Speech therapy portal / Speech development / Nokhchiin Mott is one of the Nakh languages. We are learning the Chechen language. Nokhchiyn Mott - one of the Nakh languages Chechen language for everyone

Nokhchiin Mott is one of the Nakh languages. We are learning the Chechen language. Nokhchiyn Mott - one of the Nakh languages Chechen language for everyone

13.02.2024

For some time now, many Vainakhs began to notice the striking similarities that exist between the Chechen language and entire language families, where the Chechen language is the root, primordial, which fully fits into the concept of a Single Language, dating back to the prophet Adam and from which the people of Noah took the baton.

The Arabic word "hadis" means "saying, story." Compare with the Chechen “skhadiyatsa” (in dialects – “khadiys”) - “tell”. Likewise, the Latin verb dico, from which such modern words as “dictator”, “announcer”, “dictaphone”, etc. come, sounded like “dico” in early Latin, that is, “to speak.”

A "lasso" is a lasso-type invention designed for catching wild animals and used by cowboys. The word is strongly reminiscent of the Chechen verb “latsa” (to catch, to hold), especially since the sounds “ts” and “s” often alternate in Chechen dialects (for example: urs - urts (knife), phyars - phyarts (arm from shoulder to elbow), vitswella - viswella (forgot), etc., etc.

The word "baqara" means "cow" in Arabic. If we remember the Latin pronunciation of this word - “vacca” (vacca), from which, by the way, the word “vaccine” comes, then we will notice the similarity of “baccarat” and “vacca” with the verb “bacca, bacca, dakha, yakha” - “ to feed (from the breast or udder)", where the consonants b, v, d, j are prefixes.
The German word “knecht” - “knight” (in English pronunciation “night” - knight) goes back, like the word king (king), konung, to the Chechen word “konakh”.

Such words as the Turkic ail (aul) and the Germanic hala (hall) go back to the Nakh word 1ayla (1alla), derived from the verb “1a” - “to accommodate, reside, live.” As for the sound “1” (ain), in one case it disappeared (ail, aul), and in the other it turned into “h” (aspiration), conveyed in Russian pronunciation as a hard “x”.

The Arabic word “amir” (sovereign, chief) and “amr” (order), having the root MR, are similar to the Chechen - “mar” (husband), “mayra” (brave), “marala dan” (command), from which they are derived European - major, mayor, majardom, etc.
The Arabic word “sunna”, translated as “custom”, can be compared with the Chechen “sanna” as “as if, it seems, like, like.” The connection between the meanings is obvious.
"Sura" is translated from Arabic as "row". Compare with the Chechen “sara” - “branch, wire, rod”. Here the commonality is observed in the principles of the meanings “row” and “rod”, that is, “line, even” (smooth). And the fact that the “a” of one language corresponds to the sound “u” of another language should not surprise the reader, because this is a common phenomenon. For example, “chub” (Russian) – “ch1ab” (Chech. “braid”), husband, man – mazh (Chech. “beard”), cube, goblet – khab (Chech. “bucket”), etc. .
The Russian “what” (sounds like “shto”) has an analogue in Chechen: “ishta” - “so, therefore.”

“Khalk” translated from Chechen means “people, crowd.” Compare with the German “folk” and Russian “regiment”, as well as with the Iranian “khalq”, the last consonant sound “къ” only in Chechen has a special pronunciation, which proves the undoubted antiquity of the word and its originality in the Nakh dialects.
“Hersi” or “khursik” in Chechen means “pig”. Coincides with the words pork (English) and “pig” (“hrs” // “prs”). It is known that such consonant sounds as “p”, “f”, “x”, “h” are interchangeable.
The word “qam” - “nation”, is considered by many to be borrowed from the Arabic language (“khaumi” - “people, community”), but in a number of European languages we found the word “common”, from which the famous term “communism” comes, which translated into Russian also means “people, community.”
The name of the historical empire “Qin” means “pure, pure” in Chinese. The word “ts1ena” in the Chechen language has the same meaning.
The English “steam” has a counterpart in the Chechen language “nap” (in the “n1ab” dialects) - “sleep”.

The Chechen “buk” and the English “back” are equally translated as “back, spine.” Let’s add here the same root as the word “buk” - “duk” has similarities with the Iranian “dag1” and is translated the same way as “mountain, ridge, mountain range.”

The self-name of the Laks in translation means “highlander” (as well as the self-name of the Avars – “mag1arul” - “highlander”). It is curious that in Chechen the root “lak” corresponds to “lakha” - “height, elevation”, that is, “mountain”. The word “mog1” and its plural “mog1arsh” translated from Chechen means “row, ridge”, which, in a sense, is also a designation of the concept “mountain”.
And now let’s try to construct these concepts denoting “highlander”, based on the laws of Chechen composition:
1) “lakha” + ho (lllo, - ncha).
2) “mag1ar” + lo (-ho).

Table N1 presents the genetic modules of the peoples of Eastern Europe, which are closest in terms of indicators to the Chechen ones.
To summarize Table N1 and draw conclusions about the genetic relatedness of northern (lowland) and southern Chechens with other peoples, Table N3 was compiled, in which proximity to Chechens was distributed into I, II and III places. Conventionally, in 1st place are “siblings”, in 2nd place are “cousins”, etc.

There are peoples who, by all indicators, appear most often in our table - for these peoples we compiled gradation indicators of the number of mentions of population genotypes in relation to Chechen genes.
According to table N3, we see, as expected, that the lowland and mountain Chechens, as representatives of one people, have many common, genetically native peoples. The Russians are closest to the Chechens in terms of the composition of genetic loci, and they occupy the first positions in all IV places, with the exception of I place among the lowland Chechens, where they lost to the Udmurts and IV places, again among the lowland Chechens.

Thus, the exact sciences - biology and mathematics show that mountain Chechens, in contrast to the established opinion, are several positions closer genetically to Russians than lowland Chechens. In second and third places, at first glance very unexpectedly, come representatives of the Finno-Ugric group: Udmurts, Estonians, who by far outstripped even the closest neighbors of the Chechens in the Caucasus - Kabardians, Kumyks, Ossetians. But this is quite natural, since in the era of ancient migrations the Finno-Ugrians and Russians were part of the same family, were closely related peoples and migrated through Asia to the North. It can be assumed that part of this route ran through the Caucasus, where they stayed for a long time and mixed with the local population, which is now reflected in the great similarity of their genotypes with the Chechen ones.
In the final Table N4 we see that, according to the gradation of the number of mentions of populations, the Russians take first place in terms of proximity to the Chechen genotype, who are by a significant margin ahead of the representatives of the Ural language family: Estonians, Udmurts, who occupy 2nd position.

Almost all representatives of the Finno-Ugric group are represented in the kinship table, but the Komi and Chuvash were pushed aside by a significant group of the Altai language family. They occupy 3rd position and represent the following peoples: Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Bashkirs, Uzbeks, Kazakhs. This branch is especially strongly represented among the lowland Chechens. This Turkic group competes with the Caucasian language family, where Georgians and Circassians take the leading place.

Thus, the Chechens are fairly distantly related to their Caucasian neighbors, although they are related by the same linguistic family. This fact confirms the strong anthropological difference between the Chechens and their neighbors, their “European” appearance, which many travelers wrote about back in the 19th century.

If we look historically, we see that the Circassians were greatly influenced by the Turkish, Greek and Tatar presence, which also affected the genetic level.

In the southeastern Caucasus, Dagestan, and Azerbaijan, numerous genetic changes occurred during the Arab campaigns and Iranian influence.

The Chechens were isolated, locked in the mountains and therefore retained more of their original genetic modules, which in ancient times were associated with the Finno-Ugric group, which included the Russian locus.

We found out who the Chechens are closely related to in the territory of the former Soviet Union.

Do Chechens have relatives in Western Europe and maybe they are closer genetically than Russians? Let's try to answer this question again with the help of statistical and genetic studies.

During the Second World War, Adolf Hitler, relying on the research of a number of scientists, came to the conclusion that “...There, in the east, a trace of the ancient Germanization of the North Caucasus was preserved. Chechens are an Aryan tribe” (20: p.2). Of course, one can express a skeptical opinion of the tyrant and the absence of his urge to manipulate the opinions of the people. But even this seemingly absurd opinion of the Fuhrer, half a century later, finds its confirmation as a result of careful laboratory studies by geneticists.

Let's look at Table N5 of the genetic relationship of Chechens with the peoples of Eurasia.

The Germans take first place in two positions. Then come the Spaniards and Russians.

The Germanic and Finno-Ugric populations were united in ancient times, but then the Spaniards and then the Germans separated from them first. This explains a lot in our research. In the final table by the number of mentions of genotypes related to the Chechen one, the Germans again take 1st place, the 2nd place is shared by Russians and Spaniards. In the second half of the 90s of the 20th century, in the wake of the growth of national self-awareness, the lack of censorship in historical science and the rampant permissiveness in Ichkeria, numerous articles and publications appeared that spoke about the kinship of the Chechens with the Egyptians, Etruscans, British and other peoples. Many people ridiculed these statements and considered these works to be fantasy and far from reality. But, as it now turns out, there was a grain of truth in these studies.

The Etruscans lived in the territory of ancient Italy. In our study, Italians, in terms of the degree of kinship with Chechens, and in terms of the number of mentions of genotypes, take an honorable 4th place, along with Adygeis and Basques.

And the British took 3rd position in two indicators. Moreover, in all of Eurasia, only the Chechens and the British have a genetic indicator of the nucleotide substitution G-6 N16336 that is not equal to zero; for the Chechens it is the highest, 0.154, and for the British it is 0.014; for all other peoples it is 0.0000.

The Chechens are a unique people in Europe not only in this regard. Chechens have the highest genetic code of nucleotide substitution in Eurasia C---T N 16296, which is 0.231, Russians are in second place with 0.120.

Also, the highest T-C N is 16356 for the Chechens and is equal to 0.154, the second place is for the Spaniards 0.118, the third for the Russians is 0.087.

Let us now consider the theory of the Great Migrations of Peoples, which still conceals many mysteries and influences modern life.

According to science, most of the peoples currently inhabiting Europe came here from Asia. The migration of ancient populations proceeded slowly, first across Asia, through its northern part.

Then, the re-population of Western Europe came from Western Asia. On the road from Asia to Europe, several natural water barriers arose - the deep Volga River, the Caspian and Black Sea, which required certain seafaring skills to overcome. In the absence of these skills and the presence of a large moving population, the Caucasus became one of the few land routes.

