Logopedic portal / Speech development / Social processes and levels of social process. Social processes and their types. Sociological studies of social processes

Social processes and levels of social process. Social processes and their types. Sociological studies of social processes

25.06.2023

Social processes: concept and essence

Hello dear friends! Today we will continue to prepare for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies and will either repeat or learn the material on the topic “Social Processes in Russia.” There is an opinion that they are always predictable and controlled by people. But this is far from the case, and you will soon see this for yourself!

In many textbooks, this topic is revealed only through the prism of the topic “social stratification,” which is completely unsatisfactory, because in the Unified State Exam tests you can find tasks on ethnosocial processes (assimilation, divergence, etc.), on global global processes (globalization, multiculturalism, etc.) etc.). Do you see how multi-faceted this topic is? This and that. Well, that’s okay - now let’s sort everything out!

So the topic “Social processes in modern Russia” needs to start with definitions and examples.

The very concept of “social process” means a change in a social object or social unit over time. A social unit, as you know from the course “Social Sphere,” can be a social group, a social institution, etc. What social processes are there?

Social processes related to the topic "".

Basic social processes

Here are the key classifications of social processes.

In the context of social mobility, the following are distinguished:

Marginalization- the process of a person losing social connections with his environment. A marginal is a person who has broken with his old social environment and has not yet fit into the new one... or maybe he won’t fit in. So, for example, a person who comes from the provinces to study at a university will find everything new and he has not yet learned all the intricacies of life in a new social environment - the city. Of course, there are also complete outcasts - vagabonds in life. They are already moving into the lumpen stratum.
Lumpenization- the process of mass transition of people to the “social bottom” stratum, when they become social outsiders, that is, they do not want to live according to social norms accepted in society. Tramps, homeless people and other such people are lumpen.

Naturally, if there are many marginalized and lumpen people in society, this is a negative, crisis factor. In this case, such a negative social process develops as anomie (Emile Durkheim) of the self, in which social norms decompose. There are five main stages of anomia:

conformism occurs when members of a society accept social norms and cultural goals and achieve them through legal means.
Innovation observed when individuals firmly adhere to socially established goals, but reject the socially approved means of achieving them. For example, a person has a goal - money. A normal person will go and earn money. And with innovation, he will acquire them through illegal means - for example, by stealing or cheating.
Ritualism occurs when members of a society reject or downplay social goals, but mechanically use socially approved means to achieve such goals. For example, zealous bureaucrats go to work every day, but perform their duties ritually, symbolically, or pretend to do so.
Retreatism consists in the fact that individuals reject both social goals and recognized means of achieving them, offering nothing in return. For example, alcoholics, drug addicts, tramps and degenerates become outcasts in their own society; “they live in society, but do not belong to it.” That is, ordinary lumpen :)

Rebellion consists of rebels rejecting the cultural goals of society and the means to achieve them, but at the same time replacing them with new norms. Well, I think it’s clear about the rebels. “Take away and divide” is their slogan! :)))

Ethnosocial processes. Some of them are described.

Global world social processes

Globalization— erasing cultural, economic and even state borders between countries and states. It replaces national culture with mass culture, usually a culture of consumption. This is of course a negative sign of globalization. Today, roughly speaking, the same goods, the same (Hollywood) films, etc. are all over the world. This is globalization!

multiculturalism is the policy and process of merging cultures into one movement while maintaining the uniqueness of each culture. Of course, I’m simplifying everything here to the high school level, gentlemen, academicians! This definition is not for you! And for you, gentlemen, applicants! ;). By the way, about the global problems of our time.

These are the social processes in Russia that you need to know, dear applicants, and be able to apply when solving tests. Naturally, in Russia all these processes are observed (well, maybe, except for the riot), I think you can give examples yourself :). By the way, ALL topics on society are covered in my video course « »

Sincerely, Andrey (Dreammanhist) Puchkov

Comments

Reviews (8) on Social processes: concept and essence”

Answer

Social changes in society occur as a result of the purposeful activities of people, which consists of individual social actions and interactions. A set of unidirectional and repeated social actions that can be distinguished from many other social actions is called a social process.

From the whole variety of social processes, some common features can be identified; R. Park and E. Burges developed a classification of basic social processes. These are processes of cooperation, competition (rivalry), adaptation, conflict, assimilation, amalgamation. They are usually accompanied by two other social processes that appear only in groups - maintaining boundaries and systematic connections.

The word cooperation comes from two Latin words: “co” - “together” and “operari” - to work.

Competition is one method of distributing insufficient rewards (i.e., ones that are not enough for everyone). Of course, other methods are also possible.

Third, competition tends to turn into conflict.

Compromise is a form of adaptation that means that an individual or group comes to terms with changing conditions and culture by partially or fully accepting new goals and ways of achieving them. Each individual usually tries to reach an agreement, taking into account his own strengths and what forces the surrounding changing environment has in a certain situation. Compromise is a balance, a temporary agreement; as soon as the situation changes, a new compromise has to be sought. In cases where the goals and methods of achieving them for an individual or group cannot satisfy the individual, a compromise cannot be reached and the individual does not adapt to new environmental conditions.

Amalgamation is the biological mixing of two or more ethnic groups or peoples, after which they become one group or people. Thus, the Russian nation was formed through the biological mixing of many tribes and peoples (Pomors, Varangians, Western Slavs, Merya, Mordovians, Tatars, etc.). Racial and national prejudices, caste isolation or deep conflict between groups can form a barrier to amalgamation. If it is incomplete, status systems may appear in society in which status will be measured by “purity of blood.” For example, in Central America or parts of South America, Spanish ancestry is required to have high status. But only the process of amalgamation ends completely, the boundaries between groups are erased and the social structure no longer depends on the “purity of blood.”

Maintaining boundaries. The significance of the processes of assimilation and amalgamation lies mainly in the erasing of boundaries between groups, the destruction of formal divisions, and the emergence of a common identification of group members.

