The ship is in distress. What to do? Distress alert

Your actions:

1. Put on all warm clothes, including woolen socks and a hat.

2. After that, put on a wetsuit or overalls made of waterproof fabric.

3. Take money and documents with you, putting them in an impenetrable bag.

4. Grab a supply of drinking water, food, medicines and necessary equipment.

5. Put on a life jacket and walkie talkie

distress signal with your coordinates.

MARINE DISASTER SIGNALS

There are a number of signals accepted throughout the world, receiving any of which the captain of any ship is obliged to come to the aid of a ship in distress.

Mayday, Pam Pam and Morse code

The most serious distress signal is the one that in Russian transcription sounds something like "Mayday". It should be sent only if you are in exceptional danger and your situation can be described as catastrophic.

If you need urgent help, but the danger is not so great (and also if you notice a person overboard, but are not able to help him yourself), you should give the signal "Pam Pam", formed from the French word panne - "accident".

The Mayday signal is given as follows:

Tune your transmitter to 2182 kHz.

Say "Mayday" three times.

Then, just as clearly say the name of the vessel three times.

Repeat the word "Mayday" once and, in the same way, once the name of the ship.

After that, give your coordinates, briefly describe the situation in which you find yourself, and indicate what kind of assistance you need.

After completing the message, wait for a while for a response, then repeat it again.

It should be noted that knowing these signals is especially important when you are in international waters.

When you are in the territorial waters of your country, it is better to use Morse code.

Other signals

There are a number of other ways to send a message that you need help:

Shots or other explosive signals repeating more or less regularly at a minute intervals;

The continuous sound of a signal that is usually given during fog (for example, the hum of a fog gong);

Launching flares one at a time at short intervals;

SOS signal (three dots, three dashes, three dots), given in any way;

Posting signal flags, meaning the letters N and C in the international maritime language (the first above the second);

Fire on the ship (for example, burning tar or oily rags);

Smoke is orange;

Slowly raising and lowering outstretched arms.

Actions of a ship in distress

2.1 Transmission of a distress message

2.1.1 A ship in distress should transmit a distress signal and a distress message on one or more maritime international distress frequencies, depending on their availability:

(a) 500 kHz (radio telegraphy),

(b) 2182 kHz (radio telephony)

(c) 156.8 MHz (VHF channel 16) (radio telephony).

2.1.2. Before transmitting a distress signal on a frequency of 500 or 2182 kHz, it is strongly recommended to transmit an appropriate alert.

2.1.3 In addition, in remote areas of the ocean, it is recommended to additionally transmit a distress signal and a distress message using high-frequency ship-to-shore communications to a coast radio station (see paragraph 7.1.2)
This should be done in all cases where distress calls on 500 and 2182 kHz or 156.8 MHz (VHF channel 16) are not answered by other stations.

2.1.1 In the event of any doubt as to the receipt of a distress message, it should also be transmitted on any available frequency on which attention can be drawn, such as an intership frequency which may be used in limited areas.
However, before changing the frequency, you should wait a certain time necessary to receive a response.

2.1.2. In the event of a malfunction of the ship's radio station, a message can be transmitted using portable equipment used on life-saving appliances connected to the main ship's antenna.

2.1.3 Another means of alerting ships in the vicinity can be an emergency position beacon (EP1RB).

2.2.1 The most important components of a distress message are:

a) the name of the vessel.

b) location,

c) the nature of the disaster and the type of assistance needed,

c) any other information that may facilitate the rescue (eg heading and speed if the vessel is underway, intentions of the captain, number of persons leaving the vessel, if any, type of cargo, if dangerous).

2.2.2. In addition, it is very important to provide the following information:

(a) weather in the immediate area of ​​the disaster, wind direction and strength, waves and swell, visibility, presence of navigational hazards (eg icebergs);

(b) the time of leaving the ship,

(c) the number of crew members remaining on board, (c) the number seriously injured,

(e) the number and type of life-saving appliances launched, (1) emergency means of locating on life-saving appliances or at sea,

(e) course and speed, as well as any changes thereof (when the emergency vessel is under way, and in particular while maintaining full or partial use of the main engines and steering gear).

2.2.3. If it is necessary to provide medical assistance to a sick or injured crew member, additional information should be provided below. In some cases, other information may be required.
To overcome the language barrier, the signals specified in Chapter 3 of the International Code of Signals may be used. If it is necessary to evacuate a sick or injured crew member, all aspects of such an operation must be carefully weighed against both the person in need of assistance and the rescuer.