Back in the 19th century, Chechen language researcher P.K. Uslar suggested that “... the Caucasian highlanders are insignificant remnants of many peoples who inhabited vast strips of land in Asia and Europe in prehistoric times and belonged to one race, which disappeared everywhere, with the exception of Caucasus" (10: p. 12).

According to Uslar, “...General history reveals that all the peoples who played a leading role in the field of world history belong to the Caucasian race. The most ancient newcomers to the Caucasus were probably the prehistoric aborigines of Europe. There is a Finnish element in the Nokhche (Chechen) language” (28; p. 64; 244). Major Vlasov wrote about this in the 19th century: “...The similarity of some Chechen words with Latin, German and English is striking. I will say more: I found in the Chechen language forms found only in the most educated languages of the ancient world. I’m talking about the use of a dative with a participle and two independent datives with a participle, which are agreed with one of them” (5;, p.1).

In the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, there was an official division of the entire population into two human races: the Caucasian, which included Slavic and non-Slavic peoples, and the Mongoloid race (2; p.1).

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Classification Category: Language codes GOST 7.75–97: ISO 639-1: ISO 639-2: ISO 639-3: See also: Project: Linguistics

Chechen language (Nokhchin Mott listen)) is one of the Nakh languages, the national language of the Chechens.

The Chechen language is widespread in the Chechen Republic, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Khasavyurt, Novolak, and Kazbekovsky regions of Dagestan and the Akhmeta region of Georgia. According to the 2010 census, the number of speakers in Russia was 1,354,705 people. The Chechen language ranks fifth in terms of prevalence in Russia (after Russian, English, Tatar and German). The state (along with Russian) language of Chechnya and one of the literary languages of Dagestan.

Regional newspapers are published in the Chechen language in Chechnya (“Daimokhk”, radio newspaper “Chechnya Svobodnaya” and a number of others) and Dagestan (“Niiso-Dagestan”). Literary and artistic magazines “Orga” and “Vainakh” are published in Chechnya.

Dialects

The main dialects: planar, which formed the basis of the literary language, Akkinsky, Cheberloevsky, Melkhinsky, Itumkalinsky, Galanchozhsky, Kistinsky. They are divided into dialects, between which there are relatively minor differences. The greatest differences are between the Planar, Akkin, Cheberloev and partly Kist (due to the strong influence of the Georgian language) dialects.

Akka dialect

The complex of consonants characteristic of a literary language lx in Akkin it corresponds to px: lit. Malkh, Akkinsk. march("Sun"); liter. bolkh, Akkinsk. borkh("Job"). Unlike the literary one, in Akkinsky there is no progressive assimilation of the affixal n in verbal forms of the past tense: lit. Alla, Akkinsk. alnd("said"); liter. della, Akkinsk. dallnd(“finished”) In Akkinsky, class indicators can act as external inflection of verb forms: lit. d-alla, Akkinsk. d-aln-d(“finished”); liter. della, Akkinsk. d-eln-d(“gave away”), etc.

Melkhinsky dialect

Examples of phonetic differences between the Melkhin dialect and the literary language: lit. setzna, melch. seed("has stopped"); letter, letsna, melch. please(“caught”); liter. Etzna, melch. ista("bought"); liter. dechig, melch. dechk("firewood"); liter. hajj, melch. hella("forehead"); liter. yoh, melch. suck(“gut, sausage”), etc.

Itum-Kalinsky dialect

Examples of phonetic differences between the Eton-Kala dialect and the literary language: lit. wrestler, eton-k. bors("millet"); liter. darts, eton-k. dars("storm"); liter. lolhu, eton-k. Lieha(“searches”); liter. muohk, eton-k. moork(“land, country”); liter. duohk, eton-k. dwork("fog"); liter. burch, eton-k. bursh(pepper); liter. ircha, eton-k. irsha(“ugly”), etc.

Galanchoz dialect

The Galain-Chazh dialect, like the Akkin and Melkha dialects, combines the features of the Chechen and Ingush languages, and is a kind of bridge between the Chechen and Ingush languages. complex st at the beginning of a word in Galayn-Chazh, as in Ingush, corresponds With : lit. stag , galain-h. saga ("Human"); liter. haymaker , galain-h. sogar (“lamp”), as well as phonetic differences from the literary form: lit. dottagI, galain-h. dottah("Friend"); liter. bridgeІ, galain-h. bridges("enemy"); liter. orca, galain-h. orsa("anxiety"); liter. tzitzig, galain-h. cisk("cat"); liter. dechig, galain-h. cheap("tree"); liter. echig, galain-h. alshk(“iron”), etc.

The ending of verbs also occupies an intermediate position between the Chechen and Ingush languages: lit. Chech. gIur wu , lit. ing. gIoag va , galain-h. gIuorg wu (“I’ll go”); liter. Chech. huur du , lit. ing. howg yes , galain-h. Howrg do (“I recognize”) In the Galayn-Chazh dialect, as well as in the Ingush language, and in the Akkin and Melkha dialects of the Chechen language, the letter f is used: liter. xIoa , galain-h. foaa ("egg"); liter. xIord , galain-h. ford (“sea”), a distinctive feature of the Galayn-Chazh dialect, is also: yah instead of literary bang (“to speak”), and strict designation of grammatical classes in verb and adjective forms: lit. Iarzhanig , galain-h. Iarzhavarg / Іаржаярг / Iarzhabarg / Iarzhadarg ("black"); liter. dikanig , galain-h. dikavarg / dikayarg / dikabarg / dikadarg ("good"); liter. tІечІагІо , galain-h. tIichIagIava / tIichIagIaya / tIichIagIaba / tIichIagIada (“attach”); liter. satso , galain-h. satsava / satsaya / satsaba / satsada (“attach”), etc. Some lexical, morphological and syntactic features are also observed in the dialects under consideration.

Writing

With the spread of Islam in Chechnya, Arabic writing was established. In the 19th - early 20th centuries it was reformed to suit the needs of Chechen phonetics. In parallel, since 1862, Chechen writing in Cyrillic existed, created by P.K. Uslar. In 1925, writing on a Latin basis was introduced. In 1938 it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, which is still in use today. In the 1990s, an attempt was made to restore the Latinized alphabet.

Chechen alphabet:

A a	Ah ah	B b	In in	G g	GӀ gӀ	D d	Her	Her	F
Z z	And and	Thy	K k	Kh kh	K	КӀ кӀ	L l	Mm	N n
Oh oh	Oh oh	P p	PӀ pӀ	R r	With with	T t	TӀ tӀ	U y	Ooh ooh
F f	X x	HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHR	XӀ xӀ	Ts ts	TsӀ tsӀ	H h	ChӀ chӀ	Sh sh	sch sch
Kommersant	s s	b b	Uh uh	Yu Yu	Yu Yu	I I	Yay yay	Ӏ

Linguistic characteristics

Phonetics and phonology

Morphology

The morphological system is agglutinative-inflective. It has 6 grammatical classes, multi-case declension, verbal categories of class, tense, mood, aspect.

As of July 16, 2019, the Chechen Wikipedia has Lua error in package.lua on line 80: module "Module:NumberOf/data" not found. articles.

Since the beginning of 2013, this is the largest of the sections in the Nakh-Dagestan languages.

As of November 2013, in terms of the volume of thousands of articles that should be in each Wikipedia, the section occupied 103rd place, and in terms of the volume of the extended list of 10,000 most important articles - 126th place among all sections of Wikipedia.

Traditional greeting

Marshall or Marshall Hattar(Chechen greeting question) - traditional Chechen greetings, part of speech etiquette. Unlike the Islamic greeting “Assalam alaikum”, used in the Chechen environment only between men, “marshalla do hyoga/shugga” has a universal application, and like “assalamu alaikum”, it means “peace be with you”.

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Notes

Literature

Arsakhanov I. A. Chechen dialectology / Chechen-Ingush Research Institute of History, Language, Literature and Economics; edited by Z. A. Gavrishevskaya. - Grozny: Chechen-Ingush book publishing house, 1969. - 211 p. - 600 copies.
Baysultanov D. B. Expressive and stylistic characteristics of phraseological units of the Chechen language (dissertation). - Leiden, 2006.
Gugiev Kh. G., Humparov A. Kh., Chentieva M. D. Nokhchiin mettan grammar. - Grozny, 1940.
Desheriev Yu. D. Modern Chechen literary language. Phonetics. - Grozny, 1960.
Desherieva T. I. Comparative typological phonetics of the Chechen and Russian literary languages. - Grozny, 1965.
Uslar P.K. Ethnography of the Caucasus. Linguistics. Chechen language. - Tiflis, 1888.
Chokaev K. 3. Word formation of nouns in the Chechen literary language. - Grozny, 1959.
Yakovlev N. F. Morphology of the Chechen language // Proceedings of Chech.-Ing. Research Institute for the History of Language and Literature. - Grozny, 1959. - T. I.
Yakovlev N. F. Syntax of the Chechen literary language. - M, 1940.

Dialects:

Aliroev M. Kist dialect of the Chechen language // Izv. Chech.-Ing. Research Institute of History, Language and Literature (issue 2). - Grozny, 1962. - T. III.
Arsakhanov I. A. Akkinsky dialect in the Chechen-Ingush language system. - Grozny, 1959.
Matsiev A. G. Cheberloevsky dialect. - Grozny, 1962.

Dictionaries:

Aliroev I. Yu. Chechen-Russian dictionary / Ed. Khamidova Z. Kh.. - M: “Academia”, 2005. - 384 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-87444-179-4..
Dzhamalkhanov Z. D., Matsiev A. G., Odzoev I. A. Chechen-Ingush-Russian dictionary. - Grozny, 1962.
Ismailov A. T. Word. Reflections on the Chechen language / Answer. ed. Z. D. Dzhamalkhanov. - Elista: APP "Dzhangar", 2005. - 928 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-94587-035-8..
Karasaev A. T., Matsiev A. G. Russian-Chechen dictionary. - “Russian language”, 1978. - 728 p.
Matsiev A. G. Chechen-Russian dictionary. - M, 1961.

