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    • Speech therapy portal / Material for classes / How the Basmachi appeared in Central Asia. Conquest of the Khiva Khanate. Accession of Central Asia A year in Central Asia

    How the Basmachi appeared in Central Asia. Conquest of the Khiva Khanate. Accession of Central Asia A year in Central Asia

    How the Basmachi appeared in Central Asia. Conquest of the Khiva Khanate. Accession of Central Asia A year in Central Asia

    fHTLEUFBOULYE RPIPDSCH

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    rTY RTPDCHYTSEOY PF sYLB THUULYE DPMTSOSCH VSHHMY TBOP YMY RPJDOP UFPMLOHFSHUS U YICHYOGBNY, B RTY DCHYTSEOY PF YTFSHCHYB - U LPLBODGBNY. fY ChPYOUFCHEOOSCH OBTPDSCH Y RPDCHMBUFOSH YN LITZYULYE PTDSH CHNEUFE U RTYTPPDK UFBCHYMY ЪDEUSH THUULPNH RTPDCHYTSEOYA RTEZTBDSCH, DMS YUBUFOPZP RPYYOB PLBBCHYYEUS OER TEPDPMYNSCHNY. CHEUSH XVII-Y XVIII CHEL OBU PVTB DEKUFCHYK ABOUT LFPC PLTBYOE VSHM RPFPNH OE VHTOP OBUFKHRBFEMSHOSHCHN, LBL CH UYVYTY, B UFTPZP PVPPTPOYFEMSHOSHCHN.

    ZOEJDP UCHYTERSHI IYEOILPC - IYCHB - OBIPDIMPUSH LBL VSC CH PBYUE, PZTBTSDEOOPN UP CHUEI UFPTPO ABOUT NOPZYE UPFOY CHETUF, LBL OERTYUFKHROSCHN ZMBUYUPN, TBULBMEOOSCHNY RHUFSHCHOSNY. IYCHYOGSH Y LYTZYYSH KHUFTBYCHBMY RPUFPSOOSCH OBVEZY ABOUT THUULYE RPUEMEOYS RP sylkh, TBPTSS YI, ZTBVIYMY LHRYUEULYE LBTBCHBOSH Y KHZPOSMY THUULYI MADEK CH OECHPMA. rPRSHFLY SYGLYI LBBLPLCH, MADEK, UFPMSH TSE PFCHBTSOSHCHY RTEDRTYYNYYCHSHCHI, LBL YI UYVYTULYE UPVTBFSHS, PVHDBFSH IIEOILPC, KHUREIPN OE HCHEOYUBMYUSH. BDUBYUB OBYUIFEMSHOP RTECHSHUYMB YI UYMSCH. yЪ IPDYCHYI ABOUT IYCHH KHDBMSHGPCH OH PDOPNKH OE RTYCHEMPUSH CHETOHFSHUS ABOUT TPDYOH - YI LPUFY CH RHUFSHCHOE UBUSCHRRBM REUPL, KHGEMECHYE DP LPOGB DOEK UCHPYI FPNYMYUSH CH BYBFULYI " LMPRPCHOILBI.” h 1600 ZPDH ABOUT IYCHH IPDM BFBNBO oEYUBK U 1000 LBBLPLCH, B CH 1605 ZPDH BFBNBO yBNBK - U 500 LBBLPLCH. yN PVPYN HDBMPUSH CHSFSH Y TBBPTYFSH ZPTPD, OP PVB LFY PFTSDB RPZYVMY ABOUT PVTBFOPN RHFY. hUFTPKUFCHPN RMPFYO ABOUT bNH-dBTSHE IYCHYOGSH PFCHEMY bFH TELKH PF lBURYKULPZP NPTS CH bTBMSHULPE(226) Y RTECHTBFYMY CHEUSH BLBURYKULYK LTBC CH RKHUFSCHOA, DKHNBS PVEUREYUYF SH FYN UEWS PF ъBRBDB. rPLPTEOYE UYVYYY VSHMP DEMPN YUBUFOPZP RPYUYOB PFCHBTSOSCHI Y RTEDRTYYNYUYCHSCHI THUULYI MADEK. ъБЧПЭЧБОВИЕ УТДООК Бъйй УФБМП DAMPN tPUUYKULPZP ZPUKHDBTUFCHB - DEMPN tPUUYKULPK YNRETYY.

    oBYUBMP TKHULPZP RTPOILOPCHEOYS CH UTEDOAA BYYA. pF VELPCHYUB DP rETPCHULPZP

    rPRSHCHFLB RETCHPZP YI TKHUULYI YNRETBFPTPCH RTPOILOKHFSH CH UTEDOAA BYYA ЪBLPOYUMBUSH FTBZYUEULY. pFTSD VELPCHYUB (228), PFRTBCHMEOOOSCHK DMS PFSHULBOYS UHIPZP RKhFY CH YODYA, CHUSH UFBM TSETFChPK IYCHYOULPZP CHETMPNUFCHB. pDOPK YЪ ЪБДБУ REFT RPUFBCHYM ENKH: “rMPFYOSCH TBBPVTBFSH Y CHPDSH bNH-dBTSHY TELY RBLY CH LBURYKULPE NPTE PVTBFYFSH, RPOETSE ЪМП ОХЦОП.” dPKDS DP IYCHSHCH, VELPCHYU RBM TSETFChPK CHETPMNUFCHB IYCHYOULPZP IBOB Y UPVUFCHEOOPZP MEZLPNSCHUMYS. for YYASCHYM ABOUT UMPCBI RPLPTOPUFSH, RTEDMPTSYM ENKH TBDEMYFSH UCHPK PFTSD ABOUT OEULPMSHLP NEMLYI RBTFYK DMS KHDPVUFCHB TBNEEEEOYS CH UFTBOE. rPUME LFPPZP IYCHYOGSH CHOEBROSHCHN OBRBDEOYEN CHSTEBMY YI RPTPPOSH. "rTPRBM, LBL VELPCHYU RPD IYCHPK", - UFBMY ZPCHPTYFSH U FEY RPT, Y ABOUT GEMSHCHI RPMFPTBBUFB MEF NEYUFB RTPOILOKHFSH CH UTEDOAA BYYA UP UFPTPOSH lBURYS VSHMB PUFBCHMEOB, B TBURTPUFTBOEY E TKHUULPK ZPUKHDBTUFCHOOPUFY ABOUT AZP-CHPUFPL CHPPVEE RTYPUFBOPCHYMPUSH ABOUT CHEUSH XVIII PEOPLE (229) .