When removing a patient, the following must be indicated:

(a) the patient's last name, age, sex, nationality, language,

(b) respiration, pulse rate, body temperature and blood pressure,

(c) localization of pain,

(c) the nature of the disease or injury, including external signs and medical history,

(f) symptoms.

(f) the type, timing, form and amount of drug therapy,

(g) time of last meal,

(g) the patient's ability to eat, drink, move or be transportable,

(h) the presence on board of a ship's first-aid kit of a doctor or trained medical personnel,

(i) availability on board of a suitable place for helicopter landing or lifting operations

(j) the name, address and telephone number of the shipping agent,

(j) last port of call, next port of call and expected time of arrival there,

(m) other substantive comments.

2.2.1 It is generally not possible to include all distress information in the initial message. The frequency of successive transmissions is determined by the circumstances. In general, if time permits, preference should be given to short messages rather than one or two long ones.

2.3. Direction finding and guidance

2.3.1. After transmitting a distress message on 500 kHz, two dashes lasting from 10 to 15 seconds each, followed by the ship's call sign, should be transmitted, which will allow coastal direction-finding stations and ships to take a bearing. This transmission should be repeated regularly at regular intervals 232.
In cases where the frequency 2182 kHz is used, the same procedure should be followed, consistently repeating the call sign or the name of the vessel or a long digital count instead of the two dashes mentioned above.

2.4. Cancellation of a distress message

2.4.1. In all cases where there is no need to rescue people or continue the search, the distress message should be cancelled.

2.5.Training

2.5.1. It is very important that all means used to indicate the position of a ship in distress or life-saving appliances are used properly. Broadcasts should begin as early as possible, and items such as flares and flares should be held in reserve until they are found to attract the attention of nearby ships or aircraft. that as many crew members as possible are able to properly use all the devices designed to ensure their safety.

Providing assistance to those in distress on the water is an important skill that must be possessed in life. Tragic incidents on water bodies occur regularly, not only during trips to the seas and oceans, but also while relaxing on small water bodies. The skills of rescuing a person drowning in water can be useful to everyone.

Sad statistic

Recreation on the water attracts many people. But the blue surface is fraught with many dangers. You need to be ready for this. Providing assistance to those in distress on the water can help you in the most unexpected situations.

In Russia, there are statistics according to which about 14 thousand people drown every year. Of these, about three and a half thousand minors.

Therefore, it is very important, being near the water, to remember the main safety rules yourself, and also to be ready to help others. Human life often depends on this.

Help with drowning

Rescuers distinguish two main stages at which it is necessary to competently and timely organize the provision of assistance to those in distress on the water. Life safety is a subject on which teenagers are taught the basics of safe life at school.

First, you need to start water rescue. While the drowning person is still conscious. At this stage, the rescuer will have to take active steps, while not forgetting to stay on the surface himself. At this stage, there is a real prospect of avoiding tragedy or serious consequences and getting off, as they say, with a slight fright.

Otherwise, the second stage may come, when panic prevails. In this case, both the drowning person and the rescuer will have to fight for their lives.

How to save a drowning man?

The provision of assistance to those in distress on the water must begin with the fact that the rescuer must clearly understand for himself where the nearest point is located, to which he can transport the victim. It can be both at sea and on land. And also track the speed of the current, the direction of the wind and the depth at which everything happens. Remember that if you are not confident in your abilities, then it is better not to rush to help, but try to find someone who is guaranteed to be able to help. After all, if you, for example, do not know how to free yourself from capture and safely transport a person to the shore, then for you this expedition may end fraught.

Assistance to those in distress on the water is advised to start in three different ways. First. You should swim up to a drowning person from behind and grab his shoulders.

Another option. The rescuer comes face to face with the person who needs help. Two or three meters before him, he dives under the water, grabs the drowning man by the torso and, with a sharp push upwards, turns him back to himself. So it is possible to quickly transport it to the shore, and the victim in a panic will not be able to prevent you from saving him.

The third way. Often his working off ends with a standard lesson for rescuers. Rendering assistance to those in distress on the water in this case is required by a person who has already gone to the bottom. Then the rescuer needs to swim up to him as close as possible, comfortably grab him and, pushing off with both legs from the bottom, abruptly swim out with the drowning person. Of course, this method is applicable only if the disaster occurs at a shallow depth.