Links

Khamidova, Zulay (1999). "". Collection of articles: Chechnya and Russia: societies and states, Polinform-Talbury, Andrei Sakharov Foundation.
in Ethnologue
http://nohchalla.com/chechenskiy-yazyk/chechenskiy-samouchitel.html

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An excerpt characterizing the Chechen language

We immediately stared at Maria in unison. Again it was some terrible man, and again he killed... Apparently, it was the same one who killed her Dean.
“This girl, her name is Maria, lost her only protection, her friend, who was also killed by a “man.” I think it's the same one. How can we find him? You know?
“He will come himself...” the Sun answered quietly, and pointed to the kids huddling close to him. - He will come for them... He accidentally let them go, I stopped him.
Stella and I got big, big, spiky goosebumps crawling down our backs...
It sounded ominous... And we weren’t yet old enough to destroy someone so easily, and we didn’t even know if we could... It’s all very simple in books - good heroes defeat monsters... But in reality everything is much more complicated. And even if you are sure that this is evil, in order to defeat it, you need a lot of courage... We knew how to do good, which not everyone knows how to do either... But how to take someone’s life, even the worst one , neither Stella nor I had to learn yet... And without trying this, we could not be absolutely sure that our same “courage” would not let us down at the most necessary moment.
I didn’t even notice that all this time the Luminary was watching us very seriously. And, of course, our confused faces told him about all the “hesitations” and “fears” better than any, even the longest confession...
– You’re right, dears – only fools are not afraid to kill... or monsters... But a normal person will never get used to this... especially if he’s never even tried it before. But you don't have to try. I won’t allow it... Because even if you, righteously defending someone, take revenge, it will burn your souls... And you will never be the same again... Believe me.
Suddenly, right behind the wall, a terrible laughter was heard, chilling the soul with its savagery... The kids squealed, and they all fell to the floor at once. Stella feverishly tried to close the cave with her protection, but, apparently from strong excitement, nothing worked for her... Maria stood motionless, white as death, and it was clear that the state of shock she had recently experienced was returning to her.
“It’s him...” the girl whispered in horror. - He killed Dean... And he will kill us all...
- Well, we'll see about that later. – the Luminary said deliberately, very confidently. - We haven’t seen anything like this! Hang in there, Maria girl.
The laughter continued. And I suddenly realized very clearly that a person could not laugh like that! Even the most “lower astral”... Something was wrong in all of this, something didn’t add up... It was more like a farce. To some kind of fake performance, with a very scary, deadly ending... And then it finally “came to me” - he was not the person he looked!!! It was just a human face, but the inside was scary, alien... And, it was not, I decided to try to fight it. But if I knew the outcome, I probably would never have tried...
The kids and Maria hid in a deep niche that was not reachable by sunlight. Stella and I stood inside, trying to somehow hold on to the defense that was constantly tearing for some reason. And the Light, trying to maintain iron calm, met this unfamiliar monster at the entrance to the cave, and as I understood, he was not going to let him in. Suddenly my heart ached strongly, as if in anticipation of some great misfortune....
A bright blue flame blazed - we all gasped in unison... What a minute ago was the Luminary, in just one short moment turned into “nothing”, without even beginning to resist... Flashing into a transparent blue haze, it went into distant eternity, without leaving even a trace in this world...
We didn’t have time to get scared when, immediately after the incident, a creepy man appeared in the passage. He was very tall and surprisingly... handsome. But all his beauty was spoiled by the vile expression of cruelty and death on his refined face, and there was also some kind of terrifying “degeneration” in him, if you can somehow define that... And then, I suddenly remembered Maria’s words about her “horror movie” " Dina. She was absolutely right - beauty can be surprisingly scary... but good “scary” can be deeply and strongly loved...
The creepy man laughed wildly again...
His laughter echoed painfully in my brain, digging into it with thousands of the finest needles, and my numb body weakened, gradually becoming almost “wooden,” as if under a strong alien influence... The sound of crazy laughter, like fireworks, crumbled into millions of unfamiliar shades, right there sharp fragments returning back to the brain. And then I finally understood - it really was something like a powerful “hypnosis”, which, with its unusual sound, constantly increased fear, making us panicky afraid of this person.
- So what, how long are you going to laugh?! Or are you afraid to speak? Otherwise we’re tired of listening to you, it’s all nonsense! – unexpectedly for myself, I shouted rudely.
I had no idea what came over me, and where did I suddenly get so much courage?! Because my head was already spinning from fear, and my legs were giving way, as if I was going to fall to sleep right now, on the floor of this same cave... But it’s not for nothing that they say that sometimes people are capable of performing feats out of fear... Here I am, I was probably already so “exorbitantly” afraid that I somehow managed to forget about the same fear... Fortunately, the scary man didn’t notice anything - apparently he was thrown off by the fact that I suddenly dared to speak to him so brazenly. And I continued, feeling that I had to quickly break this “conspiracy” at all costs...
- Well, how about we talk a little, or can you just laugh? Did they teach you how to speak?..
I deliberately annoyed him as best I could, trying to unsettle him, but at the same time I was wildly afraid that he would show us that he could do more than just talk... Quickly glancing at Stella, I tried to give her a picture of him who had always saved us , a green ray (this “green ray” simply meant a very dense, concentrated energy flow emanating from a green crystal, which my distant “star friends” once gave me, and whose energy apparently differed greatly in quality from the “earthly” one, so it worked it is almost always trouble-free). The girlfriend nodded, and before the terrible man had time to come to his senses, we hit him right in the heart... if, of course, it was there at all... The creature howled (I already realized that this was not a person), and began to writhe like would “tear off” someone else’s “earthly” body, which was so disturbing him... We hit again. And then suddenly we saw two different entities that, tightly grappling, flashing with blue lightning, rolled on the floor, as if trying to incinerate each other... One of them was the same beautiful human, and the second... such horror was impossible for a normal brain neither imagine nor imagine... Rolling along the floor, fiercely grappling with a person, was something incredibly scary and evil, similar to a two-headed monster, dripping with green saliva and “smiling” with bared knife-like fangs... The green, scaly-snake-like body of a terrifying The creature was amazing with its flexibility and it was clear that the person could not stand it for long, and that if he was not helped, then this poor fellow had nothing left to live, even in this terrible world...
I saw that Stella was trying her best to hit, but was afraid of hurting the person she really wanted to help. And then suddenly Maria jumped out of her hiding place, and... somehow grabbed the eerie creature by the neck, flashed for a second as a bright torch and... stopped living forever... We didn’t even have time to scream, much less to understand something, and a fragile, brave girl without hesitation sacrificed herself so that some other good person could win, remaining to live instead of her... My heart literally stopped from pain. Stella began to sob... And on the floor of the cave lay an unusually handsome and powerful man. Only at the moment he did not look strong, rather the opposite - he seemed dying and very vulnerable... The monster disappeared. And, to our surprise, the pressure that just a minute ago threatened to completely crush our brains was immediately relieved.
Stella came closer to the stranger and timidly touched his high forehead with her palm - the man showed no signs of life. And only by the still slightly trembling eyelids it was clear that he was still here, with us, and had not completely died, so that, like the Shining One with Mary, he would never live anywhere else...
- But what about Maria... How could she?!.. After all, she is very small... - Stella whispered bitterly, swallowing tears... shiny large peas flowed like a stream along her pale cheeks and, merging into wet paths, dripped on the chest. - And the Sun... Well, how can that be?... Well, tell me?! How so!!! This is not a victory at all, it’s worse than defeat!.. You can’t win at such a price!..
What could I answer her?! I, just like her, was very sad and hurt... The loss burned my soul, leaving deep bitterness in such a still fresh memory and, it seemed, imprinted this terrible moment there forever... But I had to somehow pull myself together, because nearby, fearfully huddling together, stood very small, deathly frightened children, who were very scared at that moment and who had no one to calm them down or caress them. Therefore, forcing my pain as deep as possible and smiling warmly at the kids, I asked what their names were. The kids did not answer, but only huddled even tighter to each other, completely not understanding what was happening, or also where their new, newly found friend, with a very kind and warm name - Luminary, had gone so quickly....
Stella, cowering, sat on a pebble and, quietly sobbing, wiped away with her fist the burning tears that were still flowing... Her entire fragile, shriveled figure expressed the deepest sadness... And now, looking at her, so grieving, and so unlike to my usual “bright Stella”, I suddenly felt terribly cold and scared, as if, in one short moment, the whole bright and sunny Stella world had completely gone out, and instead of it we were now surrounded only by a dark, soul-scratching emptiness...
For some reason, Stellino’s usual high-speed “self-recovery” didn’t work this time... Apparently, it was too painful to lose friends dear to her heart, especially knowing that, no matter how much she missed them later, she would never see them anywhere else and never... This was not an ordinary bodily death, when we all get a great chance to be incarnated again. It was their soul that died... And Stella knew that neither the brave girl Maria, nor the “eternal warrior” Luminary, nor even the scary, kind Dean, would never be incarnated again, having sacrificed their eternal life for others, perhaps very good, but completely strangers to them...
My soul, just like Stella’s, was very painful, because this was the first time I saw in reality how brave and very kind people... my friends, passed away into eternity of their own free will. And it seemed that sadness had settled in my wounded children’s heart forever... But I also already understood that no matter how much I suffered, and no matter how much I wished for it, nothing would bring them back... Stella was right - it’s impossible was to win at such a price... But it was their own choice, and we had no right to deny them this. And to try to convince us - we simply did not have enough time for this... But the living had to live, otherwise all this irreparable sacrifice would have been in vain. But this is exactly what could not be allowed.
– What are we going to do with them? – Stella sighed convulsively and pointed to the kids huddled together. – There is no way to leave here.
I didn’t have time to answer when a calm and very sad voice sounded:
“I’ll stay with them, if you allow me, of course.”
We jumped up together and turned around - it was the man Mary saved who spoke... And somehow we completely forgot about him.
- How are you feeling? – I asked as friendly as possible.
I honestly did not wish harm to this unfortunate stranger, saved at such a high price. It wasn't his fault, and Stella and I understood that very well. But the terrible bitterness of loss was still clouding my eyes with anger, and although I knew that this was very, very unfair for him, I just couldn’t pull myself together and push this terrible pain out of myself, leaving it “for later” when I completely alone, and, having locked myself “in my corner,” I could give vent to bitter and very heavy tears... And I was also very afraid that the stranger would somehow feel my “rejection,” and thus his liberation would lose its importance and beauty victory over evil, in the name of which my friends died... Therefore, I tried my best to pull myself together and, smiling as sincerely as possible, waited for the answer to my question.
The man sadly looked around, apparently not quite understanding what had happened here, and what had been happening to himself all this time...
“Well, where am I?” he asked quietly, his voice hoarse from excitement. -What kind of place is this, so terrible? It's not like what I remember... Who are you?
- We are friends. And you’re absolutely right - this is not a very pleasant place... And a little further on, the places are generally wildly scary. Our friend lived here, he died...
- I'm sorry, little ones. How did your friend die?
“You killed him,” Stella whispered sadly.
I froze, staring at my friend... This was not said by the “sunny” Stella, whom I knew well, who “without fail” felt sorry for everyone, and would never make anyone suffer!.. But, apparently, the pain of loss, like me, it gave her an unconscious feeling of anger “at everyone and everything,” and the baby was not yet able to control this within herself.
“Me?!..” the stranger exclaimed. – But this cannot be true! I've never killed anyone!..
We felt that he was telling the absolute truth, and we knew that we had no right to shift the blame of others onto him. Therefore, without even saying a word, we smiled together and immediately tried to quickly explain what really happened here.
The man was in a state of absolute shock for a long time... Apparently, everything he heard sounded wild to him, and certainly did not coincide with what he really was, and how he felt about such terrible evil, which does not fit into normal human frameworks ...
- How can I make up for all this?!.. After all, I can’t? And how can we live with this?!.. - he grabbed his head... - How many have I killed, tell me!.. Can anyone say this? What about your friends? Why did they do this? But why?!!!..
– So that you can live as you should... As you wanted... And not as someone wanted... To kill the Evil that killed others. That’s probably why...” Stella said sadly.
- Forgive me, dear... Forgive me... If you can... - the man looked completely killed, and I was suddenly “pricked” by a very bad feeling...
- Well, I do not! – I exclaimed indignantly. - Now you must live! Do you want to nullify their entire sacrifice?! Don't even dare think! Now you will do good instead of them! It will be right. And “leaving” is the easiest thing. And now you no longer have such a right.
The stranger stared at me in amazement, apparently not expecting such a violent outburst of “righteous” indignation. And then he smiled sadly and said quietly:
- How you loved them!.. Who are you, girl?
My throat became very sore and for some time I could not squeeze out a word. It was very painful because of such a heavy loss, and, at the same time, I was sad for this “restless” person, for whom it would be oh, how difficult it would be to exist with such a burden...
- I am Svetlana. And this is Stella. We're just hanging out here. We visit friends or help someone when we can. True, there are no friends left now...
- Forgive me, Svetlana. Although it probably won’t change anything if I ask you for forgiveness every time... What happened happened, and I can’t change anything. But I can change what will happen, right? - the man glared at me with his eyes blue as the sky and, smiling, a sad smile, said: - And yet... You say I am free in my choice?.. But it turns out - not so free, dear... It looks more like atonement... Which I agree with, of course. But it is your choice that I am obliged to live for your friends. Because they gave their lives for me... But I didn’t ask for this, right?.. Therefore, it’s not my choice...
I looked at him, completely dumbfounded, and instead of “proud indignation” that was ready to immediately burst from my lips, I gradually began to understand what he was talking about... No matter how strange or offensive it may sound - but all this was the honest truth! Even if I didn't like it at all...
Yes, I was very pained for my friends, for the fact that I would never see them again... that I would no longer have our wonderful, “eternal” conversations with my friend Luminary, in his strange cave filled with light and warmth ... that the laughing Maria would no longer show us the funny places that Dean had found, and her laughter would not sound like a merry bell... And it was especially painful because this complete stranger to us would now live instead of them...
But, again, on the other hand, he did not ask us to interfere... He did not ask us to die for him. I didn't want to take someone's life. And now he will have to live with this heavy burden, trying to “pay off” with his future actions a guilt that was not really his fault... Rather, it was the guilt of that terrible, unearthly creature who, having captured the essence of our stranger, killed “right and left.”

