Nizhny Novgorod encyclopedia. Fedorovsky, Nikolai Mikhailovich Excerpt characterizing Fedorovsky, Nikolai Mikhailovich

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The Fedorovsky embankment on the high bank of the Oka has been a favorite vacation spot for Nizhny Novgorod residents for many decades. But, despite the familiar name, even residents of N. Novgorod are unlikely to know about the person whose name it was named. Meanwhile, scientist, professor, doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences Nikolai Mikhailovich Fedorovsky was once well known not only among Russian scientists, but also abroad. He was the initiator of the creation of Nizhny Novgorod State University, the creator of the Mining Academy in Moscow, on the basis of which several specialized institutes later emerged. Nikolai Mikhailovich became the organizer of the Ilmensky Nature Reserve, the first in Russia. N. M. Fedorovsky actively contributed to the publication of the Great Soviet and Technical Encyclopedias.

Contemporaries noted his incredible ability to work and his talent to be at the same time a scientist, organizer, leader, and innovator. He was called a man of the highest internal culture and broad soul. Perhaps it was these qualities that helped the scientist adequately overcome the trials that befell him, not become embittered and remain loyal to his country. Nikolai Mikhailovich Fedorovsky was born in Kursk on November 30, 1886 in the family of a sworn attorney and a gymnasium teacher. The father left the family very early, so his mother, Olga Pavlovna Fedorovskaya-Tserevitskaya, was entirely involved in raising the boy. She was a woman of progressive views: she supported the People's Will, and among her students was the famous energy scientist G. M. Krzhizhanovsky.

From an early age, Nikolai was distinguished by his remarkable abilities and rebellious disposition. For the manifestation of advanced revolutionary sentiments and political activities in 1905, he was expelled from the gymnasium. Nikolai moved to the capital, where he immediately became involved in the work of the Moscow party organization. In Moscow, he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the University. For participation in the political uprising, Fedorovsky was again expelled, and the young man was forced to look for work in order to somehow provide for himself. By a lucky coincidence, Nikolai Fedorovsky accepted an offer from one of the trading companies dealing with educational aids to go with an expedition to the Urals to collect specimens of the mineralogical collection. To prepare for field work, N. M. Fedorovsky began to visit the mineralogical museum of the university and, with his usual passion, became interested in a new science. Thus began the path of the future major mineralogist.

The second important milestone on this path was Fedorovsky’s acquaintance with Academician V.I. Vernadsky in one of the Ural expeditions. The great scientist really liked the talented, inquisitive and energetic young man. He willingly helped Fedorovsky to reinstate himself at the university, now at the department of mineralogy. Having graduated from the university in 1914, Nikolai Fedorovsky did not stay, as he was told, “to prepare for a professorship,” but accepted the offer of the Department of Mineralogy at the Polytechnic Institute in Nizhny Novgorod. Here he began his teaching career. During his three years of stay in Nizhny Novgorod, the scientist managed to achieve the status of Nizhny Novgorod University for the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute, which was evacuated to the city - the first in Soviet Russia.

In the spring of 1918, N. M. Fedorovsky was recalled to Moscow to work in the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), where the scientist headed the Mining Department. Under his leadership, a coherent management system for the entire mining industry of the USSR was created, the most important enterprises were restored, the supply of mineral raw materials to factories was established, and a series of geological prospecting expeditions were organized. The scale of the work done by Nikolai Mikhailovich was gigantic, because the new Soviet Russia needed a developed industry, which at that time was almost completely destroyed by revolutions. During the same period, on the initiative of the scientist, the Moscow Mining Academy was created, where N. M. Fedorovsky headed the department of mineralogy. In 1920, in St. Petersburg, N. M. Fedorovsky published his first monograph, “Genetic Mineralogy,” reflecting the main sections of the lectures he gave in Nizhny Novgorod.

Soon the scientist was appointed head of the Bureau of Foreign Science and Technology (BINT), whose task was to restore ties between the Soviet and foreign scientific elite. As part of this work, Nikolai Mikhailovich was able to communicate with Einstein, who, in turn, highly appreciated the Russian mineralogist. Through N.M. Fedorovsky, the famous physicist conveyed a letter of greeting to his Russian comrades, in which he called on German scientists to “meet halfway” to their Soviet colleagues. In 1923, N. M. Fedorovsky headed the Institute of Applied Mineralogy (IPM), which he organized on the basis of the small petrographic institute “Litogea”. Within the walls of the Institute of Applied Mathematics, N. M. Fedorovsky was able to implement the complex method he developed for studying mineral deposits. The new research campaign included not only the discovery of a mineral deposit and the establishment of the volume of its reserves, but also the study of the physical and chemical properties of the mineral, mining and processing technology, with an economic justification. The Institute, headed by N. M. Fedorovsky, was able to “put on its feet” the entire industry of non-metallic mineral raw materials, which had not been developed since the times of Tsarist Russia.