Release from grips

Often the victim himself can interfere with his salvation. Often, due to elementary panic, it is extremely difficult to provide assistance to those in distress on the water. The message that a drowning man gives about his plight, as a rule, is expressive. Therefore, when a savior approaches him, he can, in a panic, without controlling himself, drag the second person after him.

Therefore, it is important to know how to quickly release and get ashore. If you are grabbed by both hands, you need to clench your fists, gjckt make a sharp jerk up, and then grab the victim more securely.

If the capture occurred from below, then take your hands sharply down and immediately to the sides. If the victim grabbed you by the body and prevents you from moving to the shore, put your palm on the chin or nose of the victim and push away sharply.

When grasping from behind by the neck, grab the left hand of the victim with your right hand, and with your left hand, grab him by the elbow. After that, quickly throw your hand, while turning the drowning person away from you.

Providing first aid to those in distress on the water

After the victim is delivered to the shore, it is necessary to provide him with first aid. Even before the arrival of professional doctors. If you wait a long time for doctors, and tragedies on the water often occur far from civilization, all your efforts may be in vain and the person will still die, having swallowed water.

First of all, free the victim from clothing that may interfere with his breathing. Then carefully clean the oral cavity from silt and sand, if any. This is best done with a finger wrapped in a handkerchief or other cloth that is at hand.

The rules for helping those in distress on the water say that if the person you rescued does not come to his senses, and his teeth are tightly clenched, then you need to unclench them. For example, a wooden stick.

In order to free the victim's stomach and lungs from water, place him with the lower edge of the sternum on your thigh, bent at the knee. With one hand, hold your chin, and with the other, apply methodical blows between the shoulder blades. After removing the bulk of the water, proceed to artificial ventilation of the lungs. In parallel, do not forget to massage the heart.

At the same time, pay attention to the condition of the victim. If it is pale, and there is no foam or water in the mouth and face, then the water should not be removed. In this case, throw back his head and immediately start breathing in the mouth-to-mouth method, accompanying him with an artificial heart massage.

To do this, put a person on his back, placing a roller of clothes or improvised devices under the shoulder blades. Its height must be at least 15 centimeters. Get on your knees yourself, tilt the head of the victim as far as possible, and pinch his nose with your hand. Get plenty of air into your lungs and blow it through a handkerchief or gauze into the lungs of the person you just saved. If his chest expands noticeably at the same time, then you are doing everything right.

Indirect cardiac massage

An indirect heart massage is an extremely effective method, often thanks to it, helping those in distress on the water brings success. Briefly, it can be described as follows.

The rescuer intensively blows air into the victim's respiratory tract, and when he takes a passive breath, he makes 3-5 sharp pressures on his chest. At the same time, his left hand palm should be located on the lower part of the sternum, and his right hand should be placed on top.

Pressing must be done sharply, pressing on the sternum with all the force. Your ultimate goal is to move it a few centimeters towards the spine. Only in this case you will succeed.

If you started to sink

Try to start moving towards the shore or the nearest vessel if the accident occurred on the high seas. Do not forget that you need to spend your energy sparingly, do not waste it on unnecessary sudden movements that will only tire you. Lie down on your back and rest from time to time, so you can stay on the surface longer. If at the same time you realize that you won’t be able to get to the shore on your own, while resting, raise your hands up and attract attention to yourself.

Cramps while swimming

A cramp can overcome anyone, even an experienced swimmer. Therefore, it is necessary to be prepared for it and know how to act in this situation. Even if nothing like this has ever happened to you.

As soon as you feel a cramp, immediately roll over onto your back and lie down on the water. In this position, there is a chance that the muscles will come to their senses, and you will not waste extra strength trying to get out, while the cramp twisted one of the parts of the body.

If the cramp has overcome the anterior thigh muscle, straighten the leg as much as possible and stretch the toe forward as far as you can.

If the cramp is in the calf muscle, then straighten your leg and pull the toe towards you. The same advice is suitable if the hamstring is affected. In the event that the cramps are so strong that the leg does not straighten on its own, help it with the help of your hands. Once the cramps have passed, do not try to swim to shore right away. First, rest, gain strength, and only then return to land.

Helping those in distress on the water in winter

Falling into the water in winter is one of the most dangerous situations that can happen to you on a pond. To avoid it, remember that before you go out on the ice, carefully consider what you will do in case you find yourself under water. Any items you carry with you, such as a backpack, should be easy to remove and throw away.