Vainakh group Writing: Language codes GOST 7.75–97: ISO 639-1: ISO 639-2: ISO 639-3: See also: Project: Linguistics

Chechen language (Nokhchin Mott listen)) is one of the Nakh languages, the national language of the Chechens.

Dialects

Akka dialect

Melkhinsky dialect

Itum-Kalinsky dialect

Galanchoz dialect

Writing

Chechen alphabet:

A a	Ah ah	B b	In in	G g	GӀ gӀ	D d	Her	Her	F
Z z	And and	Thy	K k	Kh kh	K	КӀ кӀ	L l	Mm	N n
Oh oh	Oh oh	P p	PӀ pӀ	R r	With with	T t	TӀ tӀ	U y	Ooh ooh
F f	X x	HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHR	XӀ xӀ	Ts ts	TsӀ tsӀ	H h	ChӀ chӀ	Sh sh	sch sch
Kommersant	s s	b b	Uh uh	Yu Yu	Yu Yu	I I	Yay yay	Ӏ

Linguistic characteristics

Phonetics and phonology

Morphology

The morphological system is agglutinative-inflective. It has 6 grammatical classes, multi-case declension, verbal categories of class, tense, mood, aspect.

As of July 16, 2019, the Chechen Wikipedia has Lua error: module "Module:NumberOf/data" not found. articles.

Since the beginning of 2013, this is the largest of the sections in the Nakh-Dagestan languages.

Traditional greeting

Write a review about the article "Chechen language"

Notes

Literature

Arsakhanov I. A. Chechen dialectology / Chechen-Ingush Research Institute of History, Language, Literature and Economics; edited by Z. A. Gavrishevskaya. - Grozny: Chechen-Ingush book publishing house, 1969. - 211 p. - 600 copies.
Baysultanov D. B. Expressive and stylistic characteristics of phraseological units of the Chechen language (dissertation). - Leiden, 2006.
Gugiev Kh. G., Humparov A. Kh., Chentieva M. D. Nokhchiin mettan grammar. - Grozny, 1940.
Desheriev Yu. D. Modern Chechen literary language. Phonetics. - Grozny, 1960.
Desherieva T. I. Comparative typological phonetics of the Chechen and Russian literary languages. - Grozny, 1965.
Uslar P.K. Ethnography of the Caucasus. Linguistics. Chechen language. - Tiflis, 1888.
Chokaev K. 3. Word formation of nouns in the Chechen literary language. - Grozny, 1959.
Yakovlev N. F. Morphology of the Chechen language // Proceedings of Chech.-Ing. Research Institute for the History of Language and Literature. - Grozny, 1959. - T. I.
Yakovlev N. F. Syntax of the Chechen literary language. - M, 1940.

Dialects:

Aliroev M. Kist dialect of the Chechen language // Izv. Chech.-Ing. Research Institute of History, Language and Literature (issue 2). - Grozny, 1962. - T. III.
Arsakhanov I. A. Akkinsky dialect in the Chechen-Ingush language system. - Grozny, 1959.
Matsiev A. G. Cheberloevsky dialect. - Grozny, 1962.

Dictionaries:

Aliroev I. Yu. Chechen-Russian dictionary / Ed. Khamidova Z. Kh.. - M: “Academia”, 2005. - 384 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-87444-179-4..
Dzhamalkhanov Z. D., Matsiev A. G., Odzoev I. A. Chechen-Ingush-Russian dictionary. - Grozny, 1962.
Ismailov A. T. Word. Reflections on the Chechen language / Answer. ed. Z. D. Dzhamalkhanov. - Elista: APP "Dzhangar", 2005. - 928 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-94587-035-8..
Karasaev A. T., Matsiev A. G. Russian-Chechen dictionary. - “Russian language”, 1978. - 728 p.
Matsiev A. G. Chechen-Russian dictionary. - M, 1961.

Links

Khamidova, Zulay (1999). "". Collection of articles: Chechnya and Russia: societies and states, Polinform-Talbury, Andrei Sakharov Foundation.
in Ethnologue
nohchalla.com/chechenskiy-yazyk/chechenskiy-samouchitel.html