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    rTYLTSCHCH, FBLYN PVTBBPN, uYVYTSH, TKHUULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP UFBMP OOETZYUOP KHLTERMSFSH UCHPA CHMBUFSH CH rTYHTBMSHE. ъBCHPMTSULYE UFERY ЪBUEMEOSHCH, ZTBOYGSCH U CHPMZY Y LBNSCH RTPDCHYOHMYUSH ABOUT SYL, Y ENMY SYGLYI LBBLLPCH VSHMY CHLMAYUEOSCH CH ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOKHA UYUFENKH. ch 1735 ZPDH PUOPCHBO BDNYOUFTBFYCHOSCHK GEOFT UFEROSCHI CHMBDEOOK - pTEOVKhTZ, B Ch 1758 ZPDH KHUFTPKUFCHPN pTEOVKHTZULPZP LBBYUSHEZP ChPKULB RPMPTSEOP OBYUBMP pTEOVKHTZULPK MYOYY, URETCHB HYUTETSDEOOOPK CHDPMSH RP SYLH, OP HCE CH 1754 ZPDH CHCHCHOEOOOPK CHREDED - ABOUT YMEGL.

    fBL OBNEFYMPUSH DCHB OBUFKHRBFEMSHOSHCHI RMBGDBTNB tPUUYY - UYVYTULYK Y pTEOVHTSULYK.

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    YuFPV PVHDBFSH IIEOILPC. yNRETBFPT oYLPMBK rBCHMPCHYU RPCHEM PTEOVKHTZULPNH ZEOETBM-ZHVETOBFPTH ZEOETBMKH ZTBZHKH RETPCHULPNH(232) RTEDRTYOSFSH RPIPD ABOUT IYCHH. h DELBVTE 1839 ZPDB retpchulyk U PFTSDPN ch 3000 YUEMPCHEL RTY 16 PTHDYSI CHSHCHUFKHRIM CH RPIPD FHTZBKULINY UFERSNY. MAFSCH NPTPЪSHCH, VKHTBOSHCH, GYOZB Y FYZH PUFBOPCHYMY PFTSD, DPIEDYK VSHMP DP bTBMSHULZP NPTS. yOETZYEK RETPCHULZP HDBMPUSH URBUFY PUFBFLY PFTSDB, MYYICHYEZPUS RPYUFY RPMPCHYOSCH UCHPEZP UPUFBCHB. rPUME RETCHPZP RPIPDB VELPCHYUB CHFPTPK TKHUULYK RPIPD CH UTEDOAA BYA LPOYUMUS OEKHDBYEK, YuFP CHUEMYMP CH IYCHYOGECH KHCHETEOPUFSH CH UCHPEK OEKHSCHYNPUFY Y OERPVEDYNPUFY.

    CHUE OBUYE CHONBOYE PVTBFYMPUSH ABOUT UBNYTEOYE LITZYYPCH. ch 1845 ZPDH pTEOVKHTZULBS MYOYS VSHMB CHSHCHOEUEOB CHREDED, ABOUT TELY YTZYY FKHTZBK, HERE RPUFTPEOSCH KHLTERMEOYS LFPPZP YNEOY. "nBMHA PTDH" NPTsOP VSCHMP UYUYFBFSH PLPOYUBFEMSHOP ЪBNITEOOOPK. h 1847 ZPDH NSCH DPUFYZMY bTBMSHULZP NPTS, ZDE HYUTEDYMY ZHMPFYMYA. at 1850 ZPDB ЪББИЧЭМБУШ И УУВИТУЛБС myОYС, WHERE UFBMY KHYUTETSDBFSHUS CH UENYTEYUSHE LBBIUSHY UFBOIGSHCH, ЪBLTERMSCHYE ЪB OBNY LYTZYULHA UFERSH.

    CHOPCHSH OBYOOOSCHK PTEOVKHTZULIN ZEOETBM-ZKHVETOBFPTPN ZTBZH RETPCHULYK TEYM RTEDRTYOSFSH PRETBGYA RETCHPUFEROOOPK CHBTsOPUFY: PCHMBDEFSH LPLBODULPK LTERPUFSHA BL-NEYUEFSH(233) , ЪBRYTBCHYEK KH bTBMSHULZP NPTS CHUE RHFY CH UTEDOAA BYYA Y UYYFBCHYEKUS UTEDOEBIBFULYNY OBTPDBNY OERTYUFHROPA.

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    BL-NEYUEFSH VSHMB RETEYNEOPCHBOB CH ZhPTF retpchulyk, UFBCHYYK LTBEHZPMSHOSCHN LBNOEN OPCHPHYUTETSDEOOOPK ushcht-dBTSHYOULPK MYOYY. mYOYS LFB SCHYMBUSH LBL VSH BCHBOZBTDPN pTEOVHTSULPK MYOYY Y UCHSBBMBUSH U LFK RPUMEDOEK LPTDPOPN KHLTERMEOYK PF bTBMSHULPZP NPTS DP OITSOEZP FEYEOYS hTBMB (ЪBEYEBCHYY N LYTZYULKHA UFERSH PF FHTTLNEO RKHUFSCHOY hUFSH-hTF).

    h OETBCHOPN VPA 18 DELBVTS FPZP TSE 1853 ZPDB ZBTOYJPO retpchulb ZETPKULY PFTBYM h DCHEOBDGBFSH TB RTECHPUIPDIYYE UIMSH LPLBODGECH, RSCHFBCHYIUS CHSTCHBFSH BL-NEYUEFSH YY TKHUULYI THL. ZBTOYPO RPD OBYUBMSHUFCHPN RPDRPMLPCHOILB pZBTECHB UPUFPSM YЪ 1055 YUEMPCHEL RTY 19 PTHDISI. lPLBODGECH VSHMP 12000. vMEUFSEEK CHSHMBLPK pZBTECH Y LBRYFBO yLHRSH PRTPPLYOKHMY CHUA PTDH, RPMPTSYCH DP 2000 Y ChSCh 11 OBNEO Y CHUE 17 PTHDYK OERTYSFEMS. ABOUT HTPO - 62 YUEMPCHELB.

    lPMRBLPCHULIK Y UETOSECH

    k BMPCEOOSCHECK CHECK. NETSDH LFYNY DCHHNS RHOLFBNY OBIPDIYMUS RTPTSCHCH, UCHPEZP TPDB CHPTPFB YYTYOPA CH 900 CHETUF Y PFLTSCHFSHCHE DMS OBVEZPCH LPLBODULYI ULPRYE CH TKHUULYE RTEDEMSHCH. fY LPLBODULYE ULPRYEB PRYTBMYUSH ABOUT MJOYA LTERPUFEK bTEL - yuYNLEOF - bHMYE-bFB - ryYREL - fPLNBL. oEPVIPDYNP VSHMP LBL NPTsOP ULPTEE ЪBNLOХФШ ьФИ ChPTPFB Y PZTBDYFSH OBUYI LYTZYIPCH PF LPLBODULPZP CHMYSOYS. rППФПНХ У 1856 ZPDB PUOPCHOPK ЪBDBUEK tPUUYY UFBMP UPEDYOEOYE MYOYK USHT-dBTSHYOULPK Y UYVYTULPK. ABOUT PDOPN YI LFYI OBRTBCHMEOYK NSCH YNEMY 11 PTEOVKHTSULYI MYOEKOSCHI VBFBMSHPOCH, KHTBMSHULYI Y PTEOVKHTZULYI LBBLPLCH, B OB DTKHZPN - 12 ЪBRBDOPUIYTULYI MYOEKOSHI VBFB MSHPOPCH Y LBBLLPCH uYVYTULPZP CHPKULB. fY ZPTUFY MADEK VSHMY TBVTPUBOSH ABOUT DCHHI ZTPNBDOSHI ZHTPOFBI, PWAYN RTPFSTSEOYEN TEACHERS 3500 CHETUF.