Creation of a system of communications. Every nation that has territorial borders needs international trade. In the same way, all social groups within certain boundaries also need to create some types of connections with other groups in a given society. If the absence of significant boundaries leads to the fact that a given group completely merges with society or some other group, then its lack of relationships with other groups leads to its isolation, loss of opportunities for growth, and the performance of functions that are not typical for it. Even hateful and highly exclusive clans in primitive societies sometimes resorted to a system of "silent barter" with their enemies. Without entering into personal contact with them, they left goods for exchange in a certain place, which representatives of other clans exchanged for their goods.

social process(lat. passage, change) - a change in the state of a social object, a consistent change in the states or elements of a social system, and its subsystems, expressed in a change in relationships between people and relationships between the constituent elements of the system. Analysis of sociological theories allows us to identify different types of mechanisms of social change and development: evolutionary and revolutionary, progressive and regressive, imitation and innovation. The essence of social evolution is the gradual, consistent development of society from simple to complex, from traditional to rational, etc. A social revolution is a radical revolution in the entire system of social life, a leap, the result of which is the transition of society from one qualitative state to another. The idea of social progress is the possibility of developing society from simple to complex, from lower to higher. Regression may take place in the development of individual countries and regions, but it is not of a global nature.

types of social processes

1. Unilinear (unidirectional) processes follow a single trajectory or pass through a similar sequence of necessary stages.

For example, most social evolutionists believe that all human cultures - some earlier, others later - must go through a certain set of stages. Those who started earlier or walked this path faster show others who are slower what their future will look like; and those who lag behind show those ahead what their past looked like.

2. Multilinear processes follow several alternative trajectories and add atypical stages in their movement.

3. Nonlinear processes involve qualitative leaps or breakthroughs after long periods of quantitative growth.

For example, from the point of view of Marxists, socio-economic formations successively pass through revolutionary eras, when the entire society, after long periods of accumulation of contradictions, conflicts, aggravations and tensions, undergoes unexpected, fundamental, radical transformations.

4. Undirected (or flowing) processes are purely random, chaotic in nature, and are not based on any pattern.

Such are, for example, the processes of excitement that engulf a revolutionary crowd, mobilization and demobilization in social movements or in children's games.

5. Wave-like processes. Their flow follows certain repeating or similar patterns, with each subsequent stage either identical or qualitatively reminiscent of the previous ones (they represent a kind of curve on the oscilloscope screen).

6. Cyclic processes arise when there is a possibility of repetition.

Such processes include, for example, a typical working day for a secretary, the seasonal work of a farmer, or - in a longer time frame - the routine activity of a scientist who has begun to write his next work.

7. Spiral processes arise when there is similarity between the processes, but they differ in the level of complexity.

This is, for example, the sequential advancement of a schoolchild from class to class or a student from course to course at a university, when classes, lectures, vacations, exams take place at each stage, but each time at an increasingly higher level of education. Similarly, although on a different scale, certain economic cycles go through in conditions of general growth (as in the proverb: two steps forward, one step back).

If after each cycle a higher level is reached, then we can talk about a developing (progressive) cycle; if the level after each turn turns out to be lower on the corresponding scale, then the process should be qualified as a regressive cycle.

8. Random processes. A special case of processes where changes do not follow any known pattern.

9. Stagnation (stagnation). Another special case of processes is when no changes occur in the state of the system for some time.

From the whole variety of social processes, some common features can be identified, the combination of which allowed sociologists R. Park and E. Burges to create a classification of basic social processes. These are processes of cooperation, competition (rivalry), adaptation, conflict, assimilation, amalgamation. They are usually accompanied by two other social processes that appear only in groups - boundary maintenance and systematic communication.

The word cooperation comes from two Latin words: “co” - “together” and “operari” - to work. Cooperation can take place in dyads (groups of two individuals), small groups, and also in large groups (in organizations, social stratum or society).

Cooperation in primitive societies usually takes traditional forms and occurs without a conscious decision to work together. On the islands of Polynesia, residents fish together not because they decided so, but because their fathers did so. In societies with more developed culture, technology and technology, enterprises and organizations are created for the deliberate cooperation of people's activities. The basis of any cooperation is coordinated actions and the achievement of common goals. This requires such elements of behavior as mutual understanding, coordination of actions, and the establishment of rules of cooperation. Cooperation is primarily related to people's desire to cooperate, and many sociologists consider this phenomenon to be based on unselfishness. However, research and simply experience show that selfish goals serve the cooperation of people to a greater extent than their likes and dislikes, reluctances or desires. Thus, the main meaning of cooperation is primarily mutual benefit.

Cooperation among members of small groups is so common that the life history of most individuals can be defined mainly as their attempt to become part of such groups, and also to regulate cooperative group life. Even the most extreme individualists have to admit that they find satisfaction in family life, leisure groups, and work groups. The need for such cooperation is so great that we sometimes forget that the successful stable existence of a group and the satisfaction of its members largely depend on the ability of everyone to be included in cooperative relationships. An individual who cannot cooperate easily and freely with members of primary and small groups is likely to be isolated and may not adapt to life together. Cooperation in primary groups is important not only in itself, but also because it is invisibly connected with cooperation in secondary groups. Indeed, all large organizations represent a network of small primary groups in which cooperation functions on the basis of the inclusion of individuals in a large number of personal relationships.

Cooperation in secondary groups occurs in the form of many people working together in large-scale organizations. The desire of people to cooperate to achieve common goals is expressed through government agencies, private firms and religious organizations, as well as through special interest groups. Such cooperation not only includes many people in a given society, but also determines the creation of a network of organizations that cooperate at the level of state, regional, national and international relations. The main difficulties in organizing such large-scale cooperation are the geographical extent of cooperative ties, reaching an agreement between individual organizations, and preventing conflicts between groups, individuals and subgroups that they constitute.

Competition is the struggle between individuals, groups or societies for the mastery of values, the supply of which is limited and unequally distributed between individuals or groups (this can be money, power, status, love, appreciation and other values). It can be defined as an attempt to achieve rewards by alienating or outpacing rivals striving for identical goals. Competition is based on the fact that people can never satisfy all their desires. Therefore, competitive relations flourish in conditions of abundance, just as competition for the highest, highest-paying jobs exists in conditions of full employment. If we consider gender relations, then in almost all societies there is intense competition for attention from certain partners of the opposite sex. Competition can manifest itself on a personal level (for example, when two managers fight for influence in an organization) or be impersonal (an entrepreneur fights for markets without personally knowing his competitors). In the latter case, competitors may not identify their partners as rivals. Both personal and impersonal competition are usually carried out in accordance with certain rules that focus attention on achieving and outpacing rivals, rather than on eliminating them.