A sadly memorable year for many scientists, 1937 also became for Nikolai Mikhailovich the beginning of a new, most difficult period of his life. On October 25, while on vacation in Crimea, Fedorovsky was arrested on charges of espionage for Nazi Germany. The scientist was accused of transmitting information about the mineral resources of the USSR to German scientists while working at BINT. The absurdity of the accusation was obvious, since the data that Fedorovsky mentioned at meetings with foreign colleagues was in the public domain and appeared in the press. But on April 26, 1939, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR passed a verdict under the “58th” article of the Criminal Code, according to which N. M. Fedorovsky was sentenced to 15 years in forced labor camps, first in Vorkuta, then in Norilsk. For the scientist, years of hard physical work began in the development of Vorkuta coal deposits, forced scientific activity in the IV special department of the NKVD, where, together with the rest of his repressed colleagues, N. M. Fedorovsky shared his developments for the benefit of victory in the Great Patriotic War. Next was participation in the construction of a copper smelter in Norilsk, and later teaching at a mining and metallurgical technical school.

In 1944, Fedorovsky was sent to serve his sentence in Krasnoyarsk, where he was engaged in loading barges in Zlobin. But it was hard for him to cope with this work and he asked to go to Norilsk, where at that time there was a great need for educated people like him. He sailed to Norilsk along the Yenisei in a shared cabin on a ship along with repeat criminals who mocked him, but Euphrosyne Kersnovskaya stood up for him.

From Kersnovskaya’s memoirs:

“The whole pack of bandits was having fun. The subject of this entertainment is an elderly, intelligent-looking man with a goatee - Professor Fedorovsky. Those sitting on the upper tier held him by the legs and swung him in the aisle between the rows of carriages. He flew through the air like a volleyball, and the pack of men and women surrounding him, cackling with delight, from time to time threw him higher with a blow. The old man didn't shout. Maybe he just suffocated, hanging upside down, or maybe he understood that it was useless.
I probably also understood that my intervention would have the most disastrous consequences for me, but I couldn’t leave an animal that was being tortured to its sad fate, but here in front of me was a man.
- Underpants! Shame on you?! - With an indignant cry, I rushed to the old man’s rescue.
Only a miracle (and partly my intervention) helped him get to Dudinka, and not continue the journey along another river - the Styx...”

In Norilsk, Fedorovsky taught mineralogy at the geological technical school, then worked at the Norilsk plant. During this period, Fedorovsky was unconvoyed for some time, but in 1951 he was again placed in the Norillag zone for general work. Working under the most severe conditions, realizing the absurdity of the accusation brought against him, Nikolai Mikhailovich Fedorovsky did not give up and did not give up. He repeatedly turned to I.V. Stalin with a request to reconsider his case not for his own sake (although in the last years of his exile he was already over sixty), but in the name of the Motherland, which needed scientists and developers in war and post-war times. But the scientist managed to achieve rehabilitation and return to Moscow only in 1954. The indictment was overturned “for lack of evidence of a crime.” Having learned about this, I suffered a stroke (my right arm and leg were paralyzed, and I lost speech). The daughter transported the seriously ill Fedorovsky to Moscow, but he never recovered from the stroke. Paralyzed, gray as a harrier, exhausted to the limit, the scientist returned home. However, neither the efforts of doctors nor the care of loved ones could restore N. M. Fedorovsky’s health - on August 27, 1956, he died. The next day, the Pravda newspaper published on its pages the news of the scientist’s death, and a day later - an obituary, which noted Nikolai Mikhailovich’s services to the Fatherland.

Much into which N.M. Fedorovsky invested his strength and talent is still alive today. The All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Mineral Raw Materials operates, which now bears the name of its creator, and genetic and applied mineralogy, the founder of which was a scientist, continues to develop. The “Course of Mineralogy,” on the editing of which N. M. Fedorovsky worked until the end of his life, forms the basic basis for acquiring knowledge for new generations of geologists. A new mineral, discovered by geologists in 1975 in Buryatia and Kazakhstan, is named in honor of the scientist. It is known to modern science as Fedorovskite.

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He founded a method for the comprehensive study of mineral resources from prospecting and exploration to the industrial development of raw material bases for a number of branches of the mining industry. Developed a classification of minerals based on energy properties and industrial applications.

Nikolai Fedorovsky laid the foundations of the State Cadastre of CCCP deposits; under his leadership, the Mining Charter was developed - the basis of Soviet legislation on subsoil. Author of a textbook and many books on mineralogy and minerals.

Repression

From Kersnovskaya’s memoirs:

In Norilsk, Fedorovsky taught mineralogy at the geological technical school, then worked at

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