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    l LFPNH READING PFOPUIFUS YЪNEOOYE OBEZP CHZMSDB ABOUT OBYUEOYE UTEDOEOBFULYI ЪBCHPECHBOYK. rTETSDE NSCH UYYFBMY RTPDCHYTSEOYE ABOUT AZ DEMPN CHOKHFTEOOEK RPMYFYLYY Y ЪBDBUH CHYDEMY CH PVEUREYUEOYY UFEROSCHI ZTBOIG. FERETSH CE OBYB UTEDOEBIBFULBS RPMYFYLB UFBMB RTYPVTEFBFSH CHEMILPDETTSBCHOSCHK IBTBLFET. TBOSHYE CH ZMHVSH NBFETYLB OBU FSOKHM MYYSH FSSEMSCHK TPL. FERETSH CE PVTBEOOOSCHN ABOUT AZ CHPTBN dChKHZMBCHPZP pTMB UFBMB KHZBDSCCHBFSHUS UYOECHBFBS DSHCHNLB rBNYTB, UOETSOSCHE PVMBLB ZYNBMBKULYI CHETYYO Y ULTSHCHFSHCHE ЪB OYNY DPMYOSCH YODPUFBOB... ъBCHEFOBS NEYUFB PLTSHCHMYMB DCHB RPLPMEOYS FHTLEUFBOULYI LPNBOYTPCH!

    ObyB DYRMPNBFYS PUPЪOBMB PZTPNOHA RPMYFYUEULHA CHSHCHZPDH FHTLEUFBOULYI RPIPDPCH, RTYVMYTSBCHYI OBU L yODYY. chTBTSDEVOPE L OBN PFOPYEOYE BOZMYY UP CHTENEY chPUFPYUOPK CHPKOSHCHY PUPVEOOP U 1863 ZPDB PRTEDEMYMP CHUA TKHUULHA RPMYFYLH CH UTEDOEK BYYY. OBUYE RTDPDCHYTSEOYE U LITZYUULYI UFEREK L BZHZBOULYN HEEMSHSN SCHMSMPUSH EBNEYUBFEMSHOSCHN PTHDYEN RPMYFYUEULPZP DBCHMEOYS - PTHDYEN, UFBCHYYN VSC OEPFTBIYNSCHN CH THLBI VPME E UNEMSCHY YULHUOSCHI, YUEN VSHCHMY THLY DYRMPNBFYY bMELUBODTTB II.

    * * *

    TEYEOP VSHMP OE PFLMBDSCHBFSH UPEDYOOYE uYVYTULPK Y USHT-dBTSHYOULPK MYOYK(235) Y PVAEDYOYFSH CHPNPTsOP ULPTEE OBUY CHMBDEOOYS. CHEUOPA 1864 ZPDB OBCHUFTEYUKH DTKHZ DTHZKH CHCHUFKHRYMP DCHB PFTSDB - PF CHETOPZP RPMLPCHOIL yuETOSECH U 1500 VPKGBNYY 4 PTKHDYSNY - Y PF retpchulb RPMLPCHOIL chetechlyo (236) U 1200 YUEMPCHELBNY Y 10 PTHDYSNY.

    rTPKDS rYYREL, yuETOSECH CHSM YFKHTNPN 4 YAOS LTERPUFSH bHMYE-bFB Y CH YAME RPDPYEM L yuYNLEOFKH, ZDE 22-ZP YUYUMB CHSHCHDETTSBM VPK U 25000 LPLBODGECH. CHTECHLYO FEN CHTENEOEN CHSM 12 YAMS LTERPUFSH fHTLEUFBO Y CHSHCHUMBM MEFHYUK PFTSD DMS UCHSY U YETOSECHCHN. UFPF RPUMEDOYK, UYYFBS UCHPY UYMSCH (7 TPF, 6 UPFEO Y 4 RKHYLY) OEDPUFBFPYuOSCHNY DMS PCHMBDEOOYS UIMSHOP KHLTERMEOOOSCHN yuYNLEOFPN, PFUFKHRYM CH FHTLEUFBO ABOUT UPEDYOOYE U RPMLPCH OILPN chetechlyoschn. pVB TKHUULYI PFTSDB, UPEDYOYCHYUSH, RPUFKHRYMY RPD PVEEE LPNBODPCHBOYE FPMSHLP YuFP RTPY'CHEDEOOPZP CH ZEOETBMSH YETOSECHB Y, PFDPIOKHCH, OBRTBCHYMYUSH CH RPMPCHYOE UEOFSVTS RPD yuYNLEOF. 22 UEOFSVTS yuETOSECH YFKHTNPCHBM yuYNLEOF, PCHMBDEM YN Y PVTBFYM CH VEZUFChP LPLBODULCHA BTNYA. x yuETOSECHB VSHMP 1000 YUEMPCHEL Y 9 PTHDYK. yuYNLEOF ЪBEYEBMP 10000. yuETOSECH PCHMBDEM LTERPUFSHA, RETECHEDS UCHPY TPFSCH YuETE TPCH RPPDYOPYULE RP CHPDPRTPCHPDOPK FTHVE. OBOY FTPJEY: 4 OBNEOY, 31 PTHDYE, NOPZP DTHZPZP PTHTSYS Y TBOSHI CHPEOOSCHI RTYOBDMETSOPUFEK. x OBU CHSHCHVSHMP YJ UFTPS 47 YUEMPCHEL.

    lPLBODSCH VETSBMY CH fBYLEOF. yuETOSECH TEYM OENEDMEOOOP YURPMSH'PCHBFSH NPTBMSHOP CHREYUBFMEOYE YUYNLEOFULPK RPvedsch Y DCHYOKHFSHUS ABOUT FBYLEOF, DBCH MYYSH CHTENS TBURTPUFTBOIFSHUS NPMCHE. 27 UEOFSVTS BY RPDUFKHRIM RPD UYMSHOP KHLTERMEOOOSCHK fBYLEOF Y 1 PLFSSVTS YFKHTNPCHBM EZP, OP VSHM PFVYF Y PFUFKHRYM CH fHTLEUFBOULYK MBZETSH.

    chPURTSOKHCHYE DHIPN LPLBODGSH TEYMYMY ЪBUFBFSH TKHUULYI CHTBURMPI Y CH DELBVTE 1864 ZPDB UPVTBMY DP 12000 ZPMPCHPTEЪPCH DMS CHOEBROPZP OBRBDEOYS ABOUT FHTLEUFBO. OP ьФБ PTDB VSHCHMB PUFBOPCHMEOB CH FTEIDOECHOPN PFYUBSOOPN VPA H yLBO U 4 RP 6 DELBVTS ZETPKULPK UPFOEK 2-ZP hTBMSHULPZP RPMLB EUBKHMB UETPCHB, RPCHFPTYCHYEZP ЪDEUSH BULETBOWL YK RPDCHYZ lBTZZIOB. yЪ 110 LBBLLPCH RTY 1 EDYOPTPZE HGEMEMP 11, 52 KHVYFP, 47 TBOEOP. CHUE RPMHYUMY ZEPTZIECHULIE LTEUFSHCH. p UPRTPFYCHMEOYE LFK ZPTUFY ZETPECH UMPNYMUS RPTSHCH LPLBODGECH, Y POY, OE RTYOSCH VPS U CHSHUMBOOSCHN ABOUT CHSHTHYULH TKHUULYN PFTSDPN, CHPCHTBFYMYUSH CHPUCHPSUI.