Although competition and rivalry are inherent in all societies, the severity and forms of their manifestation are very different. In societies where there are largely prescribed statuses, competition tends to be less prominent; it moves into small groups, into organizations where people strive to be “first among equals.” At the same time, in societies with mainly achieved statuses, competition and rivalry permeate all spheres of public life. For an individual living in such a society, competitive relationships begin in childhood (for example, in England or Japan, future careers largely depend on the school in which the child begins his studies). In addition, in each group or society, the relationship between the processes of cooperation and competition is guessed differently. In these groups, there are pronounced processes of competition that flow at the personal level (for example, the desire to advance, to fight for greater material rewards), in others, personal rivalry may fade into the background, personal relationships are mainly in the nature of cooperation, and competition is transferred to relationships with other groups.

Competition is one of the methods of distributing insufficient rewards (that is, those that are not enough for everyone). Of course, other methods are also possible. Values can be distributed on many grounds, for example, by priority, age or social status. You can distribute scarce values through a lottery or divide them in equal shares among all group members. But the use of each of these methods raises significant problems. The priority need is most often contested by individuals or groups, since when a system of priorities is introduced, many consider themselves to deserve the most attention. Equal distribution of insufficient rewards among people with different needs, abilities, and also among those who have made different efforts is also very controversial. However, competition, although it may not be an insufficiently rational mechanism for distributing rewards, “works” and, in addition, eliminates many social problems.

Another consequence of competition can be considered the creation of certain installation systems among competitors. When individuals or groups compete with each other, they develop attitudes associated with friendly and hostile attitudes towards each other. Experiments conducted in groups show that if the situation is such that individuals or groups cooperate to pursue common goals, then friendships and attitudes are maintained. But as soon as conditions are created under which unshared values arise, giving rise to competition, unfriendly attitudes and unflattering stereotypes immediately arise. It is known, for example, that as soon as national or religious groups enter into competitive relations with each other, national and religious prejudices appear, which are constantly intensified as competition increases.

The advantage of competition is that it is widely practiced as a means of stimulating each individual to the greatest achievements. It used to be believed that competition always increases motivation and thus increases productivity. In recent years, competition research has shown that this is not always fair. Thus, there are many cases when different subgroups arise within an organization, which, competing with each other, cannot positively influence the effectiveness of the organization. In addition, competition that does not give any individual a chance for advancement often leads to a refusal to fight and a decrease in his contribution to achieving common goals. But, despite these reservations, it is obvious that at present no more powerful stimulating agent than competition has been invented. It is on the stimulating value of free competition that all the achievements of modern capitalism are based, productive forces have developed incredibly, and opportunities have opened up for a significant increase in people's living standards. Moreover, competition led to progress in science, art, and significant changes in social relations. However, incentives through competition may be limited in at least three ways.

First, people themselves can reduce competition. If the conditions of struggle are associated with unnecessary anxiety, risk and loss of a sense of certainty and security, they begin to protect themselves from competition. Businessmen develop a monopoly price system, enter into secret deals and collusions to avoid competition; some industries require government protection of their prices; scientific workers, regardless of their abilities, demand universal employment, etc. Almost every social group seeks to protect itself from harsh competitive conditions. Thus, people may shy away from competition simply because they are afraid of losing everything they have. The most striking example is the refusal of competitions and competitions for representatives of the arts, since singers or musicians, taking low places in them, may lose popularity.

Secondly, competition seems to be a stimulating tool only in some areas of human activity. Where the task facing people is simple and requires performing basic actions, the role of competition is very large and gains arise due to additional incentives. But as the task becomes more complex, the quality of work becomes more important, and competition brings less benefit. When solving intellectual problems, not only does the output of groups working on the principle of cooperation (rather than competition) increase, but the work is also done to a higher quality than in cases where group members compete with each other. Competition between individual groups in solving complex technical and intellectual problems really stimulates activity, but within each group it is not competition that is most stimulating, but cooperation.

Third, competition tends to turn into conflict (conflict will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter). Indeed, agreement to peacefully struggle for certain valuable rewards through competition is often violated. A competitor who is inferior in skill, intelligence, or ability may succumb to the temptation to take possession of values through violence, intrigue, or violation of existing laws of competition. His actions can generate a backlash, and competition turns into conflict with unpredictable results.

Adaptation is the acceptance by an individual or group of cultural norms, values and standards of action of a new environment, when the norms and values learned in the old environment do not lead to the satisfaction of needs and do not create acceptable behavior. For example, emigrants in a foreign country try to adapt to a new culture; Schoolchildren enter college and must adapt to new requirements and a new environment. In other words, adaptation is the formation of a type of behavior suitable for life in changed environmental conditions. To one degree or another, adaptation processes occur continuously, since environmental conditions continuously change. Depending on the individual’s assessment of changes in the external environment and the significance of these changes, adaptation processes can be short-term or long-term.

Adaptation is a complex process in which a number of features can be distinguished. This is submission, compromise, tolerance.

Any change in the situation in the environment surrounding an individual or group forces them either to submit to it or to come into conflict with it. Submission is a prerequisite for the adaptation process, since any resistance significantly complicates the individual’s entry into a new structure, and conflict makes this entry or adaptation impossible. Submission to new norms, customs or rules may be conscious or unconscious, but in the life of any individual it occurs more often than disobedience and rejection of new norms.

A necessary condition for the successful adaptation process is tolerance towards the new situation, new cultural patterns and new values. For example, as we age, our perception of culture, change and innovation changes. We can no longer fully accept youth culture, but we can and should be tolerant of it and, through such adaptation, coexist peacefully with our children and grandchildren. The same can be said about an emigrant traveling to another country, who is simply obliged to be tolerant of examples of a culture alien to him, to put himself in the place of the people around him and try to understand them. Otherwise, the adaptation process will not be successful.

Assimilation. Assimilation is a process of mutual cultural penetration through which individuals and groups come to a common culture shared by all participants in the process. This is always a two-way process in which each group has the ability to penetrate its culture into other groups in proportion to its size, prestige and other factors. The process of assimilation is best illustrated by the Americanization of immigrants coming from Europe and Asia. Immigrants who arrived in large numbers between 1850 and 1913 primarily formed immigrant colonies in cities in the northern United States. Within these ethnic colonies - Little Italy, Little Poland, etc. - they lived largely in accordance with the patterns of European culture, perceiving some complexes of American culture. However, their children begin to very sharply reject the culture of their parents and absorb the culture of their new homeland. They often come into conflict with their parents over following old cultural patterns. As for the third generation, their Americanization is almost complete, and the newly-minted Americans feel the most comfortable and familiar with American cultural models. Thus, the culture of the small group was assimilated into the culture of the large group.