If you do fall under water, quickly find a foothold. It can be an ice floe, a stone or branches of a bush. Wait a couple of minutes until the most unpleasant sensations from ice water pass. Suppress your panic, adjust your breathing, when you stop feeling cold, start to get out. Carefully, you can crawl out onto an ice floe or cling to some vegetation and get ashore.

Of course, it will be safest to go on the ice with at least two people.

The search for crews of aircraft in distress by aviation means can be carried out in the following ways: "comb", "parallel tacking", "predetermined route" and "expanding square".

1. Search by the "comb" method (Fig. 7) is used to scan a large area in a minimum time and with a sufficient number of search aircraft (helicopters).

This method consists in the simultaneous survey of the search area by a group of aircraft (helicopters) by joint flight along parallel straight lines at intervals constituting approximately 75% of the visual visibility or range of the search equipment.

The "comb" method is used, as a rule, when organizing a search at high pressures from the base of search aircraft (helicopters).

2. Search by the "parallel tacking" method (Fig. 8) is used when there is not enough available search aircraft (helicopters) and for surveying a large area.

With this method, the search area can be divided into several search areas (bands), which are viewed simultaneously by several single aircraft (helicopters) or sequentially by one aircraft (helicopter).

The search should start from the area (lane) of the most probable location of the aircraft in distress (Fig. 9)

The distance between lines (providing 25% overlap) is set to the same as the interval between aircraft (helicopters) when searching using the "comb" method. The interval between the strips of the survey is taken equal to half the distance between the lines.

To reduce the number of turns, it is advisable to orient the straight sections of the lines along the survey strip.

3. When searching by the "predetermined route" method (Fig. 10), the flight is carried out along the line of the specified path, passing along the section of the route of the aircraft in distress.

The method is used when the search area is a strip, the width of which is 0.5 - 0.7 of the range of the search equipment at a given flight altitude and the search aircraft.

4. Search by the "expanding square" method is used, as a rule, in the presence of data on the place of distress of the aircraft.

The search consists of a survey by a single aircraft (helicopter) of the area around a known point, where the crew in distress is supposed to be (Fig. 11).

The distance between adjacent parallel sections of the route (d) must ensure a continuous view of the terrain.

Fig. 10 Scheme of search by the "given route" method: IPMP, KPMP -

the starting and ending points of the search aircraft route, respectively:

L is the capture bandwidth of the search radio equipment;

l - search area width

5 Search for the crew of an aircraft in distress by search aircraft (helicopters) can be performed using the following radio equipment:

Aircraft search direction-finding equipment (type ARK).

Airborne radar stations with a special search insert (RPMS type);

Airborne on-board VHF radio stations according to the level of audibility.

6. Search for crews of aircraft in distress by aircraft equipped with VHF direction-finding equipment is the main search method.

Upon detecting the operation of an emergency radio station, after making sure that the indication of the heading angle indicator of the radio station (KUR) of the aircraft VHF radio direction finder is stable, the crew of the search aircraft drives the aircraft to the indicated radio station.

After flying over the emergency radio station, which is determined by turning the arrow of the KUR indicator to 1800, the crew performs a maneuver (Fig. 12) with the expectation of re-entering the emergency radio station at a flight altitude at which visual detection of victims is ensured. The descent of the aircraft from a given height is carried out with the permission of the flight director.

7. The search for those in distress if they have radar beacons-responders is carried out by aircraft equipped with radar stations with RPMS attachments.

Having found on the radar indicator a mark of the signals of an emergency radar beacon-responder, the crew of the search aircraft determines the azimuth and distance from it, and then makes an exit to the radio beacon. Upon permission of the flight director, the crew descends the aircraft to a safe flight altitude and carries out a visual search for those in distress.

8. The search for those in distress with the help of an aircraft on-board VHF radio station (if the victims of distress have an emergency radio station) is carried out in the absence of search equipment on board the aircraft).

After entering the search area, the aircraft crew switches the onboard VHF radio to the frequency of receiving the emergency radio station signal and surveys the area using one of the search methods specified in paragraphs. 1-4 of this application.

Every 3-5 minutes of flight, the crew calls those in distress on the link. At the moment when the signal of the emergency radio station is audible, the aircraft enters the zone of its operation and, using the "triangular" or "perpendicular tacking" method, determines the place of work of the emergency radio station.