    CHEUOPA 1865 ZPDB HYUTETSDEOB fHTLEUFBOULBS PVMBUFSH, Y YUETOSECH OBYUEO VSHM ITS CHPEOOSHN ZHVETOBFPTPN. u PFTSDPN CH 1800 YUEMPCHEL Y 12 PTHDYK PO CHSHUFKHRIM RPD fBYLEOF Y 9 NBS TBVIM RPD EZP UFEOBNY LPLBODULYE UYMSCH. tsYFEMY fBYLEOFB PFDBMYUSH RPD CHMBUFSH VHIBTULZP BNYTB, CHSHUMBCHYEZP FHDB UCHPY CHPKULB. TEYCH KHRTEDYFSH VHIBTGECH, yuETOSECH RPUREYM YFKHTNPN Y ABOUT TBUUCHEFE 15 YAOS PCHMBDEM fBYLEOFPN UFTENIFEMSHOPK BFBLPC. h fBYLEOFE, YNECHYEN DP 30000 ЪBEYFOILLPCH, CHЪSFP 16 OBNEO Y 63 PTHDYS. ABOUT HTPO - 123 YUEMPCHELB. ъBOSFYE fBYLEOFB PLPOYUBFEMSHOP HRTPYUYMP RPMPTSEOYE tPUUYY CH UTEDOEK BYYY.

    rPDYYOOYE vHIBTSHCH

    KHUREY UETOSECHB Y TBURPTPUFTBOEOYE THUULPZP NPZHEEUFCHB ABOUT lPLBOD UIMSHOP CHUFTECHPTSYMP vHIBTH. lFP IBOUFChP VSHMP DP UYI RPT PZTBTSDEOP PF TKHUULYI LPLBODULYYY ENMSNYY, UFBCHYYYYYYYYEKUBU THUULYYY PVMBUFSNYY. UNYT RTEFEODPCHBM ABOUT FBYLEOF, UUSCHMBSUSH ABOUT CHPMA EZP TSYFEMEC, OP DPNPZBFEMSHUFCHB EZP VSHCHMY PFCHETZOKHFSCH. rPMPTSYCH PCHMBDEFSH fBYLEOFPN UYMPK, BNIT CHEUOPA 1866 ZPDB UPVTBM KH TKHUULYI RTEDEMPCH DP 43000 CHPKUL. ZEOETBM yuETOSECH CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH TEYM OE DPTsYDBFSHUS HDBTB, B VYFSH UBNPNH - Y CH NBE DCHYOKHM ABOUT VHIBTH PFTSD ZEOETBMB tPNBOPCHULZP(237) H 3000 VPKGPC RTY 20 PTHDYSI .

    lBNRBBOYS 1866 ZPDB ZEOETBMB tPNBOPCHULZP VSHMB UPLTHYYFEMSHOPK. R PLPTYM dTSYBL. h FTEI LFYI VEURPEBDOSHI YFKHTNBI THUULYE CHPKULB, MYYICHYYUSH 500 YUEMPCHEL, RPMPTSYMY ABOUT NEUF 12000 BYBFPCH. rPD yTDTSBTPN RETEVIFP 1000 VHIBTGECH Y CHSFP 6 PTHDYK. rTY YFKHTNE iPDTSEOFB RETEVIFP 3500. oby HTPO - 137 YUEMPCHEL. rTY hTB-fave RETEVIFP 2000, ChSFP 4 OBNEOY, 32 PTHDYS, OBIY RPFETY - 227 YUEMPCHEL. oBLPOEG, CH UBNPN LTPCHBCHPN DEME, RTY dTSYBLE, YЪ 11000 VHIBTGECH MEZMP 6000, YЪ 2000 TKHUULYI KHVSHMP FPMSHLP 98. hSFP 11 OBNEO Y 43 PTHDYS.

    rPFETSCH dTSYBL, VHIBTGSH VETSBMY L UCHPEK UFPMYGE - uBNBTLBODH Y RPUREYMY CHUFKHRYFSH H RETEZPCHPTSH P NITE. h VE'TEIKHMSHFBFOSCHI RETEZPCHPTBI RTPYYEM CHEUSH 1867 ZPD. vHIBTGSH YI OBNETEOOP ЪBFSZYCHBMY, UFTENSUSH CHSHCHYZTBFSH CHTENS Y OBVTBFSH OPCHHA BTNYA, tPUUYS TSE RTPCHEMB LBRYFBMSHOKHA BDNYOYUFTBFYCHOHA TEZHPTNKH. h LFPN, 1867 ZPDH fHTLEUFBOULBS PVMBUFSH VSHMB RTEPVTBBPCHBOB CH fHTLEUFBOULPE ZEOETBM-ZHVETOBFPTUFChP, UPUFBCHYCHYEE CH BDNYOYUFTBFYCHOPN PFOPYEOY DCHE PVMBUFY - UENY TEUEOULKHA (ZPTPD chetoschek) U CHPEOOSHN ZHVETBFPTPN ZEOETBMPN lPMRBLPCHULIN Y USHCHT-dBTSHYOULHA (ZPTPD fBYLEOF) U ZEOETBMN tPNBOPCHULIN. pVTBЪPCHBO fHTLEUFBOULYK CHPEOOOSCHK PLTHZ, Y ChPKULB ABOUT EZP FETTYFPTYY - 7-K pTEOVHTSULYK Y 3-K UYVYTULYK MYOEKOSCHE VBFBMSHPOSH - TBCHETOKHFSCH CH 1-A UFTEMLPCHA DYCHY JYA Y 12 MYOEKOSCHI FHTLEUFBOULYI VBFBMSHPOCH. RETCHSHCHN FHTLEUFBOWLINE ZEOETBM-ZKHVETOBFPTPN VSHHM OBYUEO ZEOETBM ZHPO lBKHZHNBO (238), yuETOSECH VSHM PFPCHBO.

    yuEMPCHEL PFCHEFUFCHEOOSCHI TEYEOYK Y CHPMECHPK CHPEOBYUBMSHOIL, ZEOETBM ZhPO lBKHZHNBO UTBKH PGEOIM PVUFBOPCHLH. rTYNYTYFEMSHOBS RPMYFYLB OE HDBMBUSH, ЪMBS CHPMS VHIBTSH UFBMB PYUECHYDOPK - UFKh ЪМХА CHPMA OBDMETSBMP UMPNYFSH. h LPOGE BRTEMS 1868 ZPDB "lBKHZHNBO U PFTSDPN Ch 4000 YFSHLPCH Y YBYEL RTY 10 PTHDISI DCHYOHMUS PF fBYLEOFB L UBNBTLBODH, ABOUT RPDUFHRBI L LPFPTPNH BNIT UPVTBM DP 6000 0 YUEMPCHEL.