Assimilation can significantly weaken and extinguish group conflicts, mixing individual groups into one large one with a homogeneous culture. This is because social conflict involves the separation of groups, but when the cultures of the groups are assimilated, the very cause of the conflict is eliminated.

Amalgamation is the biological mixing of two or more ethnic groups or peoples, after which they become one group or people. Thus, the Russian nation was formed through the biological mixing of many tribes and peoples (Pomors, Varangians, Western Slavs, Merya, Mordovians, Tatars, etc.). Racial and national prejudices, caste isolation or deep conflict between groups can form a barrier to amalgamation. If it is incomplete, status systems may appear in society in which status will be measured by “purity of blood.” For example, in Central America or parts of South America, Spanish ancestry is required to have high status. But only the process of amalgamation ends completely, the lines between groups are erased and the social structure no longer depends on the “purity of blood.”

Boundary lines between social groups are a central aspect of social life, and we devote much time and energy to establishing, maintaining, and modifying them. Nation states define their territorial boundaries and establish signs and fences that prove their rights to a limited territory. Social groups without territorial boundaries establish social boundaries that separate their members from the rest of society. For many groups, these boundaries may be language, dialect, or jargon: "If he doesn't speak our language, he can't be one of us." Uniforms also serve to separate group members from other groups: doctors are separated from soldiers or police by their white coats. Sometimes the dividing symbol can be distinctive signs (with their help, for example, members of Indian castes are distinguished). However, more often than not, group members do not have an explicit symbolic identification; they only have a subtle and difficult to capture sense of “belonging” associated with group standards that separate the ingroup from everyone else.

Groups not only need to establish certain boundaries, but also need to convince their members that they recognize these boundaries as important and necessary. Ethnocentrism usually develops in an individual a belief in the superiority of his group and the disadvantages of others. Patriotism plays a significant role in instilling this belief, which tells us that weakening national sovereignty through international agreement can be fatal.

The desire to maintain group boundaries is supported by sanctions applied to those who do not respect such boundaries, and by rewards for individuals who strive to strengthen and preserve them. Remuneration may consist of access to certain positions through membership in associations, congeniality in a friendly company, etc. Punishments, or negative sanctions, most often consist of the cancellation or deprivation of rewards. For example, someone cannot get a good job without the support of a certain group or association; someone may turn out to be undesirable in a prestigious group, in a political party; someone may lose friendly support.

People who want to overcome social barriers in groups often strive to reduce social boundaries, while those who have already overcome them want to create and strengthen such boundaries. For example, during the election campaign, many candidates for people's deputies advocated for the expansion of the parliamentary corps and for frequent re-elections, but as soon as they were elected deputies, their aspirations became completely opposite.

Sometimes the boundaries between groups can be drawn formally, for example in cases of direct instructions or the introduction of special restrictive rules. In all other cases, the creation of boundaries is an informal process, not reinforced by relevant official documents and unwritten rules. Very often, the existence of boundaries between groups or their absence does not correspond to their official prohibition or, conversely, their introduction.

The creation and modification of boundaries between groups is a process that occurs constantly, with greater or lesser intensity, during interactions between groups.

Creation of a system of communications. Every nation that has territorial borders needs international trade. In the same way, all social groups within certain boundaries also need to create some types of connections with other groups in a given society. If the absence of significant boundaries leads to the fact that a given group completely merges with society or some other group, then its lack of relationships with other groups leads to its isolation, loss of opportunities for growth, and the performance of functions that are not typical for it. Even hateful and extremely closed clans in primitive societies sometimes resorted to a system of "silent barter" with their enemies. Without entering into personal contact with them, they left goods for exchange in a certain place, which representatives of other clans exchanged for their goods.

Network creation is defined as the process by which elements of at least two social systems are articulated in such a way that in some respects and in some cases they appear as a single system. Groups in modern society have a system of external connections, usually consisting of many elements. The modern village is connected to the city through the exchange of crop and livestock products for energy, agricultural machinery, etc. The village and the city exchange human resources, information, and participate in public life. Any organization must be connected with other divisions of society - trade unions, political parties, organizations that create information.

Obviously, each group is forced to solve a dilemma: strive to maintain its independence, integrity, self-sufficiency, or maintain and strengthen the system of connections with other groups.

Plan:

Introduction.

1.1.Types of social processes

1.2.Social changes

2. Methodological principles for studying social processes.

2.1.The principle of organicism

2.2. The principle of differentiation of social labor

2.3. The principle of structural-functional analysis of Radcliffe-Brown and Malinowski

2.4. The principle of functional imperativism and functional structuralism

2.5. The principle of constructing reality by Berger and Luckman

2.6. Systemic-procedural principle of reading reality

2.7. The principle of communicative action

2.8. The principle of reference

3.Structural-functional analysis of social processes of modern Ukrainian society.

3.1. Social processes through the eyes of modern sociologists

3.2. Modernity and what follows it. (Reflections by P. Sztompka)

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Introduction.

Study of real social processes topical in our time, since society cannot be imagined without these processes. It is interesting to look at social processes from the point of view of structural-functional analysis and answer many questions. How do the structural units of different social processes interact with each other? How are their functions related to each other? What are the similarities and differences between these processes? Social processes are movement, the flow of events, their change and transformation. Processes can occur at various levels of the social system. Therefore, the object of research can be both an individual and society as a whole. It is impossible to even imagine the diversity of social processes. We also become participants in various social processes, without even realizing it. We can influence these processes, and as a result, the direction of their movement changes. In order to better and more effectively manage various social events, it is necessary first of all to understand their structure, to understand the activities of all functional units that make up the event, to compare the functions of these units, the degree of their dependence on each other. In order to more effectively analyze social reality today, it is necessary to understand the patterns of description of social life by researchers of past centuries.