State language of the Russian Federation

Official languages subjects of the Federation

Languages with official status



Nakh branch

Avaro-Ando-Tsez branch

Lak branch

Dargin branch¹

Lezgin branch

Khinalug branch²

An excerpt characterizing the Chechen language

At the beginning of winter, Prince Nikolai Andreich Bolkonsky and his daughter arrived in Moscow. Due to his past, his intelligence and originality, especially due to the weakening at that time of enthusiasm for the reign of Emperor Alexander, and due to the anti-French and patriotic trend that reigned in Moscow at that time, Prince Nikolai Andreich immediately became the subject of special respect from Muscovites and the center of Moscow opposition to the government.
The prince grew very old this year. Sharp signs of old age appeared in him: unexpected falling asleep, forgetfulness of immediate events and memory of long-standing ones, and the childish vanity with which he accepted the role of head of the Moscow opposition. Despite the fact that when the old man, especially in the evenings, came out to tea in his fur coat and powdered wig, and, touched by someone, began his abrupt stories about the past, or even more abrupt and harsh judgments about the present, he aroused in all his guests the same feeling of respectful respect. For visitors, this entire old house with huge dressing tables, pre-revolutionary furniture, these footmen in powder, and the cool and smart old man himself from the last century with his meek daughter and pretty French girl, who stood in awe of him, presented a majestically pleasant sight. But the visitors did not think that in addition to these two or three hours, during which they saw the owners, there were another 22 hours a day, during which the secret inner life of the house took place.
Recently in Moscow this inner life has become very difficult for Princess Marya. In Moscow she was deprived of those best joys - conversations with God's people and solitude - which refreshed her in Bald Mountains, and did not have any of the benefits and joys of metropolitan life. She did not go out into the world; everyone knew that her father would not let her go without him, and due to ill health he himself could not travel, and she was no longer invited to dinners and evenings. Princess Marya completely abandoned hope of marriage. She saw the coldness and bitterness with which Prince Nikolai Andreich received and sent away young people who could be suitors, who sometimes came to their house. Princess Marya had no friends: on this visit to Moscow she was disappointed in her two closest people. M lle Bourienne, with whom she had previously been unable to be completely frank, now became unpleasant to her and for some reason she began to move away from her. Julie, who was in Moscow and to whom Princess Marya wrote for five years in a row, turned out to be a complete stranger to her when Princess Marya again became acquainted with her in person. Julie at this time, having become one of the richest brides in Moscow on the occasion of the death of her brothers, was in the midst of social pleasures. She was surrounded by young people who, she thought, suddenly appreciated her merits. Julie was in that period of the aging society young lady who feels that her last chance for marriage has come, and now or never her fate must be decided. Princess Marya remembered with a sad smile on Thursdays that she now had no one to write to, since Julie, Julie, from whose presence she did not feel any joy, was here and saw her every week. She, like an old emigrant who refused to marry the lady with whom he spent his evenings for several years, regretted that Julie was here and she had no one to write to. Princess Marya had no one in Moscow to talk to, no one to confide in her grief, and much new grief had been added during this time. The time for Prince Andrei's return and his marriage was approaching, and his order to prepare his father for this was not only not fulfilled, but on the contrary, the matter seemed completely ruined, and the reminder of Countess Rostova infuriated the old prince, who was already out of sorts most of the time . A new grief that had recently increased for Princess Marya was the lessons that she gave to her six-year-old nephew. In her relationship with Nikolushka, she recognized with horror the irritability of her father. No matter how many times she told herself that she shouldn’t allow herself to get excited while teaching her nephew, almost every time she sat down with a pointer to learn the French alphabet, she so wanted to quickly and easily transfer her knowledge from herself into the child, who was already afraid that there was an aunt She would be angry that at the slightest inattention on the part of the boy she would flinch, hurry, get excited, raise her voice, sometimes pull him by the hand and put him in a corner. Having placed him in a corner, she herself began to cry over her evil, bad nature, and Nikolushka, imitating her sobs, came out of the corner without permission, approached her, pulled her wet hands away from her face, and consoled her. But what caused the princess more grief was her father’s irritability, which was always directed against his daughter and had recently reached the point of cruelty. If he had forced her to bow all night, if he had beaten her and forced her to carry firewood and water, it would never have occurred to her that her position was difficult; but this loving tormentor, the most cruel because he loved and tormented himself and her for that reason, deliberately knew how not only to insult and humiliate her, but also to prove to her that she was always to blame for everything. Lately, a new feature had appeared in him, one that tormented Princess Marya most of all - it was his greater rapprochement with m lle Bourienne. The thought that came to him, in the first minute after receiving news of his son’s intentions, that if Andrei marries, then he himself would marry Bourienne, apparently pleased him, and he stubbornly lately (as it seemed to Princess Marya) only in order to insult her, he showed special affection to m lle Bourienne and showed his dissatisfaction with his daughter by showing love for Bourienne.
Once in Moscow, in the presence of Princess Marya (it seemed to her that her father had done this on purpose in front of her), the old prince kissed M lle Bourienne's hand and, pulling her towards him, hugged her and caressed her. Princess Marya flushed and ran out of the room. A few minutes later, M lle Bourienne entered Princess Marya, smiling and cheerfully telling something in her pleasant voice. Princess Marya hastily wiped away her tears, walked up to Bourienne with decisive steps and, apparently without knowing it herself, with angry haste and outbursts of her voice, began shouting at the Frenchwoman: “It’s disgusting, low, inhumane to take advantage of weakness...” She didn’t finish. “Get out of my room,” she shouted and began to sob.
The next day the prince did not say a word to his daughter; but she noticed that at dinner he ordered the food to be served, starting with m lle Bourienne. At the end of dinner, when the barman, according to his previous habit, again served coffee, starting with the princess, the prince suddenly flew into a rage, threw a crutch at Philip and immediately made an order to hand him over as a soldier. “They don’t hear... I said it twice!... they don’t hear!”
“She is the first person in this house; “she is my best friend,” the prince shouted. “And if you allow yourself,” he shouted in anger, turning to Princess Marya for the first time, “once again, like yesterday you dared... to forget yourself in front of her, then I will show you who’s boss in the house.” Out! so that I don’t see you; ask her for forgiveness!”
Princess Marya asked forgiveness from Amalya Evgenievna and her father for herself and for Philip the barman, who asked for spades.
At such moments, a feeling similar to the pride of a victim gathered in Princess Marya’s soul. And suddenly, at such moments, in her presence, this father, whom she condemned, either looked for his glasses, feeling near them and not seeing, or forgot what was just happening, or took an unsteady step with weak legs and looked around to see if anyone had seen him weakness, or, worst of all, at dinner, when there were no guests to excite him, he would suddenly doze off, letting go of his napkin, and bend over the plate, his head shaking. “He is old and weak, and I dare to condemn him!” she thought with disgust for herself at such moments.

In 1811, in Moscow there lived a French doctor who quickly became fashionable, huge in stature, handsome, as amiable as a Frenchman and, as everyone in Moscow said, a doctor of extraordinary skill - Metivier. He was accepted into the houses of high society not as a doctor, but as an equal.
Prince Nikolai Andreich, who laughed at medicine, recently, on the advice of m lle Bourienne, allowed this doctor to visit him and got used to him. Metivier visited the prince twice a week.
On Nikola’s day, the prince’s name day, all of Moscow was at the entrance of his house, but he did not order to receive anyone; and only a few, a list of which he gave to Princess Marya, he ordered to be called to dinner.
Metivier, who arrived in the morning with congratulations, in his capacity as a doctor, found it proper to de forcer la consigne [to violate the prohibition], as he told Princess Marya, and went in to see the prince. It so happened that on this birthday morning the old prince was in one of his worst moods. He walked around the house all morning, finding fault with everyone and pretending that he did not understand what they were saying to him and that they did not understand him. Princess Marya firmly knew this state of mind of quiet and preoccupied grumbling, which was usually resolved by an explosion of rage, and as if in front of a loaded, cocked gun, she walked all that morning, waiting for the inevitable shot. The morning before the doctor arrived went well. Having let the doctor pass, Princess Marya sat down with a book in the living room by the door, from which she could hear everything that was happening in the office.
At first she heard one voice of Metivier, then the voice of her father, then both voices spoke together, the door swung open and on the threshold appeared the frightened, beautiful figure of Metivier with his black crest, and the figure of a prince in a cap and robe with a face disfigured by rage and drooping pupils of his eyes.
- Do not understand? - the prince shouted, - but I understand! French spy, Bonaparte's slave, spy, get out of my house - get out, I say - and he slammed the door.
Metivier shrugged his shoulders and approached Mademoiselle Bourienne, who had come running in response to the scream from the next room.
“The prince is not entirely healthy,” la bile et le transport au cerveau. Tranquillisez vous, je repasserai demain, [bile and rush to the brain. Calm down, I’ll come by tomorrow,” said Metivier and, putting his finger to his lips, he hurriedly left.
Outside the door one could hear footsteps in shoes and shouts: “Spies, traitors, traitors everywhere! There is no moment of peace in your home!”
After Metivier left, the old prince called his daughter to him and the full force of his anger fell on her. It was her fault that a spy was allowed in to see him. .After all, he said, he told her to make a list, and those who were not on the list should not be allowed in. Why did they let this scoundrel in! She was the reason for everything. With her he could not have a moment of peace, he could not die in peace, he said.
- No, mother, disperse, disperse, you know that, you know! “I can’t do it anymore,” he said and left the room. And as if afraid that she would not be able to console herself somehow, he returned to her and, trying to assume a calm appearance, added: “And don’t think that I told you this in a moment of my heart, but I am calm, and I have thought it over; and it will be - disperse, look for a place for yourself!... - But he could not stand it and with that embitterment that can only be found in a person who loves, he, apparently suffering himself, shook his fists and shouted to her:
- And at least some fool would marry her! “He slammed the door, called m lle Bourienne to him and fell silent in the office.
At two o'clock the chosen six persons arrived for dinner. The guests—the famous Count Rostopchin, Prince Lopukhin and his nephew, General Chatrov, the prince’s old comrade in arms, and young Pierre and Boris Drubetskoy—were waiting for him in the living room.
The other day, Boris, who came to Moscow on vacation, wished to be introduced to Prince Nikolai Andreevich and managed to gain his favor to such an extent that the prince made an exception for him from all the single young people whom he did not accept.
The prince’s house was not what is called “light,” but it was such a small circle that, although it was unheard of in the city, it was most flattering to be accepted into it. Boris understood this a week ago, when in his presence Rostopchin told the commander-in-chief, who called the count to dinner on St. Nicholas Day, that he could not be:
“On this day I always go to venerate the relics of Prince Nikolai Andreich.
“Oh yes, yes,” answered the commander-in-chief. - What he?..
The small company gathered in the old-fashioned, tall, old-furnished living room before dinner looked like a solemn council of a court of justice. Everyone was silent and if they spoke, they spoke quietly. Prince Nikolai Andreich came out serious and silent. Princess Marya seemed even more quiet and timid than usual. The guests were reluctant to address her because they saw that she had no time for their conversations. Count Rostopchin alone held the thread of the conversation, talking about the latest city and political news.
Lopukhin and the old general occasionally took part in the conversation. Prince Nikolai Andreich listened as the chief judge listened to the report that was being made to him, only occasionally declaring in silence or a short word that he was taking note of what was being reported to him. The tone of the conversation was such that it was clear that no one approved of what was being done in the political world. They talked about events that obviously confirmed that everything was going from bad to worse; but in every story and judgment it was striking how the narrator stopped or was stopped every time at the border where the judgment could relate to the person of the sovereign emperor.
During dinner, the conversation turned to the latest political news, about Napoleon's seizure of the possessions of the Duke of Oldenburg and about the Russian note hostile to Napoleon, sent to all European courts.
“Bonaparte treats Europe like a pirate on a conquered ship,” said Count Rostopchin, repeating a phrase he had already spoken several times. - You are only surprised at the long-suffering or blindness of sovereigns. Now it comes to the Pope, and Bonaparte no longer hesitates to overthrow the head of the Catholic religion, and everyone is silent! One of our sovereigns protested against the seizure of the possessions of the Duke of Oldenburg. And then...” Count Rostopchin fell silent, feeling that he was standing at the point where it was no longer possible to judge.
“They offered other possessions instead of the Duchy of Oldenburg,” said Prince Nikolai Andreich. “Just as I resettled men from Bald Mountains to Bogucharovo and Ryazan, so he did the dukes.”
“Le duc d"Oldenbourg supporte son malheur avec une force de caractere et une resignation admirable, [The Duke of Oldenburg bears his misfortune with remarkable willpower and submission to fate," said Boris, respectfully entering into the conversation. He said this because he was passing through from St. Petersburg had the honor of introducing himself to the Duke. Prince Nikolai Andreich looked at the young man as if he would like to say something to him about this, but changed his mind, considering him too young for that.
“I read our protest about the Oldenburg case and was surprised at the poor wording of this note,” said Count Rostopchin, in the careless tone of a man judging a case well known to him.
Pierre looked at Rostopchin with naive surprise, not understanding why he was bothered by the poor edition of the note.
– Doesn’t it matter how the note is written, Count? - he said, - if its content is strong.
“Mon cher, avec nos 500 mille hommes de troupes, il serait facile d"avoir un beau style, [My dear, with our 500 thousand troops it seems easy to express ourselves in a good style,] said Count Rostopchin. Pierre understood why Count Rostopchin was worried about the edition of the note.
“It seems that the scribblers are pretty busy,” said the old prince: “they write everything there in St. Petersburg, not just notes, but they write new laws all the time.” My Andryusha wrote a whole lot of laws for Russia there. Nowadays they write everything! - And he laughed unnaturally.
The conversation fell silent for a minute; The old general drew attention to himself by clearing his throat.
– Did you deign to hear about the latest event at the show in St. Petersburg? How the new French envoy showed himself!
- What? Yes, I heard something; he said something awkwardly in front of His Majesty.
“His Majesty drew his attention to the grenadier division and the ceremonial march,” continued the general, “and it was as if the envoy did not pay any attention and seemed to allow himself to say that in France we do not pay attention to such trifles.” The Emperor did not deign to say anything. At the next review, they say, the sovereign never deigned to address him.
Everyone fell silent: no judgment could be expressed on this fact, which related personally to the sovereign.
- Daring! - said the prince. – Do you know Metivier? I drove him away from me today. He was here, they let me in, no matter how much I asked not to let anyone in,” said the prince, looking angrily at his daughter. And he told his whole conversation with the French doctor and the reasons why he was convinced that Metivier was a spy. Although these reasons were very insufficient and unclear, no one objected.
Champagne was served along with the roast. The guests rose from their seats, congratulating the old prince. Princess Marya also approached him.
He looked at her with a cold, angry gaze and offered her his wrinkled, shaved cheek. The whole expression of his face told her that he had not forgotten the morning conversation, that his decision remained in the same force, and that only thanks to the presence of guests he was not telling her this now.
When they went out into the living room for coffee, the old men sat down together.
Prince Nikolai Andreich became more animated and expressed his thoughts about the upcoming war.
He said that our wars with Bonaparte would be unhappy as long as we sought alliances with the Germans and meddled in European affairs into which the Peace of Tilsit dragged us. We did not have to fight either for Austria or against Austria. Our policy is all in the east, but in relation to Bonaparte there is one thing - weapons on the border and firmness in politics, and he will never dare to cross the Russian border, as in the seventh year.