    2 NBS 1868 ZPDB REIPFB ZEOETBMB ZPMPCHBUECHB(239) RP ZTKhDSH Ch ChPDE RETEYMB ETBCHYBO ABOUT ZMBBI OERTYSFEMSHULYI RPMYUYE, KHDBTYMB ABOUT OYI CH YFSHHLY, PCHMBDEMB CHCHUPFBN Y yuBRBO-bFB Y PVTBFYMB VHIBTGECH CH VEZUFChP. uBNBTLBOD ЪBLTSCHM CHPTPFB WEZKHEIN Y UDBMUS TKHUULINE. h VPK RTYYMPUSH YDFY UTBH TSE RP RETEIPDE TELY. uPMDBFSH OBVTBMY RPMOSH ZPMEOYEB CHPDSH, TBHCHBFSHUS TSE Y CHSHCHFTSIYCHBFSH CHPDKH OE VSHMP READING. OBOY MYOEKGSCH UFBOPCHYMYUSH ABOUT THLY, Y FPCHBTYEY FTSUMY YI ЪB OPZY. rPUME bfpzp utbjkh rpymy h yfshchly ABOUT VHIBTGECH. "iBMBFOILY" TEYYMYY, YuFP RPUFYZMY UELTEF THUULPK FBLFYLYY, Y NEUSG URKHUFS RTY ъBTBVHMBLE, RPPDKDS ABOUT THTSEKOSHCHK CHSHCHUFTEM, YI RETCHSHCHE TSSDCH UFBMY ZPMPCHPK CHOY, FPZDB LBL ЪBDOYE DPVTPUPCHEUFOP UFBMY FTSUFY YI ЪB OPZY. rP UPCHETYEOYY bFPZP PVTSDB CH RPVEDE OILFP YЪ OYI OE UPNOECHBMUS.

    PUFBCHYCH ЪDEUSH ZBTOYЪPO, lBKHZHNBO DCHYOHMUS DBMSHYE ABOUT AZ U CHPKULBNY ZPMPCHBUECHB Y TPNBOPCHULPZP. 18 NBS ON PRTPLYOKHM VHIBTGECH RTY lBFFB-lHTZBOE, B 2 YAOS DPLPOBM BTNYA BNYTB CH TSEUFPYUBKYEN UFEROPN RPVPYEE ABOUT ъBTBVKHMBLULYI CHCHUPFBI. ъBTБВХМБЛ - RETCHBS RTPVB YZPMSHYUBFSHCHYOFPCHPL lBTME, TsEUFPLBS VPKOS, CH LPFPTPK RETEVIFP DP 10000 VHIBTGECH, ZKHUFSHCH NBUUSH LPFPTSCHI OBU PZPOSH LPUYM, LBL FTBCHH. OBOY RPFETY CHUEZP 63 YUEMPCHELB. CHUEZP CH LFPN DEME RTPPHYCH 2000 TKHUULYI DEKUFCHPCHBMP 35000 CHPKUL BNITB. rPFTSUEOOOSCHK YNYT ЪBRTPPUYM BNBO. vHIBTB RTYOBMB OBD UPVPK RTPFELFPTBF tPUUYY, KHUFKHRYMB tPUUYY UBNBTLBOD Y CHUE ENMY DP ъBTBVKHMBLB.

    h UBNSCHK DEOSH TEYYFEMSHOPK ъBTБВХМБЛУЛПК VYФЧШЧ - 2 YAOS - CH OBYEN FSHMKH RTEDBFEMSHULY CHPUUFBM uBNBTLBOD. l CHPUUFBCHYYN RTYUPEDYOMYUSH RPMYUYEB CHPYOUFCHEOOSCHI ZPTGECH-YBITYUSVGECH, Y 50000 IIEOILPC BFBLLPCHBMY GYFBDEMSH, WHERE ЪBUEM ZETPKULYK TKHUULYK ZBTOYЪPO (700 YuEMP CHEL) NBKPTB yFENREMS. yEUFSH DOEK ЪBEIFSH UBNBTLBODB OBCHUEZDB PUFBOKHFUS VMYUFBFEMSHOPK UFTBOYGEK CH MEFPRYUSI Y FTBDYGYSI FHTLEUFBOULYI CHPKUL. 7 YAOS CHETOKHCHYKUS YJ-RPD ъBTБВХМБЛБ лБХжНБО CHSHCHTHYUM LFYI ITBVTEGPC Y RPUFKHRIM U UBNBTLBODPN U RTYNETOPK UFTPZPUFSHA. Zetpkulbs UFPKLPUFFS ZbtaPob, Pfvyzp STPUFOCHOCHOCHE 2 I 3 YAOS, RPchab L FPNH, YuFP Yubityusvshch, PFUBSHYUSHYUSH HURYE, HCI 4-ZP Yuuuu Khimy L Ueva Ch ZPTSH. nsch MYYYMYUSH 150 YUEMPCHEL. dBMSHOEKYE BFBLY UBNBTLBODGECH PFVYCHBFSH UVBMP MEZUE. lBKHZHNBO CH OBLBBOYE (UBNBTLBODGSH RTYUSZOKHMY ABOUT RPDDBOUFCHP tPUUYY Y RTYUSZKH OBTHYMYMY) RTYLBOBBM UTSEYUSH ZPTPD.

    pDOPCHTENEOOOP U RPDYUYOOYEN tPUUY vHIBTULPZP IBOUFCHB CHURSCHIOHMP CHPUUFBOYE DHOZBO CH LYFBKULPN fHTLEUFBOE. BOBTIYS LFB CHSHCHBMB VTPTSEOYE CH UNETSOPK YUBUFY THUULPZP UENYTEYUSHS, Y DHOZBOULIK UKHMFBO UFBM CHEUFY UEWS CHSCCHCHBAEE. ch 1869 ZPDH ZEOETBM lPMRBLPCHULYK RTEDRTYOSM LUREDYGYA CH LYFBKULYK fHTLEUFBO, B CH 1871 ZPDH PLLHRYTPCHBM lHMSHDTSKH. vPMSHYKHA YUBUFSH LFK RTPCHYOGYY tPUUYS CHPCHTBFYMB CH 1874 ZPDH lYFBA, RPUME FPZP LBL LIFBKGSH HRTBCHYMYUSH U CHPUUFBOYEN.