The degree of development of the problem. Considering social processes from the perspective of structural functionalism, it is certainly necessary to say something about the theory of structural-functional analysis. In the mid-20th century, structural and functional analyzes were rethought as two different aspects of the systemic analysis of society, i.e. study of systems as integral units, and also consider their structure in more detail in order to identify similarities and differences between the components of these systems, and compare their functions. This gave grounds for combining the functional and structural approaches of scientific knowledge, and their localization in the field of social knowledge. The prehistory of structural-functional analysis is associated with the ideas of Spencer's organicism. But its foundations and methodological principles were laid by Durheim. Further, structural functionalism was presented in the theories of Radcliffe-Brown and Malinowski (representatives of the British School of Anthropology). It was they who formulated the main provisions of this theory. The further development of structural-functional analysis was already associated with system theory. An important stage in its history was American structural functionalism (Parsons, Merton), which extended the functionalist methodology to all areas of sociology. Thus, structural-functional analysis, as a type of system theory, correlates with sociological theories of a different nature. But in its subsequent development, structural-functional analysis was subjected to constructive criticism from various theoretical and methodological positions both within sociology and in general scientific methodology. Constructive developments are being carried out in the direction of the “humanistic perspective” (the concept of constructing reality by Berger and Luckmann). There is also a replacement of systemic-organizational models for describing society with systemic-processual models (rethinking the foundations of structural-functional analysis from the perspective of the sociology of social change - Touraine, P. Sztompka). But the potential possibility of a processual reading of functionalism was proposed back in Sorokin’s integral sociology. In the further development of structural-functional analysis, Luhmann's concept of reference, which is sometimes interpreted as a special kind of functionalism, is not associated with the theory of communicative action of Habermas. Applied methodology developed in the theory of structural-functional analysis occupies a significant part in empirically oriented sociological research.

Object of study: social processes.

Subject of study: methodological principle of structural-functional analysis of social processes.

Purpose of the study: study the structural-functional dependence within social processes.

Research objectives:

Consider the social process from the perspective of systemic research.

Trace the development of the methodology of structural-functional analysis of social processes.

Try to identify the functional and structural dependence of social processes on each other in modern society.

1. Social processes as an object of systemic research.

1.1. Types of social processes.

Social processes are some changes taking place in society. Kozyrev Gennady Ivanovich in his publication distinguishes between such social processes as directed and undirected, reversible and irreversible, ascending and descending, linear, stepwise, cyclical, spiral, etc.

Directed Processes- these are processes that have their own clear direction, purpose of movement, significance. They are quite predictable, because their outcome can be predicted with maximum accuracy. Example: marriage process, production reform process. I believe that there are many external factors that can, in one way or another, influence the outcome of such a process.

Undirected Processes– these are unpredictable processes, their outcome is quite difficult to determine. Example: family conflicts, mobilization in social movements. I think that this type of process is more or less emotionally charged, and when there is overstimulation, solid logic and sober reason are absent.

Reversible processes- these are types of changes when the system, due to some factors, moves from one state to another, but then returns to its previous state. But this does not mean that the system returns to its original state. Of course, some structural units of the system remain unchanged, but the basis of the system changes. Example: the abolition of serfdom in Ukraine, but in the next century serfdom actually returned along with collectivization in the USSR.

Irreversible processes These are changes that cannot be stopped or reversed. Example: the collapse of the USSR, the process of human aging.

Bottom-up processes– these are changes associated with the development of the system towards progress. Example: the development of humanity from the primitive system to the modern socialist state.

Downstream Processes– these are changes in the system aimed towards regression. For example: deviant, socially dangerous human behavior;

Linear processes– these are gradual changes in the system, both towards progress and towards regression. Example: reconstruction of the education system. A striking historical example of a linear concept is Auguste Comte's Law of Three Stages.

Stepped processes– these are changes in the system when at first there is a gradual transformation, but then, under the influence of various factors, a kind of leap occurs, which leads to qualitative changes in the system. Example: all those contradictory opinions that accumulated in Ukrainian Soviet society led to the fact that Ukrainians realized their originality and individuality, and wanted to become independent.

Cyclic processes- these are changes in the system when some of its phases are periodically repeated, i.e. this is a circular, closed repetition of phases. Example: the instability of our economy leads to the fact that the phase of economic stability is replaced by a phase of instability, and then, due to some productive reforms in the economic sphere, a phase of stability begins again.

Spiral processes– this is an ascending or descending change in the system when it returns to its initial state, but at a higher quality level. Example: the learning process of a schoolchild or student.

Classification of social processes by causality involves dividing processes into endogenous - the stimulus for the process lies within it, and exogenous - the stimulus is in the external environment. According to the level of the process, there are such types as macro-processes carried out at the level of the state, the world community, and ethnic groups; mesoprocesses involve large social and political organizations, and microprocesses occur in the daily lives of individuals.

Platinsky Yu.M. tried to model social processes on a coordinate system, where the time of the process is displayed on one axis, and the factors influencing the process on the other. Thanks to such a graph, you can find out the speed of the process and understand its type. This is how a linear process can be displayed as a straight line that can increase or decrease depending on the progress of the process. But as practice shows, many processes in society cannot occur in only one of the forms, therefore the forms of graphs are constantly changing. But Platinsky, like many other scientists, was more attracted to the cyclical model of the process. He displayed such a model on a graph in the form of a mathematical sinusoid. And Platinsky’s spiral processes are displayed in the form of a circle. This is understandable, since in general the spiral process is a movement in a vicious circle. But it is much more difficult to study the dynamics of chaotic processes. “The dynamics of chaotic processes are extremely confusing and difficult to predict. Slow, uniform growth is replaced by “big leaps”, the amplitude and period of oscillations change in the most bizarre way.” With such uneven development of the process, it is not possible to study its internal structure in detail. That is why we know practically nothing about chaotic processes. The essence of a particular process consists of various mechanisms. “A social mechanism is a cause-and-effect model of the process being studied. Such models show how the interaction of various factors (variables, indicators...) generates qualitative and quantitative characteristics that reflect the real course of social processes.” In other words, social mechanisms are the so-called levers of control and management, by studying which one can find out the inner essence of the social process. However, to characterize real social processes, it is not enough to build only a cause-and-effect relationship. We do not live in a world of abstract and theoretical concepts, but in real conditions. Thus, it is necessary to identify the influence of cause and effect on people’s beliefs and beliefs, on the formation of their behavior. Social mechanisms must regulate not only the cause-and-effect relationships of social processes, but also control the relationships between individuals. This interpretation of the social mechanism can be compared with the paradigm of methodological individualism, when all analyzed phenomena are explained only as a result of the individual’s purposeful activity. Platinsky cannot compare social mechanisms with such a paradigm, saying that the paradigm of methodological individualism is widely used in economics, where the individual most often makes only rational decisions. But in real conditions, the individual is most likely to be guided not by logic and reason, but by feelings. As for the final results of the process, in this regard, we can say about the division of processes into morphogenetic and modified ones. The first group of processes leads to qualitative changes in society, and the second includes only an external change in the system, but its main qualitative characteristics remain unchanged. Where is the line between qualitative changes in the system and its functional transformations? In this regard, it is necessary to distinguish between such concepts as transformation - a change in the structure of the system and reproduction - changes within the system. Also, in the classification of social processes, it is necessary to take into account the subjective factor, the way certain processes are perceived by the individual.