The Chechen language is one of the Nakh-Dagestan languages. Distributed in the Chechen Republic and in the Khasavyurt region of Dagestan. Chechen is one of the oldest languages on the planet. According to the 2002 census, the number of speakers in Russia was 1,360,000.

There was a time when the world argued that it was impossible to study the Chechen language. It’s like putting a hot potato under your tongue and trying to pronounce something coherently, said those who tried unsuccessfully. But, as you know, everything flows, everything changes. The attitude towards the Chechen language has also changed. As soon as British Prime Minister Tony Blair and Pakistani General Shaukat Sultan studied the Chechen language, the Indians learned the naval terminology of the Chechen language, and the French police officers learned the African dialect of Chechen, and things got moving.

Chechen language – Chechen language – Nokhchiin Mott

Chechen language – axis of languages

Lost Chechen writing found
At the end of 2007, I completed one long-standing work on deciphering the mysterious signs depicted on clay tablets found during archaeological excavations in the mountains of Chechnya, around 1973.
The mysterious symbols turned out to be letters of the ancient alphabet. The most amazing thing is that with their help it was possible to restore the appearance of the lost ancient Chechen writing.
If anyone is interested in getting acquainted with the found Chechen alphabet, they can download the file in .pdf format from a file hosting service at: http://slil.ru/25962620

Ancient Chechen writing underwent changes over the centuries, had periods of rise and decline, sometimes approached the threshold of extinction, but was revived again, sometimes being restored on a different graphic basis, depending on the ideological influence Chechnya was under.

The mother tongue should be mother tongue for everyone

One of the main characteristics of any nation is its language. The Chechen language is the national language of the Chechen people, which has its roots in ancient times. The richest folklore was created on it, which was admired by the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy. In 1875, he excitedly wrote to the remarkable Russian poet of the 19th century Afanasy Fet: “I read books that no one has any idea about, but which I was surprised by (we are talking about the “Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders”)... There are legends and poetry of the highlanders and poetically extraordinary treasures. While reading, I was constantly reminded of you. Here is a sample for you...” Next came an extract from two Chechen songs that shocked Afanasy Fet and enriched Russian literature with poetic translations into Russian of the pearls of the Vainakh people. Here is part of one of the songs translated by A. Fet: “You, hot bullet, carry death with you,

But weren't you my faithful slave?
Black earth, will you cover me?
Wasn't it you who I trampled under my horse's feet?
You are cold, O death, even the death of a brave man,
But I was your master to the end..."

You need to know both Russian and Chechen languages well and learn to communicate freely in these two languages, without resorting to one of them or the other when speaking.

What negative consequences are we seeing in our language today, summarizing the above? This is, first of all, a huge number of words from the vocabulary fund of the Chechen language, which were prematurely unclaimed and replaced unnecessarily by words from other languages. For example, few of us today understand and use in everyday speech the following words: pyor (dinner), marta (breakfast), g1urma (goulash), ch1ing (dam), t1amar (pattern), bu-g1ul (backpack) ), zhansu (saltpeter), kirancha (loader), g1or-khma (shark), ch1anka (mestis), ts1ohar (machine), ch1int (water tap), ovsap (foot-and-mouth disease), zhakhtalla (enmity), tutm-1azhig (mask ), sagalmat (insect).

days of the week:
orshot (Mon), shinara (Tue), khaara (Wed), eara (Thu), p1e-raska (Fri), shot (Sat), k1ira (Sun);
khana (tomorrow), lama (the day after tomorrow), ula (in 2 days), ts1aka (in 3 days), ts1asta (in 4 days), ts1umoka (in 5 days), ts1ula (in 6 days);

animals: ts1okberg (leopard), shatka (weasel), Mala (doe), chaita1 (bear cub), salor (marten);

birds: g1 irg1 a (golden eagle), ts1 irc1 irkhyoza (tit), se-lasat (oriole), n1avla (lark), zhag1zhag1a (jackdaw);

trees: zez (spruce), base (fir tree), kakhk (maple), baga (pine), dakh (birch);

flowers: tobalkh (violet), alts1ens1am (tulip), ch1e-g1ardigk1a (lily of the valley), ts1en-lerg (peony), pet1amat (poppy).

Stegan degIan mezhenash

Self-instruction manual. Learning Chechen language

The current Chechen alphabet was compiled on the graphic basis of the Russian alphabet in 1938. It contains 49 letters.

Consonant system of the Chechen language

Consonants. In terms of the complexity of the consonantal system, Chechen occupies an intermediate position between Dagestan, characterized by a consonantal system of medium complexity, and Kartvelian, with its relatively simple consonantal system. In Chechen, systems of stop (triple) and fricative (binary) consonants are typical for Iberian-Caucasian languages, complicated in some cases by intensive ones (tt, tsts, chch, kkъ, ee, ll).

The stops are represented by eight rows:
1.b p /pp/ pI
2.d t tt tI
3./dz/ts ts tsI
4./j/ h /hh/ hI
5.g k /kk/ kI
6.- kkh kkh kb
7.- I - -
8.- ‘ - - ;

Vowel system of the Chechen language

Ruzma - Chechen calendar. Month names

Did the Chechens have one? Yes. This is confirmed at least by the facts that exist among old people to this day. Before the Muslim period, it was limited to the names of months, natural phenomena and human labor activities. For example: Ia'nan yukh' - the beginning of winter, bardal Ia'za - the end of winter, ohanan khan - plowing time, mangalan khan - mowing time. But after the adoption of Islam, everything became more specific with references to the Arabic calendar, with the exact names of the months (see table).

But even now, good experts in the Arabic language use the Chechen names of the months, bypassing the Arabic ones. For example, they say marhiin butt, and not in Arabic - Ramadan. The Chechen name “ruzma” does not coincide with the Arabic name of the calendar “takviymun”. Even this word confirms that the Chechens had their own calendar. Some month names are derived from the Arabic calendar, but they do not repeat their names. The numbers of days of the months are the same and correspond to the lunar calendar.

Why seven days a week? - The old people say that this corresponds to the seven heavens and seven earths. Chechen days are sacred. According to the legend of the people, God created:

Shotan diynakh (on Saturday) - Lattanash - Earth;
Kiiran diynakh (Sunday) - Lamanash - Mountains;
Orshotan Diynakh (Monday) - Dittash - Trees;
Shinarin diinakh (on Tuesday) - Bodanash - Twilight;
Kkhaariin dinakh (Wednesday) - Hyp - Radiance, Light;
Eariin diynakh (Thursday) - Khyaybanash - Cattle;
Pieraskan diynakh (on Friday) - Adamash - People.

Orshot – Monday
Shinari – Tuesday
Khari – Wednesday
Yiari – Thursday
Pierask – Friday
Shuota - Saturday
Kiira – Sunday

Translation from Chechen into Russian. A little humor

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Russisms in Chechen vocabulary

In the Chechen language, there are two large layers of vocabulary borrowed from the Russian language - pre-revolutionary and borrowed after the Great October Revolution. The borrowed pre-revolutionary Russianisms are as follows:
1. Trade terminology: bumazi “bumazeya”, chot “account”, punt “pud”, kiyala “kilogram”.
2. Construction terminology and household names: storpal “rafter”, kibarchig “brick”, turba “pipe”, pilta “stove”, ishkap “cabinet”, pesh “stove”, samar “samovar”, itu “iron”, metig "hoe", kettle "kettle".
3. Names of vegetables, food products: kartol “potato”, kempet “candy”, kopasta “cabbage”, cracker “cracker”, ispirt “alcohol”.
4. Names of transport: hIurgon “van”, payto “phaeton”, sharban “sharaban”, horse-drawn “car”, bedark “bedarka”.
5. Military and administrative terminology, socio-economic concepts: epsar “officer”, salti “soldier”, inarla “general”, parkuror “prosecutor”, kano “convoy”, correction “help”, razh “regime”, pesht “sealing wax” ", soot "sazhen", minot "minute", sikund "second", ishkol "school", zauod "factory", newspapers "newspaper", kinshka "book".
Some borrowings are complicated by the second component from the Vainakh languages: varshdeti “Warsaw silver, coin”, ashtorkakuotam “Astrakhan chicken, guinea fowl”, tsIerposht “fiery mail, train”.

Literature about the Chechen language

Aliroev M. Kist dialect of the Chechen language. "Izv. Chech.-Ing. Research Institute of History, Language and Literature", vol. III, no. 2. Grozny, 1962.
Arsakhanov I.A. Akkinsky dialect in the Chechen-Ingush language system. Grozny, 1959.
Gugiev Kh.G., Humparov A.X., Chentieva M.D. Nokhchiin mettan grammar. Grozny, 1940.
Desheriev Yu.D. Modern Chechen literary language. Phonetics. Grozny, 1960.
Desheriev Yu.D. Comparative historical grammar of the Nakh languages and problems of the origin and historical development of the mountainous Caucasian peoples. Grozny, 1963.
Desherieva T.I. Comparative typological phonetics of the Chechen and Russian literary languages. Grozny, 1965.
Imnaishvili D.S. Main and postpositional cases in the Ingush language. - Izv. IYaIMK, vol. XII, 1942.
Malsagov D.D. Chechen-Ingush dialectology and ways of development of the Chechen-Ingush literary (written) language. Grozny, 1941.
Matsiev A.G. Cheberloevsky dialect. Grozny, 1962.
Matsiev A.G. Chechen-Russian dictionary. M., 1961.
Uslar P.K. Chechen language. - Ethnography of the Caucasus. Linguistics. II. Tiflis, 1888.
Chokaev K.3. Word formation of nouns in the Chechen literary language. Grozny, 1959.
Yakovlev N.F. Morphology of the Chechen language. - Proceedings of Chech.-Ing. Research Institute of the History of Language and Literature, vol. I. Grozny, 1959.
Yakovlev N.F. Syntax of the Chechen literary language. M., 1940.