    h 1869 ZPDH RTPIЪPYMP CHBTTSOPE UPVSCHFYE - tPUUYS KHFCHETDIMBUSH ABOUT CHPUFPYUOPN VETEZKH lBURYKULPZP NPTS. h lTBUOPCHPDULPN ЪBMYCHE CHCHUBDYMUS ZEOETBM uFPMEFPCH (240) U PFTSDPN CH 1000 YUEMPCHEL CHPKUL lBCHLBULPK BTNYY. fBLYN PVTBBPN, YUETE RPMFPPTBUFB MEF CHPЪPVOPCHMEOB VSHMB RPRSHCHFLB VELPCHYUB RTPOILOKHFSH CH UTEDOAA BYYA PF lBURYS. FHF NSCH UFPMLOHMYUSH U OPCHSHCHN ITBVTSHCHN Y TSEUFPLYN CHTBZPN - FKHTLNEOBNY, OBUEMSCHIYNY ЪBLBURYKULYE UFERY Y RKHUFSCHOY. CHPCHEDEOYE OBNY CH 1870 ZPDH lTBUOPCHPDULB RPUMHTSYMP DMS OYI RPCPDPN L OERTYSJOOOSCHN DEKUFCHYSN. h 1871 ZPDH UPUFPSMBUSH OBNEOYFBS TELPZOPUGYTPCHLB LBRYFBOB ULPVEMECHB PF lTBUOPCHPDULB DP IYCHYOULPZP UBTSCHLBNSCHYB YUETE RKHUFSCHOA KhUFSh-hTF. ULPVEMECH RTPYYCHEM NBTYTHFOKHA UYAENLH hUFSH-hTFB, RTPKDS 760 CHETUF CH 6 MILKINGS U PITBOK CHUEZP YYEUFY DTSYZYFPCH. ch 1874 ZPDKH ЪBOSFSHCHE OBNY ABOUT CHPUFPYuOPN VETEZKH lBURYS ЪНМY UPUFBCHYMY ъBLBURYKULYK PFDEM, RPDYUYOOOSCHK LBCHLBULPNKH CHPEOOPNKH PLTHZKH.

    iYCHYOULYK RPIPD Y RPLPTEOYE lPLBODB 1873 - 1876 ZPDHR

    pDOB MYYSH IYCHB DP UYI RPT OE YJCHEDBMB UYMSCH THUULPZP PTHTSYS. UYUYFBS UEVS ЪBEEEOOOSCHNY RKHUFSCHOEK, RPNOS DCHHLTBFOHA OEKHDBYUKH TKHUULYI RPIPDPCH ABOUT YI PBYU, IYCHYOGSH OE CEMBMY RTELTBEBFSH TBVPECH, ZTBVETSEK Y RTYVSHMSHOPK TBVPFPTZPCHMY. ABOUT CHUE RTEDUFBCHMEOYS ZEOETBMB lBKHZHNBOB IYCHYOULYK IBO MYVP OE PFCHEYUBM, MYVP PFCHEYUBM DET'PUFSNY, UYUFBS, YuFP "VEMSHCHE THVBIY" DP iYCHSHCH OE DPKDHF.

    fPZDB CH LPOGE JNSCH 1873 ZPDB VSHMP TEYEOP RTEDRTYOSFSH ABOUT IYCHH RPIPD YuEFSHTSHNS PFTSDBNY U FTEI UFPTPO: UP UFPTPPOSH fHTLEUFBOB - lBKHZHNBO U 6000 YuEMPCHEL RTY 18 PTHDYSI, UP UFP TPOSCH pTEOVKHTZB - ZEOETBM CHETECHLYO U 3500 YUEMPCHEL RTY 8 PTKHDYSI Y UP UFPTPOSCH lBURYKULPZP NPTS DCHB PFTSDB - nBOZSCHYMBLULYK RPMLPCHOILB mPNBLYOB U 3000 YUEMPCHEL Y 8 PTHDYSNY Y lTBUOPCHPDULYK RPMLPCHOILB nBTLPJPCHB(241) U 2000 YUEMPCHEL Y 10 PTHDYSNY - PVB Y ChPKUL lBCHLBULZP PLTHZB. rP UPEDYOOYY CHUEI PFTSDPCH X IYCHSHCH CHUE LFY UYMSCH, DP UYI RPT CH fHTLEUFBOE OEUMSCHIBOOSCH (DP 15000 VPKGPCH RTY 44 PTHDYSI), DPMTSOSCH VSHMY RPUFHRYFSH RPD LPNBODH lBKHZHNBOB.

    CHETECHLYO, LPFPTPPNKH OBDMETSBMP YDFY RP OBYVPMEE DMYOOPNKH NBTYTHFKH, HCE CH RPMPCHYOE ZHECHTBMS FTPOKHMUS OEVPMSHYYNYY RETEIPDBNY U BNVSHCH ABOUT BNH-dBTSHA UECHETPLBURYKULYNY UFERSN Y. fHTLEUFBOULYK PFTSD (LPMPOOsch lBKHZHNBOB Y zPMPCHBUECHB) CHCHUFKHRYM 13 NBTFB. ъBLBURYKULYK Y lTBUOPCHPDULYK - CH RPMPCHYOE NBTFB, B nBOZSHCHYMBLUYK - CH RPMPCHYOE BRTEMS.

    fHTLEUFBOULPNKH PFTSDKH, CHSHCHUFKHRYCHYENKH YI dTSYBLBL, RTYYMPUSH CHSCHOEUFY CHUA FSCEUFSH LPOFYEOFBMSHOPZP LMYNBFB - URETCHB TELYK IPMPD, ЪBFEN CH BRTEME HTSBUOSCHK Kommersant OPK. u RPMPCHYOSCH BRTEMS RTYYMPUSH YDFY RP VECHPDOPK RHUFSHCHOE, ЪBRBUSH CHPDSHCHCHYMY, MADI UFBMY KHNYTBFSH, Y, LPZDB PFTSD 21 BRTEMS RTYYEM CH HTPYUYEE bDBN-lTSCHMZBO (YuFP ЪOB YUYF "RPZYVEMSH YUEMPCHELB"), ZYVEMSH EZP LBBBMBUSH OEYVETSOPK. uMHYUBKSP PFLTSCHFSHCH LPMPDGSH URBUMY CHPKULB, Y lBKHZHNBO OERTELMPOOP OYEM CHREDED. 12 NBS ACCORDING TO THE BNH-DBTSHA, DBM CHPKULBN PFDSHY OBRTBCHYMUS LIYCHE.

    dChKHN ЪBLBURYKULIN PFTSDBN RTYIPDYMPUSH RTEPDPMEFSH 700-CHETUFOKHA RKHUFSCHOA KHUFSH-KhTF U ITS REUBUSCHNY USHCHRKHYYNY VBTIBOBNY. lTBUOPCHPDULPNH PFTSDDH LFP PLBBBMPUSH OE RP UYMBN, Y ON CHSCHOKHTSDEO VSHM CHETOHFSHUS, UPUMKHTSYCH, PDOBLP, FH UMKHTSVH, YuFP KhDETTSBM UCHPYN DCHYTSEOYEN OBYVPMEE ChPYOUFCHEOOPE Y Kommersant FKHTLNEOULYI RMENEO - FELYOGECH.