Explicit processes, the purpose and methodological basis of which are already clear. For example, traffic rules are created to regulate road relations and processes.

Hidden processes, the outcome of which is impossible to predict. For example, the phenomenon of ecological consciousness, when a person’s external influence on a system leads to unexpected consequences.

Boomerang processes. For example, we choose a thing only based on its external characteristics, but when we learn its contents, we feel deceived.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Essay

in the discipline “Fundamentals of Sociology and Political Science” on the topic:

"Social Processes"

Teacher: Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ph.D.

Dzyuban V.V.

Completed by: Student gr.211-st12

Logvinov E.A.

Bryansk 2016

social process civilization society

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

The history of mankind shows that over the past hundred years the volume of knowledge and technological achievements has grown more than in all previous eras. Changes in social characteristics are also accelerating.

The most important properties of a social system are self-renewal, self-reproduction, and progressive development.

The transformation of the material and technical basis of production naturally leads to changes in its social characteristics.

In the course of joint activities, people exchange various ideas, ideas, views, suggestions, knowledge, and attitudes. All this can be considered as information, and the communication process itself can be represented as a process of information exchange. It is precisely because the exchange of information is built into all major types of management activities that we call communication a connecting process. And one of the most important management tools in the hands of a manager is the information at his disposal. Using and transmitting this information, as well as receiving feedback, he organizes, leads and motivates subordinates. Therefore, much depends on his ability to convey information in such a way that the most adequate perception of this information is achieved by those to whom it is intended.

In society, processes of transformation over time, the actions of driving forces, the results of changes and their scale are of great interest. If there is no interaction between internal and external forces in a society, then it dies, stagnates, and rots. Some processes are replaced by others when each of them exhausts its potential.

Social processes, changes and development accompany the life of every person. They are brought to life by various subjective and objective circumstances - experiences, ideas, interests, guesses, external situations. Significant social changes necessarily occur in the process of joint actions of people who are not isolated, but, on the contrary, unidirectional, interconnected, coupled, interdependent.

A person constantly adjusts his behavior, gets involved in processes, looks for ways out of difficult situations and relationships, changes his position in the economic and political spheres, that is, consciously or unconsciously participates in social processes.

1. The concept of social process

A social process is understood as a sequential change in the states of a social organization as a whole or its individual structural elements. It takes place under the influence of certain internal and external conditions, has a stable order of interaction of its constituent components, duration and orientation towards a certain result.

All social processes occurring in the industry are interconnected. None of them in a “pure” form can be isolated from the general system. One social process can become the cause of another and the consequence of a third. For example, an innovation process that transforms a technique or technology contributes to a change in the professional structure, and this, in turn, can lead to mobility. Management processes in general have a direct impact on the intensity and content of all other processes.

The set of social processes within the framework of a social organization represents a continuous movement of all its structural elements, leading to a change in the social organization as a whole, or to its reproduction.

A social process is an interconnected action of human behavior that results in changes that would not have occurred without such interaction.

A social process is a socially significant change in society caused by the desire of various groups to influence the prevailing conditions in society in order to satisfy a certain interest.

The famous Russian scientist P. Sorokin gave a classic definition of a social process: “A process is understood as any type of movement, modification, transformation, alternation or “evolution”, in short, any change in a given object being studied over a certain time, be it a change in its place in space or modification of its quantitative and qualitative characteristics.”

The concept “social” (from Latin socialis - public) and the corresponding term are used in at least two meanings - broad and narrow.

In a broad sense, the concept “social” means “public”, i.e. belonging to society, not nature. In this meaning, the concepts “social” and “social” are used in sociology and other social sciences, as well as in journalism and fiction.

In a narrow sense, the concept “social” is used to characterize only those social processes that occur in the social sphere of society’s life, and not in its other spheres - economic, political, legal and spiritual.

The social sphere is the sphere of interaction between social groups existing in society, including classes (entrepreneurs, employees, etc.), professional and socio-demographic segments of the population, as well as national communities regarding such conditions of their life and activities that contribute to the reproduction of their vital forces: conditions of production activity; level of material well-being; solving problems of health care, education, social security; observance of social justice in the exercise by each person of his right to work, as well as in the distribution and consumption of material and spiritual benefits created in society; resolution of contradictions caused by the social stratification of society into rich and poor; social protection of certain segments of the population.

All these circumstances and the problems caused by them are characterized in modern science as social in the highly specialized sense of this concept. Their decision depends on the level of the developed economy of the country, the amount of social wealth created in it, and the nature of economic relations between people. Therefore, the processes occurring in the social sphere, during which these problems are solved, are often called not just social in the narrow sense of this concept, but socio-economic, which indicates a significant internal connection between the actual social (occurring in the social sphere) and the actual economic processes (occurring in the social sphere) in the economic sphere).

2. Classification of social processes

Classification of social processes requires clear criteria in connection with the nature, content, direction, qualitative state and effectiveness of social processes.

Social processes are evolutionary and revolutionary in nature. Evolutionary processes involve the gradual development of social systems without changing their essence, without transition to other qualitative states. Revolutionary processes, on the contrary, presuppose a break in the gradual development of social systems, a natural leap from one qualitative state to another, prepared by the evolution of a given society, and are characterized by fundamental structural changes in the basic elements of society.

In orientation - progressive and regressive.

In relation to the qualitative state, a distinction is made between the social processes of functioning (reproduction of the qualitative state takes place) and development (there is a transition to a new quality).

In terms of efficiency, social processes are characterized as effective, insufficiently effective and ineffective.

It is also possible to distinguish between spontaneous and organized social processes. Any social process is contradictory, because it means movement, change, which have their source in contradictions, clashes of opposite sides.