Ali Dimaev - Goy shuna dottag1i

Ali Dimaev - See, friends

1 video

STANDARD OF THE CHECHEN EPISTOLARY

Copy of post from LiveJournal website

STANDARD OF THE CHECHEN EPISTOLARY
Today, thanks to the Internet, hundreds of thousands of Chechens scattered throughout the planet have the opportunity to communicate with each other in an epistolary manner. And so, rejoicing at this, our compatriots tap on the keyboard of their personal computers. They write in Russian, they write in Flemish, they write in Arabic, they write in 10-12 other world languages. They also write in their native language. But they write little and how “God will put it on your soul.” They write in Latin, they write in Cyrillic, they write by transcribing, and, unfortunately, 99% write with many grammatical errors. There are several reasons for this, both objective and subjective. This is the lack of development of a unified grammar of the Chechen language, and the absence of a unified alphabet standard, and the inability of an ordinary keyboard to suit the Chechen language. Several Chechen scientists are now working to eliminate these shortcomings. For example, Dr. Zulay Khamidova is preparing to publish the “Chechen Spelling Dictionary”. Others are working on standardizing the Chechen written language, including for use in computer “unicodes” and so on.
Many would like to write correctly on the Internet now, but do not know what standards to adhere to. There are also those who would like to learn the Chechen language, but illiterate posts that completely litter the Internet make it difficult for them to achieve their goal. Therefore, it is possible that the temporary standard of the epistolary Chechen language I propose below could become interesting for Internet forum users and it will be a convenient tool for them for correspondence until better times come.
So, there are 32 consonants in the Chechen language. 38 consonants. Three auxiliary operators. One sign of division. Only 74 characters.
1. B (BAG) [mouth]
2. P (SAW) [bishop]
3. PI (PIELG) [finger]
4. M (MAR) [nose]
5. D (DOG) [heart]
6. T (TUR) [saber]
7. TI (TIAy) [bridge]
8. N (NUR) [shine]
9. Z (ZAZ) [blooming]
10. C (CAC) [sieve]
11. CI (CIEEE) [red]
12. Dz (DzaMOy) [escort]
13. V (VERTa) [burka]
14. BI (VIORD) [cart]
15. FI (FIOZ) [ring]
16. F (F) [---------]
17. L (CROWBAR) [lion]
18. X (HARZH) [expenses]
19. ХI (ХIАЛ) [wealth]
20. Ш (ША) [ice]
21. F (ASS) [answer]
22. CH (CHA) [bear]
23. CHI (CHIOR) [skin]
24. J (JOVIHaR) [pearl]
25. P (PAGI) [queue]
26. G (Ha) [branch]
27. GI (GIa) [sheet]
28. S (SA) [my]
29. K (CORT) [head]
30. Къ (КъАМ) [people]
31. KI (KIES) [skull]
32. Kx (KxOSH) [manure]
Please note that all consonants are written in upper case, like capital letters.

33. th - (Y) Syllable ending operator with “Y”
34. Ъ - (Аъ) Operator ending a syllable with “Аъ”
35. b - (b) Syllable ending operator with “b”
36. * - (.) Symbol of completion.

Next come the Chechen vowels.
1. A (AZ) [voice]
2. a (Ca) [soul]
3. AA (DAADA) [father]
4. yA (yAL) [profit]
5. AI (AIZH) [apple]
6. AIь (BAIьRG) [eye]
7. Аь (АьРГ) [immature]
8. U (URS) [knife]
9. y (AALu) [flame]
10. UU (UURam) [street]
11. yU (yUKъ) [range]
12. УI (УI) [shepherd]
13. УIь (УIьН) [abyss]
14. Uy (BUySa) [night]
15. O (MOZ) [honey]
16. o (LUUo) [snow]
17. OO (OOGa) [angle]
18. yO (yOL) [hay]
19. OI (OIyLa) [life]
20. OIь (MOIьЛКъ) [lizard]
21. Оь (ОьЗДа) [decent]
22. E (EZAR) [thousand]
23. e (BAALe) [problematic]
24. EE (MEEL) [god bonus]
25. je (jeET) [cow]
26. EI (EIEDaL) [power]
27. EIь (MEIьR) [mayor]
28. Ey (EyRM-Luo) [Armenian]
29. And (And) [this]
30. and (MEZi) [lice]
31. AI (AI) [honor]
32. yI (yIST) [edge]
33.II (INDaGI) [shadow]
34. Y (HYLL) [became]
35. y (TULGIy) [cleft]
36. YY (GIYYYST) [break]
37. yY (yYLBaZ) [Satan]
38. ІI (НыжВаР) [burning]

Note.
1. Some people put Operator "I" before the vowel. For example, Ia, Iy, Io, Ie. But this often causes inconvenience in that the reader does not understand what exactly Operator “I” refers to, either to the consonant in front, or to the vowel itself.
2. The modern Chechen literary language was adopted, as is known, on the basis of the Vainakh flat dialect. But it did not contain native Chechen words beginning with the sound (F), since they were uncharacteristic for this dialect, as, for example, for the Russian language. However, in the Ingush dialect there are words formed with the help of (F). There, instead of (ПI) in some Chechen word, they pronounce (Ф) or (Фь).
3. Old Nakh words are usually one- or two-syllable. They CANNOT HAVE two stressed vowels at the same time. The stress in a word is placed either on an elongated syllable (doubling a vowel or its extension by one of the main vowels), or on a syllable with a stressed vowel (written in capitals).
Another important point. There are relatively many forms of personal pronouns in the Chechen language, of which, together with demonstrative forms, there are more than three hundred! Because of this, many syntactic errors often occur. Therefore, it is necessary to use certain pronouns correctly. Here, for example, is how many forms only two personal pronouns take in the Chechen language: [I] and [YOU].
1. CO ХIO
2. AC AXI
3. SA XIA
4. AIS IXI
5. SAiH ХIАiХ
6. SUUNA KHIUUNA
7. COX ХIOX
8. SOL HIOL
9. SUUo XIUUo
10. SUUoH XIUUoH
11. SUUUGA XIUUGA
12. SUUUGAR XIUUGAR
13. SUUTSA XIUUCA
14. SAITSA XIAYCA
15. SAIGa XIaiGa
16. SAIGAR XIAIGAR
17. SAYNA HIAYNA
18. SAYNAG HIAYNAG
19. SAYNASH HIAYNASH
20. SAiChuo XIAiChuo
21. SaiCHAARA HIAYCHAARA
22. SAICHU HIAICHU
23. SUUNCHU KHIUUNCHU
24. SACHURA HIAChura
25. SAICHUL HIAICHUL
26. SaiCHAAReL HIAYCHAAReL

And here's what they might look like in sentences.

SO SAIKH CA TiEESH.
[I don't believe MYSELF].

AS ICE DIIR DU.
[I WILL DO IT MYSELF].

SUUNA SUUo Bi VAC HETT.
[It seemed to ME (that) there was (no one) besides ME]

ХIO ХУУОХ ЦА ТИЭЭША.
[You don’t believe YOURSELF].

SOH DALLA BERKAT.
[The benefit that came from ME].

SUUNA ХIОХ АХI HiЭЭТа.
[I'M ASHAMED IN front of YOU]

SUUGA Sa Tsa TuOOOH-LO.
[I can not wait. (I can't stand it)]

SUUGAR FIU DALLA?
[What has ME done? (What happened because of ME)?]

SUUNCHU DALLA.
[Entered ME]

KHIUUNA TSUN KHIEEK'al SAICHUL CHIOOGI Tsa KHIEETA.
[HIS mind doesn’t seem strong to YOU compared to MINE]

In conclusion, I will give other pronouns in the nominative case:
IZA [he]
And this]
TXO [we (ex.)]
VAI [we (inc.)]
SHU [you]
УьШ (УЗаШ) [they]
IZZ [that]
OVSH [those]
FIARA [this one]
FIORSH [here are these]
DAIARA [that one]
DOIORash [over there]

If we count all 26 possible forms for these 12 pronouns, we get 12x26 = 312 pronouns, which, together with the previous 52, add up to a total of 364! It is unlikely that we use at least two hundred of them in our everyday life. Advertisement

Land of the fathers. Ours

Chapter from Lechi Ilyasov’s book “Shadows of Eternity”

MYTHOLOGY
“The Chechens call themselves Nakhche, that is, the people, and this name applies equally to all tribes and generations speaking the Chechen language.”

According to Chechen legends, the oldest capital of the Chechens was located in Nashkha. The legendary hero of Chechnya, Turpal Nakhcho, was born here. All the indigenous Chechen teips came from here and settled to the east and north, from Ichkeria to the banks of the Sunzha and Terek. An old Chechen song says:

Like the impact of a checker on a flint, sparks fly,
So we scattered from Turpalo Nakhcho.
We were born at night when the she-wolf was whelping.
We were given a name in the morning when the leopard roared
Woke up the neighborhood.

789.00 rub.

The dictionary is a very valuable tool for learning the Chechen language. When compiling it, the experience of many domestic lexicographers, specialists in Caucasian...

(not generally accepted)

Nakh-Dagestan family Nakh branch Vainakh group Writing Cyrillic (Chechen script) Language codes GOST 7.75–97 Chech 785 ISO 639-1 ce ISO 639-2 che ISO 639-3 che WALS chc Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Ethnologue che IETF ce Glottolog See also: Project: Linguistics

The Chechen language is widespread in the Chechen Republic, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Khasavyurt, Novolak, Kazbekovsky, Babayurt, Kizilyurt regions of Dagestan and the Akhmeta region of Georgia, partly in Jordan, etc. According to the 2010 census, the number of speakers in Russia was 1,354,705 Human. The Chechen language ranks fifth in terms of prevalence in Russia (after Russian, English, Tatar and German). The state (along with Russian) language of Chechnya and one of the state and literary languages of Dagestan.

