieth anniversary of Akhmatova’s death, a monument to her was unveiled in St. Petersburg, on the Robespierre embankment, opposite the Kresty prison building. Exactly in the place where she indicated.

I. Brodsky erected a unique monument to himself.

I erected a different monument to myself,
Turn your back to the shameful century,
To love with your lost face,
And the buttocks to the sea of ​​half-truths...

Yesenin, too, probably as a joke, built a monument to himself:
I erected a monument to myself
From the corks of laced wines.
Wine bottles were then called corks. Talking about his meeting with Yesenin in Rostov-on-Don in 1920, Yu. Annenkov recalled an episode that took place in the Alhambra restaurant. Yesenin banging on the table with his fist:
- Comrade footman, traffic jam!
The people erected a well-deserved monument to Yesenin. And not alone. The people's path to them will not be overgrown.

But the poet A. Kucheruk persistently writes verse after verse in order to also create a monument not made by hands for himself. But he doubts “will there be a path to it?”

They tell me that all this is in vain;
write poetry... What are they for now?
After all, there have been no beautiful ladies in the world for a long time.
And there are no knights among us for a long time.

All souls have long lost interest in poetry
to minus two on the Kelvin scale...
Well, why are you really into them?
What, there are no other things to do on Earth?

Or maybe you're a graphomaniac? So you scribble
knocking lines into orderly rows?
Like a sewing machine, day and night
your poems are full of water.

And I don't know what to say to this,
because I'm really ready
with energy worthy of a poet
sing praises to friends and crush enemies.

Ready to write verse by verse persistently,
but if so my country is blind,
let me create a monument not made by hands...
Will there be a path leading to it?!!

Watching how others create monuments for themselves, I also became infected with this monument mania and decided to create my own miraculous one.

I also erected a monument to myself,
Like Pushkin, like old Derzhavin,
Your last name under the nickname NICK
I have already made him famous with my creativity.

No, gentlemen, I'm going to fucking die,
My creations will outlive me.
For always being faithful to goodness,
Descendants will light a candle for me in the church.

And thus I will be kind to the people,
That I was excited by the creativity of my heart,
What from enemies and all other freaks
I defended Holy Rus' all my life.

My enemies will die of envy.
Let them die, that’s what they need, apparently!
Descendants will erase them from memory,
And the NIK will thunder like cannonade.

Rumors about me will spread everywhere,
And both the Chukchi and the Kalmyk will remember me.
They will read my creations in a circle,
They will say that NICK was a good man.
(Joke)

But, like Kucheruk, I doubt whether there will be a path to my monument?

Reviews

Great job Nikolai Ivanovich! I read it twice. And one more time to my waking wife. Surprisingly, your monument fell in line, after all the great and not so great ones. So you are a good person, Nick. This is not even discussed. And this is the most important thing. The main monument. Well, you can’t take away your sense of humor either! Thank you!

A.S. Pushkin lived little, but wrote a lot. However, compared to how much has been written about the poet after his death, what he himself wrote is a drop in the ocean. Who hasn’t written and what hasn’t been written about Pushkin?

After all, in addition to true admirers of the great singer’s creations, he also had ill-wishers. Most likely, these people were jealous of the poet, his fame, his genius - they can be called Salierists. Be that as it may, human memory has preserved the best and truest things that have been said and written about Pushkin, the man and the poet. Even during the life of Alexander Sergeevich Gogol wrote: “At the name of Pushkin, the thought of a Russian national poet immediately dawns on me.” And this is really true: no matter what Pushkin wrote, no matter what he wrote about, “there is a Russian spirit, there is a smell of Russia.”

But “the poet, a slave of honor, died.” And the day after the poet’s death, his friend the writer Odoevsky wrote in his obituary: “The sun of our poetry has set! Pushkin died, died in the prime of his life, in the middle of his great career!.. We have no strength to talk about this anymore, and there is no need, every Russian heart will be torn to pieces. Pushkin! Our poet! Our joy, national glory!..” It’s already two hundred years since the poet’s birth and more than one hundred and sixty since his death. Who else but us, his descendants, can judge: Pushkin really belongs to national glory, his name is familiar to every schoolchild, his work captivates, enchants, makes you think...

And what wonderful words the poet and critic A. Grigoriev said about Pushkin: “Pushkin is our everything!” And one cannot but agree with this: on the contrary, everyone who is familiar with the poet’s work will not exaggerate if he calls the great genius the mind, honor, conscience and soul of the Russian people. The heartfelt words of Nikolai Rubtsov are filled with love and gratitude for Pushkin:

Like a mirror of the Russian elements,

Having defended my destiny,

He reflected the whole soul of Russia!

And he died reflecting it...

The name of Pushkin is also resurrected with the word “freedom”. Oh, how the poet loved her, how dear she was to him! That’s why he glorified it, and that’s why he sang songs about will and freedom. And he considered this mission - the glorification of freedom - one of the main missions assigned to him on earth:

And for a long time I will be - that is why I am kind to the people,

That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,

That in my cruel age I glorified freedom...

Pushkin is a deeply folk poet. “And my incorruptible voice was the echo of the Russian people,” he wrote. It is important to remember his words, once said in a conversation with Zhukovsky: “The only opinion that I value is the opinion of the Russian people.” And the people heard and appreciated their noble singer, even if not immediately, even after years, but forever. His work is a kind of tuning fork for writers of many literatures, his life is an example of human dignity and honor. And as long as these qualities are valued by people, “the people’s path to Pushkin will not become overgrown.”