There is also a more detailed classification of social processes, which was proposed by American sociologists R. Park and E. Burgess. They identified cooperation, competition, adaptation, conflict, assimilation, amalgamation (biological mixing of different ethnic groups).

Adaptation is the acceptance by an individual or group of cultural norms, values and standards of action in a new environment, when the norms and values learned in the old environment do not lead to the satisfaction of needs and do not create acceptable behavior. For example, emigrants in a foreign country try to adapt to a new culture; Schoolchildren enter college and must adapt to new requirements and a new environment.

Adaptation is a complex process in which a number of features can be distinguished. This is submission, compromise, tolerance.

Submission is a prerequisite for the adaptation process, since any resistance significantly complicates the individual’s entry into a new structure, and conflict makes this entry or adaptation impossible. Submission to new norms, customs or rules may be conscious or unconscious, but in the life of any individual it occurs more often than disobedience and rejection of new norms.

Tolerance towards new situations, new cultural patterns and new values. For example, as we age, our perception of culture, change and innovation changes. We can no longer fully accept youth culture, but we can and should be tolerant of it and, through such adaptation, coexist peacefully with our children and grandchildren.

Assimilation is a process of mutual cultural penetration through which individuals and groups come to a common culture shared by all participants in the process. This is always a two-way process in which each group has the ability to penetrate its culture into other groups in proportion to its size, prestige and other factors. The process of assimilation is best illustrated by the Americanization of immigrants coming from Europe and Asia. Immigrants who arrived in large numbers between 1850 and 1913 primarily formed immigrant colonies in cities in the northern United States. Within these ethnic colonies - Little Italy, Little Poland, etc. - they lived largely in accordance with the patterns of European culture, perceiving some complexes of American culture. However, their children begin to very sharply reject the culture of their parents and absorb the culture of their new homeland. They often come into conflict with their parents over following old cultural patterns. As for the third generation, their Americanization is almost complete, and the newly-minted Americans feel the most comfortable and familiar with American cultural models. Thus, the culture of the small group was assimilated into the culture of the large group.

3. Types of social changes. Modernization theory

Social changes represent a change in the states, properties and connections of social systems.

In accordance with the structure and main characteristics of any system, the following types of changes in general and social changes in particular can be distinguished:

Content changes. In science, content is understood as the totality of elements of a system, so here we are talking about changes in the elements of the system, their appearance, disappearance, or changes in their properties. Since the elements of the social system are social actors, this could be, for example, a change in the personnel composition of the organization, i.e. the introduction or abolition of certain positions, a change in the qualifications of officials or a change in the motives for their activity, which is reflected in an increase or decrease in labor productivity .

Structural changes. These are changes in the set of connections of elements or the structure of these connections. In a social system, this may look like, for example, moving a person in the job hierarchy. At the same time, not all people understand that structural changes have occurred in the team, and may not be able to adequately respond to them, painfully perceive the instructions of the boss, who just yesterday was an ordinary employee.

Functional changes. These are changes in the actions performed by the system. Changes in the functions of a system can be caused by changes in both its content or structure and the surrounding social environment, i.e., external connections of the system. For example, changes in the functions of government bodies can be caused by both demographic changes within the country and external influences, including military ones, from other countries.

Development. A special type of change is development. It is customary to talk about its presence in a certain way. In science, development is considered to be a directed and irreversible change that leads to the emergence of qualitatively new objects. An object in development, at first glance, remains itself, but a new set of properties and connections forces us to perceive this object in a completely new way. For example, a child and a specialist in some field of activity who grows up from him are, essentially, different people; they are assessed and perceived by society differently, since they occupy completely different positions in the social structure. Therefore, they say about such a person that he has gone through the path of development.

Change and development are one of the fundamental aspects of considering all sciences.

Modernization is a transition from pre-industrial to industrial, or capitalist society, carried out through complex reforms extended over time. It implies a radical change in social institutions and people's lifestyles, covering all spheres of society. The essence of modernization is associated with the spread throughout the world of the values and achievements of industrial society - rationalism, prudence, urbanization, industrialization.

Industrialization is the creation of large-scale machine production.

Urbanization is the relocation of people to cities and the spread of urban life values to all segments of the population.

There are two types of modernization.

1. Organic modernization is a moment of a country’s own development and is prepared by the entire course of previous evolution. For example, the transition of England from feudalism to capitalism as a result of the industrial revolution of the 18th century. Such modernization begins not with the economy, but with culture and a change in public consciousness. Capitalism arises as a natural consequence of changes in the way of life, traditions, worldviews and orientations of people.

2. Inorganic modernization is a response to an external challenge from more developed countries. It is a method of “catch-up” development undertaken by the government in order to overcome historical backwardness and avoid foreign dependence. Russia, which, including as a result of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, was thrown back in its development several centuries ago, repeatedly tried to catch up with the advanced countries. Peter's reforms, Stalin's modernization of the 30s, perestroika of the 80s and subsequent economic reforms pursued precisely this goal.

Inorganic modernization assumes that the country is catching up with more advanced countries and borrowing advanced technologies from them. Modernization is accomplished by purchasing foreign equipment and patents, borrowing foreign technology, inviting specialists, studying abroad, and investing. Corresponding changes are taking place in the social and political spheres: the management system is changing dramatically, new power structures are being introduced, the country's constitution is being rebuilt to suit foreign analogues.

Inorganic modernization begins not from culture, but from economics and politics. Organic modernization comes from below, and inorganic modernization comes from above. The principles of "modernity" do not have time to cover the vast majority of the population, and therefore do not receive strong social support. They capture only the minds of the most prepared part of society. It is this type of modernization that is present in post-Soviet societies.

W. Rostow is optimistic about the prospects for the modernization of traditional societies. He is confident that rational fragments (communications, commodity exchange, growth of knowledge, universalization of relations), gradually gaining a foothold, will create a more or less organic modernized social system. It took Japan 20 years to catch up and overtake the United States, from where it borrowed technology and finance. In a short period of time, inorganic modernization was replaced by organic one.