Dialects

Akka dialect

Akkinsky dialect, Aukhovsky dialect (Chech.Ӏovkhoin dialect) is a dialect of the Chechen language. Speakers live in the northern part of Dagestan. Speakers of the Akkinsky (Aukhovsky) dialect with the Akkinsky and Pharchoevsky dialects proper (there are assumptions that this dialect is of Sharoevsky origin).

Melkhinsky dialect

Itum-Kalinsky dialect

Main article: Itum-Kalinsky dialect

Examples of phonetic differences between the Itum-Kalin dialect and the literary language: lit. wrestler, itum-k. bors("millet"); liter. darts, itum-k. dars("storm"); liter. lolhu, itum-k. Lieha(“searches”); liter. muohk, itum-k. moork(“land, country”); liter. duohk, itum-k. dwork("fog"); liter. burch, itum-k. bursh(pepper); liter. ircha, itum-k. irsha(“ugly”), etc. [ ]

Galanchoz dialect

The Galanchozh dialect, like the Akkin and Melkha dialects, combines the features of the Chechen and Ingush languages, and is a kind of bridge between the Chechen and Ingush languages.

Sharoi dialect

Cheberloevsky dialect

The Cheberloevsky dialect of the Chechen language has its own lexical and phonetic features. He preserved the most ancient forms of the Chechen language. Cheberloev's society, due to its geographical location, was, until a certain time, quite isolated from the rest of the Chechens who lived on the plain, whose speech was influenced by other languages. In particular, it lacks the umlaut characteristic of a literary language. The vocalism of the Cheberloev dialect is primary in relation to the vocalism of the flat dialect and the literary language [ ] .

Kist dialect

Writing

With the spread of Islam in Chechnya, Arabic writing was established, which is used to record the texts of the Chechen chronicles “Teptars” (the original chronicles of some Chechen clans have been preserved). Since 1862, Chechen writing in Cyrillic, created by P.K. Uslar, existed to a limited extent, but did not become widespread. In 1925, writing on a Latin basis was introduced. In 1938 it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, which is still in use today. In the 1990s, an attempt was made to restore the Latinized alphabet.

Chechen alphabet:

A a	Ah ah	B b	In in	G g	GӀ gӀ	D d	Her	Her	F
Z z	And and	Thy	K k	Kh kh	K	КӀ кӀ	L l	Mm	N n
Oh oh	Oh oh	P p	PӀ pӀ	R r	With with	T t	TӀ tӀ	U y	Ooh ooh
F f	X x	HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHR	XӀ xӀ	Ts ts	TsӀ tsӀ	H h	ChӀ chӀ	Sh sh	sch sch
Kommersant	s s	b b	Uh uh	Yu Yu	Yu Yu	I I	Yay yay	Ӏ

Phonetics and phonology

Consonants

The languages of the Caucasus have the largest number of sounds after the languages of Africa. Chechen, although smaller than the Abkhaz-Adyghe and Dagestan languages, has a large number of consonants, of which there are from 40 to 60 (depending on the dialect and analysis), which is more than in European languages.

	Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Rear lingual	Uvular	Glottal
Nasals	mˤ	nˤ
Explosive	pʰ pʼ pː pˤ bˤ pːˤ	tʰ tʼ tː tˤ dˤ tːˤ		kʰ kʼ kː	qʰ qʼ qː	(ʔˤ )
Africates		tsʰ tsʼ tsː tsˤ dzˤ tsːˤ	tʃʰ dʒ tʃʼ tʃˤ dʒˤ
Fricatives	() ()	sˤ zˤ	ʃˤ ʒˤ
Rhotic		r̥ rˤ
Approximant	() wˤ	lˤ

Grammar

The morphological system is agglutinative-inflective. It has 6 grammatical classes, multi-case declension, verbal categories of class, tense, mood, aspect.

Nominal classes

Each noun in Chechen belongs to one of 6 nominal classes, according to which some adjectives and verbs agree with nouns using four prefixes d-, b-, th- And V-.

Nominal class	Example noun	Prefix in units	Plural prefix	Agreement in units	Plural agreement
1. Class b-	kӏant(boy)	V-	b- / d-	V eza kӏant "heavy boy"	b Eza kӏentiy "heavy boys"
2. Class th-	itching(woman)	th-	b- / d-	th eza itching"heavy woman"	b eza zudarius"heavy women"
3. Class th-II	Phyagal(hare)	th-	th-	th eza Phyagal"heavy hare"	th eza Phyagalash"heavy bunnies"
4. Class d-	press(oak)	d-	d-	d eza press"heavy oak"	d for nezhash"heavy oaks"
5. Class b-	grill(braid)	b-	b-	b eza brazier "heavy braid"	b eza mangalash "heavy braids"
6. Class b-II	Iazh(apple)	b-	d-	b eza Iazh "heavy apple"	d eza Iezhash "heavy apples"

Verbs do not change according to persons, but they change according to classes. Intransitive verbs agree in class with the subject:

KӀant tsa V I'll go- the boy goes home

Cases	I myself	Ourselves (ex.)	Ourselves (incl.)	You yourself	You yourself	He/she/it himself (-a, -o)	They themselves
Nominative	Co	Thaish	Vash	Hyo	Shash	Sha	Shash
Genitive	Sayn	Thain	Veshan	Hyain	Shine	Shen	Shine
Dative	Saina	Thaishna	Vaishna	Hyaina	Shayna	Shena	Shayna
Ergative	Ice	Thai	Vash	Aykhya	Shay	Sha	Shash
Real	Saykh	Thaich	Vaishkha	Huayh	Sheikh	Shekh	Sheikh
Instrumental	Sayca	Thaitsa	Vaštsa	Hyatsa	Shaitsa	Shetsa	Shaitsa
Local (stay)	Saigakh	Thaigakh	Vashkakh	Hyigah	Shaigakh	Shegakh	Shaigakh
Local (direction)	Saiga	Thaiga	Vaishka	Hyaiga	Shaiga	Shega	Shaiga
Local (outcome)	Saigar	Thaigara	Vashkara	Hygara	Shaigara	Sheghahula	Shaigara
Local (traffic via)	Saigakhula	Tha'shkakhula	Vashkakhula	Hyaigahula	Shaigakhula	Tsu'ngahula	Shaigakhula
Comparative	Sile	Thail	Vile	Hyail	Shail	Shel	Shail

Linking verb (copula)

Unlike the Russian language, the linking verb be in Chechen the present tense is not omitted and agrees with the subject according to the class.

Hyo lekha woo - you are tall
Hyo lekha Yu - you are tall
And ditt dokkha du - that tree is big
Khord korga boo - deep sea

In the past tense, -у is replaced by -ara, and in the future, it is added before it hira.

Hyo lekha Vara - you were tall
Hyo lekha hira wu - you will be tall

Time

Time	Dan (to do)	Diytsa (tell)
Present simple	Before	Duitsu
Present continuous	Desh wu	Duitsush wu
Perfect past	Dina	Diytsina
Antecedent	Dinera	Diitsinera
Imperfect past	Dora	Duitsura
Recent seen past	Di	Diytsi
Long seen past	Dira	Diytsira
Continuous past	Desh wara	Duitsush wara
Future	Diir do	Duytsur du
Long future	Desh hir wu	Duytsush hir wu
Possible future	Dor	Duitsur

Moods

Chechen has several moods: imperative, compulsory and evidential. The imperative mood has 5 types:

A simple command

Diytsa - speak, tell

Polite command

Diytsakhya - please speak

Diitsiysha - please speak

Mandatory command

Diytsal - speak now!)

Binding command

Diitsalakh- speak (when I'm not there)

Categorical command

Dutsiyla- yes he will talk!

The compulsory mood expresses coercion and forcing to do something.

Desha - read
Deshita - force to read

Evidentiality is expressed through seen and unseen past tenses.

Seen recent past- expresses an action that occurred in the recent past in front of the speaker.

Akhmada kehat yazdi- Ahmed wrote a letter (I saw it).

Seen from the distant past- also expresses an action seen, but more distant in the past

Amada kehat yazdira- Ahmed wrote (I saw this)

Unseen past- expresses an action that the speaker did not see

Akhmada kehat yazdina hilla - Ahmed wrote a letter (as they say, I didn't see it)

Unseen long past- pointing to a more recent action

Akhmada kehat yazdina hillera - Ahmed wrote a letter (long ago in the past)

Long unseen past- describes an action that lasted at a certain moment and the speaker did not see it

Malika tsa yogachu henakh Ahmad kehat yazdesh hillera- when Malika was walking home, Ahmed was writing a letter (I didn’t see it)

Postpositions

The Chechen language uses postpositions, that is, words corresponding to Russian “in”, “on”, “from”, etc., but placed after nouns.

Postpositions	Meaning
Tsunna choke	IN him
Tsunna chu	IN him
Tsunna crazy	From him
Tsunna tӏех	On him
Tsunna that is	On him
Tsunna tӏera	WITH him
Tsunna kelakh	Under him
Tsunna kӏel	Under him
Tsunna kӏelara	From under him
Tsunna khyalhakh	Before him
Tsunna tӏехахх	Behind him
Tsul tӏаьхя	After him
Tsunna ullekh	Near him
Tsunna yuhhe	Near him
Tsunna gergakh	Near him
Tsunna gerggah	Very close to him
Tsunna genah	Far from him
Tsunna Gennakh	Very far away From him
Tsunna Gerga	Close to him
Tsunna gergga	Very close to him
Tsunna gene	Far from him
Tsunna genna	Far, far away from him
Tsarna yukkekh	Between them
Tsarna Yukkje	Between them (direction)

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Nokhchiin Mott is one of the Nakh languages. We are learning the Chechen language. Nokhchiyn Mott - one of the Nakh languages ​​Chechen language for everyone

Dialects

Akka dialect

Melkhinsky dialect

Itum-Kalinsky dialect

Galanchoz dialect

Writing

Linguistic characteristics

Phonetics and phonology

Morphology

Traditional greeting

see also

Write a review about the article "Chechen language"

Notes

Literature

Links

An excerpt characterizing the Chechen language

Dialects

Akka dialect

Melkhinsky dialect

Itum-Kalinsky dialect

Galanchoz dialect

Writing

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Phonetics and phonology

Morphology

Traditional greeting

see also

Write a review about the article "Chechen language"

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Literature

Links

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Dialects

Akka dialect

Melkhinsky dialect

Itum-Kalinsky dialect

Galanchoz dialect

Sharoi dialect

Cheberloevsky dialect

Kist dialect

Writing

Phonetics and phonology

Consonants

Grammar

Nominal classes

Linking verb (copula)

Time

Moods

Postpositions

Nokhchiin Mott is one of the Nakh languages. We are learning the Chechen language. Nokhchiyn Mott - one of the Nakh languages Chechen language for everyone