Determining the place of work of an emergency radio station using an aircraft onboard VHF radio station using the "triangular tacking" method is carried out in the following order (Fig. 13).

At the moment of entering the audibility zone of the signals of the emergency radio station, the time is noted, the place of the aircraft is plotted on the map (point A) and the flight continues with the same course until the exit from the audibility zone (point B), which is also plotted on the map, and the exit time is noted from the zone.

The path is determined and applied on the map

where W is the ground speed of the flight on segment AB;

t1 - flight time between points A and B.

A turn is performed and a new heading is taken that differs from the previous one by more than 90 "(when turning to the right) and less than 270 ° (when turning to the left). On the new flight course, in the audibility zone of the signals of the emergency radio station, the path is determined and plotted on the map S2 Through the midpoints of the segments S1 S2, perpendiculars are drawn until they intersect.

The point of intersection of the perpendiculars is the estimated location of the emergency radio station.

In the absence of audibility of the signals of the emergency radio station on the new course within 5-10 minutes, you should return to the starting point and take another course that differs from the previous one by 90 °

Connect on the map the estimated location of the emergency radio station (the place in distress) with the place of the aircraft at the moment and calculate the flight to the location of the person in distress.

Determination of the place of work of the emergency radio station using the aircraft onboard VHF radio station using the "perpendicular tacking" method is performed in the following order (Fig. 14)

At the moment of entering the audibility zone of the emergency radio station signals, the place and time of the search aircraft are marked on the map (point A) and the flight continues until the moment it leaves the audibility zone (point B). The path is laid on the map. A standard turn to the reverse course and passage along this course from the moment of entering the audibility zone of the emergency radio station of the path S2=S1/2 are performed.

The flight is controlled by dead reckoning. At the end of the path, taking into account the turning radius, a turn is made to the right or left to a new course different from the previous one by 90 °, and the flight continues on this course until the emergency radio station is out of hearing zone (point C)

In the audibility zone of the emergency radio station, the path S3= Wt3 is determined , which is the diameter of this zone

To reach the estimated location of the emergency radio station, make a standard turn on the return course and follow this course (from point D ) path S4 equal to half of path S3 The point in the middle of path S3 will be the estimated location of the emergency radio station.

In case of not detecting those in distress at the calculated point, further search by the crew of the search aircraft is carried out visually using the "expanding square" method from the calculated point.

in distress

An aircraft is recognized as in distress if it itself or the people on board are in imminent danger that cannot be eliminated by the crew itself. According to international aviation regulations, the emergency stage is divided into the stage of uncertainty (characterized by the presence of uncertainty in the safety of the aircraft and persons on board); alarm stage (means that there are concerns about the specified security); Distress phase (characterized by the existence of reasonable certainty that the aircraft and its occupants are in serious and imminent danger or require immediate assistance).
In our country, the actions of the commander of the air force, t. b., his crew and other persons are regulated by the Air Code of the USSR. First of all, V. s., t. b., should give distress signals. SOS has been installed for all aviation, as well as urgency signals and danger warnings. Distress signals are transmitted and received on active air traffic control channels, common communication channels and direction finding, as well as on the frequency of the international rescue service. When flying over the sea, the crew also transmits these signals on the international frequency for ships. Urgency signals are transmitted only on air traffic control frequencies.
The crew of the V.S., that is, simultaneously with the “SOS” signal, turns on the distress signal, identification equipment, and then reports its location (coordinates) and transmits signals for radio direction finding, after which it reports the nature of the incident and the need for assistance. If it is impossible to continue the flight of the aircraft, i.e., the commander must decide on an emergency landing, while the means of automatic transmission of direction finding signals, if any, must be constantly turned on. The commander of the aircraft, who received a distress call from another aircraft or discovered V. s., t. b. or in distress, is obliged to provide him with assistance (if he can do this without danger to the vessel entrusted to him, passengers and crew), mark the place of distress on the map and report the distress to the air traffic control authority. The crew of any aircraft must, in addition, continue to monitor the transmission of distress information on the assigned frequency. Transmission of messages from other aircraft on the same frequency, not caused by extreme necessity, is prohibited until a special instruction from the controller.
Air traffic control bodies are obliged to take all possible measures to provide assistance to V. s., t. b. or distressed, including foreign V. s.

Aviation: Encyclopedia. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. Chief editor G.P. Svishchev. 1994 .