The American sociologist M. Levy in the concept of "modernization in pursuit" or "delayed modernization" draws attention to the fact that patriarchal societies, tempted by the achievements of industrial ones, bring their elements into their assets. The invasion of ready-made industrial (“modernized”) models explodes the structure of a patriarchal society, but does not turn it into an industrial one. "Modernization" does not occur simultaneously in all sectors of public life. Technological innovations in the absence of a rational culture of labor relations and parliamentary democracy are useless, causing tension and chaos. Separate social institutions, acting as modern, "industrial", in reality continue to function as traditional ones. A “quasi” effect arises: a quasi-parliament, a quasi-party, a quasi-market. Irrationality, paradoxicality, spontaneity, according to G. Almond, become characteristic features of a society that is being formed as a result of the collision of Western (rational) and local (traditional) cultures. All these aspects are important when analyzing transformation processes in Ukraine. It should also be taken into account that:

- "delayed modernization" can put society into external dependence;

modernization can be successful with a sharp increase in the size of the middle class, its high social mobility;

the success of modernization depends on the organizational efforts of the central government, its ability to localize and block social conflicts.

successful modernization requires broad social support, mobilization of social potential, the ability to predict the benefits from it, and the authority of a leader.

4. The global nature of modern civilization

Global civilization is the modern stage of development of society. Distinctive features:

Increasing integrity of the world community (planetary civilization);

Internationalization of all social activities on Earth (a unified system of socio-economic, political and cultural relations);

Unification of the sociocultural life of various countries and regions of the globe (social division of labor, unification of communications, transport, information, etc.).

In the dialogue of world cultures, as researchers note, Western influence and the values of Western technogenic civilization now predominate. However, in the last decade, the importance of socio-economic and cultural values of eastern societies has increased.

Modern civilization is characterized by its own characteristics and contradictions.

The basis of modern civilization is scientific, technological and information progress. Through automation and cybernation of production, he led to the achievement of a level of economic life that history had never known in the past. Scientific and technological progress has made a revolutionary revolution in the system of productive forces of society, the leading areas in which have become microelectronics, computer science, robotics, biotechnology, laser technology, instrument making, nuclear energy, etc. All this has led to an unprecedented increase in labor productivity. The nature and level of modern production are such that humanity, for the first time in its entire history, has the material opportunity to create normal conditions for the life of every person. True, this possibility still remains unrealized. The development of modern production leads to a colossal increase in the mass and range of products and goods, material goods and services necessary for people’s lives. All this makes a person’s life richer and more multifaceted.

Scientific and technological progress causes changes in the social structure of society. In it, an increasing place is occupied by social strata and groups associated with the development of production sectors and spheres of life that determine the state and development of modern civilization. The nature and content of labor are changing, a transition is taking place to more complex types of labor, creating significantly more output per unit of time. In industrial production, the number of workers is decreasing, but the number of specialists and robots is significantly increasing. A new layer of workers with high intellectual qualifications is emerging.

In the current situation, the requirements for man as an agent of the production process and the main productive force of society increase significantly. To service modern production, we need a specialist with a rich and constantly updated knowledge base, extraordinary abilities and great creative potential. It is necessary to significantly improve the general culture, which contributes to the formation of a broad outlook of the individual.

Thus, the processes taking place in the modern world make new demands on a person and change him.

Contradictions of modern civilization. On the one hand, humanity demonstrates the highest achievements of human progress, expressed in high technologies, efficient industrial and agricultural production, an extensive information network, sophisticated art, a high level of well-being in a number of countries, etc. On the other hand, the preservation of archaic formations in a number of regions of the world, the low level of their economic development, mass poverty, general illiteracy, rapid population growth, etc. indicate that a significant part of humanity does not have the opportunity to enjoy the benefits of civilization.

It turns out that the progress of society in one respect is inevitably accompanied by stagnation or even regression in another. By creating and developing productive forces and social institutions, civilization puts them in forms that lead to negative consequences.

In the wake of scientific and technological progress, humanity has faced global problems of our time that require solutions. These include:

1. environmental problem;

2. unprecedented accumulation of weapons of mass destruction;

3. exhaustibility of resources, in particular energy sources;

4. demographic problem;

5. hunger, poverty, illiteracy;

6. drug addiction and alcoholism;

7. the problem of AIDS and others.

Global problems are interconnected, and in this relationship they affect all aspects of human life and society, namely material production and culture, politics and ideology, worldview and morality.

Conclusion

A social process is a successive change in the states of a society or its individual systems. It manifests itself as the movement in time of a number of social events or phenomena of a certain direction. It dialectically combines change and constancy, discontinuity and continuity. Therefore, when considering a certain social process, you need to find out under what conditions the changes are taking place, what is their cause and what direction. Next, from among the components of the social process, we should highlight those that form both itself and its conditions, that is, what, in fact, the process is. It is also important to know what is used to ensure the transformation of the initial state of the process into its result.

In development processes, conditions are always internally necessary components. In those processes that are not development (random, static, variable, etc.), their conditions can also be external (environment, means, circumstances) of its components. For example, to productive activity, as the process “fades away” into the product, Marx included a subjective goal, the means of realizing the goal, the subject of the activity, the activity itself (“operations”) and the result of the activity. Material conditions, he noted, are not directly included in this process, but without them it is either completely impossible, or possible only in an imperfect form. Regarding the social process, the engine of which is ultimately the activity of people, certain conditions for the implementation of this activity act as means only in comparison with its goal. They can be involved in the process both as internal conditions for achieving the goal (for example, planning bodies, institutions of organization and process management), and as external (for example, material and technical supplies, social infrastructure).

Bibliography

1. Afonin V.A., Afonin Yu.V. Theory and history of culture. A textbook for independent work of students. Lugansk: Elton-2, 2008. 296 p.

2. Mikhaelyan E.E., Lysenko M.V. Sociology. Textbook: workshop for training bachelors and specialists. 2nd ed. reworked and additional Krasnodar, 2011. 248 p.

3. Sorokin P. Social and cultural dynamics. St. Petersburg: RKhGI, 2000. 290 p.

4. Sociology [Text]: textbook. allowance for students higher education. institutions / I. Z. Tanchin. 2nd type, revised and additional Kyiv: Knowledge, 2007. 351 p.

5. Sociology: course of lectures / Rep. ed. I.A. Batanina. Tula: Tula State University Publishing House, 2005. 451 p.

6. Sociology: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. IN AND. Dobrenkova. 320 pp.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Social processes and levels of social process. Social processes and their types. Sociological studies of social processes

Basic social processes

Global world social processes

Comments

Reviews (8) on Social processes: concept and essence”

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

social process civilization society

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

1. The concept of social process

2. Classification of social processes

4. The global nature of modern civilization

Conclusion

Bibliography

Similar Documents