    NBOZSHCHYMBLULYK PFTSD (ZDE OBYUBMSHOILPN YFBVB VSHM RPDRPMLPCHOIL ULPVEMECH) RETEYEM KHUFSH-HTF CH RSFYDEUSFYZTBDHUOSCHK ЪOPK, YNES YBUFSHCHE UFSCHYULY U IYCHYOGBNY Y FHTTLNEOB NY, Y 18 NBS VMY NBOSCHFB UPEDYOMUS U pTEOVKHTZULIN PFTSDPN ZEOETBMB CHETECHLYOB. B JK PFTSD lBHZHNBOB.

    28 NBS OBYUBMUS YFKHTN ZPTPDB, Y 29-ZP TEYYFEMSHOBS BFBLB ULPVVEMECHB ЪBCHETYMB DEMP. CHUMED JB lPLBODPN Y VHIBTPK RPLPTYMBUSH Y IYCHB. IYCHYOULYK IBO RTYOBM UEVS "RPLPTOSHCHN UMKHZPK" TKHUULPZP GBTS, PUCHPVPDYM CHUEI OECHPMSHoilPCH RTEDEMBI UCHPEK UFTBOSH Y KHUFKHRIM tPUUYY CHUE ENMY ABOUT RTBCHPN VETEZKH bNH -dBTSHY, HERE L CHBUUBMSHOPNH PFOSHCHOE IBOUFCHH VSHM RTYUFBCHMEO TKHUULYK YUBUPCHPK - ZhPTF reftpbmelubodtpchul.

    TBOSHYE, YUEN CHETOHFSHUS CH FHTLEUFBO, lBKHZHNBO RTEDRTYOSM LBTBFEMSHOHA LUREDYGYA ABOUT FHTLNEO-KPNHDPCH Y RPLPTYM YI, RPMPTSYCH CH DEMBY 14th 15th YAOS STUDENTS 2000 YUEMPCHEL. h LFPN DEME VSHMP HOYUFPSEOP LBL TB FP RMENS, YuFP CHSHTEBMP PFTSD VELPCHYUB (243) .

    bFPF IYCHYOULYK RPIPD VSHHM UBNSHCHN FTKhDOSCHN YI CHUEI NOPZPFTKhDOSCHI FHTLEUFBOULYI RPIPDPCH. VENETOSCHI MYYEOOK, LPFPTSCHN RPDCHETZMYUSH ЪDEUSH TPFSH MYOEKOSCHI VBFBMSHPOCH Y LBCHLBULYI RPMLPCH, OE CHSHCHDETTSBMB VSC OILBLBS BTNYS CH NYTE. xUFSH-hTF Y bDBN-lTSCHMZBO - FBLBS CE RPVEDB OBD UBNPK RTYTPPDK, LBL nHFFEOULBS DPMYOB Y fTBSOPCH RETECHBM. CHPEOOSHCHY RPMYFYUEULYE DBTPCHBOYS ZEOETBMB lBKHZHNBOB CHSCCHYMYUSH EEE TB CH RPMOPN UCHPEN TBNETE. b RP TSDBN MYOEKGECH Y LBBLLPCH RETEDBCHBMPUSH YNS ZETPS bFPK LUREDYGYY - NPMPDPZP, VEKHRTEYUOP EZPMECHBFPZP 30-MEFOEZP RPMLPCHOILB ZEOETBMSHOPZP YFBVB, PFYUBSOOPK PFCHBZE Y OECHPNHFYNPK TEYYFEMSHOPUFY LPFPTPZP YYHNMSMYUSH CHUE. yuete Yuefshchte ZPDB YNS LFP OBMB CHUS tPUUYS.

    * * *

    rPDYYOSS UCHPENKH CHMYSOYA UTEDOEBBYBFULYE ZPUKHDBTUFCHB, tPUUYS PUFBCHMSMB LFYN IBOUFCHBN RPMOHA CHOKHFTEOOAA UBNPUFPSFEMSHOPUFSH, FTEVHS MYYSH RTYOBOYS UCHPEZP RTPFELF PTBFB, KHUFKHRLY OELPFPTSCHI CHBTSOSCHI CH UFTBFEZYUUEULPN PFOPEYOOY PVMBUFEK Y RHOLFPC Y RTELTBEEOYS TBVPFPTZPCHMY.

    pF LFPC KHNETEOOPK MYOY RPCHEDEOYS RTYYMPUSH, PDOBLP, CHULPTE UDEMBFSH PFUFKHRMEOYE Y RPLBBBFSH ЪББOBCHYYNUS VSHMP BYBFBN, YuFP CHEMILPDKHYYE - OE UMBVPUFSH. ch 1875 ZPDH Ch PDOPN YFTEI OBUYI RTPFELFPTBFPCH, lPLBODE, CHURSHCHIOKHMY VEURPTSDLY. iHDPST - FOR LPLBODULYK VETSBM CH fBYLEOF, B CHMBUFSH KHHTRYTPCHBM VEL rKHMBF, UCHYTERSHCHK OEOOBCHYUFOIL tPUUYY. h LPOGE YAMS Y OBYUBME BCHZKHUFB 1875 ZPDB YBKLY LPLBODGECH UPCHETYYMY TSD OBRBDEOYK ABOUT TKHUULYE RPUFSCH NETSDH IPDTSEOFPN Y hTB-FAVE, B 8 BCHZKHUFB 15-FSCHUSYUOPE ULPRYEE OBRB MP OB iPDTSEOF, OP VSHMP PFTBCEOP.

    JOETZYUOSCHK lBKHZHNBO TEBZYTPCHBM OENEDMEOOOP. KHCE 11 BCHZHUFB Zeoetbm ZPMPCHBUECH TBVIM 6000 lplybodgech x Khamshzhbzbzbzbtb, b 12-ZPUFHREMYMY Yu Fbeyofb Zmobchische LBHZHNBOB (4000 ptHDysi). CHUS LPOOYGB, 1000 YBYEL, VSHMB RPTHYUEOB RPMLPCHOILKH ULPVEMECHKH.

    THUULYE DCHYOHMYUSH H IPDTSEOFULPN OBRTBCHMEOYY. rKHMBF-IBO U PZTPNOPK BTNYEK (DP 60000) RPDTSIDBM TKHUULYI KH nBITBNB ABOUT USCHT-dBTSH. 22 BCHZKHUFB TKHUULYE ABOUT RPIPDE PFVYMY BFBLY ULPRYE LPLBODGECH, B 24-ZP CH ZEOETBMSHOPN UTBTSEOY RTY nBITBNE OBOEUMY UPLTHYFEMSHOP RPTBTSEOYE LP-LBODULPK BTNYY. nBITBN - HDBT UFTEMLCH CH MPV CHTBZKH, LPOYGSH ULPVEMECHB - CH FShchM. 3000 LPLBODGECH RPMPTSEOP ABOUT NEUFE Y CHSFP 46 PTHDYK. OBOY RPFETY CHUEZP 5 HVYFSHCHY 8 TBOEOSHCHI. dPTZB ABOUT lPLBOD, UFPMYGH IBOUFCHB, VSHMB PFLTSCHFB. 26-ZP, RPUME DOECHLY X nBITBNB, lBKHZHNBO CHSHCHUFKHRIM FKhDB Y 29 BCHZKHUFB PCHMBDEM lPLBODPN VEJ VPS.

    PUFBFLY TBVYFSHCHI LPLBODULYI CHPKUL UPVTBMYUSH ABOUT CHPUFPLE IBOUFCHB - X nBTZEMBOB Y PIB. yI CHP'ZMBCHYM bVDKHTTBINBO bCHFPVBYUY. lBKHZHNBO DCHYOHMUS ABOUT nBTZEMBO, PFLTSCHYYK ENKH CHPTPFB. bVDKHTTBINBO ECBM, VTPUYCH UCHPK MBZETSH, B EZP ChPKULP VSHMP TBUUESOP OZOBCHYYN EZP ULPVEMESCHN. lPLBOD KHUFKHRIM tPUUYY YENMY RP RTBCHPNH VETEZKH oBTSHCHNB, UPUFBCHYYE oBNBOZBOULIK PLTHZ. “oBTSHCHN” - OE YUFP YOPE, LBL UTEDOEEE FEYOOYE TELY USCHT-dBTSHY (CH CHETIOEN UCHPEN FEYUEOOY YNEOHAEEKUS FBLCE fBTBZBEN). OE UNEYYCHBFSH U "OBTSCHNULIN LTBEN" CH UYVYTY.

    mYYSH FPMSHLP TKHUULYE RPLYOHMY RTEDEMSH IBOUFCHB, LBL CH UEOFSVTE CHUE POP PRSFSH VSHMP PICHBYUEOP CHPUUFBOYEN. RKHMBF-IBO Y bVDKHTTBINBO RTPCHPZMBUYMY CH BODYTSBOE "ZBBBCHBF" - UCHSEOOKHA CHPKOKH Y CH OEULPMSHLP DOEK UPVTBMY DP 70000 RTYCHETTSEOGECH. zEOETBM lBKHZHNBO DCHYOKHM RPD bodytsbo PFTSD ZEOETBMB fTPGLPZP(244) . rPDPKDS L BODYTSBOKH, ZEOETBM fTPGLYK 1 PLFSVTS RTEDRTYOSM YFKHTN, PFMYUBCHYKUS OECHETPSFOSCHN PTSEUFPYUEOYEN. rPEBDSH ЪDEUSH OILPNKH OE VSHMP DBOP, ZHBOBFILY EE OE RTPUYMY. BODYTSBO VSHHM TBZTPNMEO BTFYMMETYEK, REIPFB Y LBBBLY DPVIMY CHTBZB. OBOY RPFETY CHUEZP 5 PZHYGETPCH Y 58 OYTSOYI YYOPCH. rPCHUFBOGECH RETEVIFP DP 4000.

    h TEЪKHMSHFBFE BODYTSBOULPZP YFKHTNB lPLBOD LBBBMUS ЪBNITEOOOSCHN. TKHUULYE EZP bchblkhytpchbmy, y h DELBVTE CHURSHCHIOKHM OCHSHCHK NSFETS. MYLCHYDYTPCHBFSH LFPF CHЪTSCHCH - FTEFYK ЪB RPMZPDB - VSHMP RPTHYUEOP OBYUBMSHOYLH oBNBOZBYULPZP PLTHZB, FPMSHLP YuFP RTPY'chedEOOPNH CH ZEOETBMSH ULPVEMECHKH. ULPVEMECH KHUFTENYMUS ABOUT RKHMBF-IBOB, ЪBUECHYEZP CH nBTZEMBOYE, PE CHSHCHOKHTSDEO VSHM CHPCHTBFYFSHUS: CH FSCHMH KH OEZP CHPUUFBM oBNBOZBY. bFPF ZPTPD VSHM UPTSTSEO, Y NSFETS RTEUEYUEO CH BTPDSHCHYE. ъBFEN ULPVEMECH CHPPVOPCHYM UCHPA LUREDYGYA. 31 DELBVTS ON TBZTPNYM 20000 LPLBODGECH RTY vBMSHLYUBOULYI UBCHBMBI, B 4 SOCHBTS 1876 ZPDB ZEPTZIECHULYE TPTSLY MYOEKOSCHI VBFBMSHPOPC CHFPTYYUOP RTPFTTHVYMY RTYU FHR BODYTSBOB.

    ABOUT LFPF TB IBOUFCHP VSHMP HUNYTEOP PLPOYUBFEMSHOP, PY Y nBTZEMBO YYASCHYMY RPLPTOPUFSH. 28 SOCHBTS UDBMUS bVDKHTTBINBO. rKHMBF-IBO RPKNBO Y EB ЪCHETUFCHB OBD TKHUULINY RMEOOOILBNY RPCHEEYEO. 12 ZHECHTBMS lPLBOD CHSF, Y RPUMEDOYK IBO LPLBODULYK OBU-dDYO CHSHUMBO CH TPUUYA. lPLBOD-ULPE IBOUFChP RETEUFBMP UKHEEUFCHPCHBFSH Y RTYUPEDYOEOP ULPVEMECHSHCHN L tPUUYY RPD OBYNEOPCHBOYEN ZHETZBOULPK PVMBUFY.

    BIBM-FELJOULYE RPIPDSCH 1877 - 1881 ZPDHR

    fHTTLNEOULYE UFERY PZTPNOSCHN LMYOPN CHDBCHBMYUSH CH OBUY UTEDOEUBYBFULYE CHMBDEOYS, TBDEMSS ъBLBURYKULYK LTBK Y FHTLEUFBO Y RETEUELBS CHUE OBIY LBTBCCHBOOSCH RKhFY, FBL YFP U PPVEEOYS NETSDH lTBUOPCHPDULPN Y fBYLEOFPN RTYIPDYMPUSH RPDDETSYCHBFSH YUETE pTEOVHTZ. yj CHUEI FHTTLNEOULYI RMENEO PUPVEOOOPK UCHYTERPUFSHA Y ChPYOUFCHEOOPUFSHA PFMYUBMYUSH FELYOGSH, PVYFBCHYYE CH PBYUBI BIBM-FELYOULPN Y NETCHULPN. rTEUFYTS LFYI YUEYUEOGECH UTEDOOEK BYY UFPSM CHSHUPLP PF lBVKHMB DP FEZETBOB.

    uTBH TSE RPUME OBEK CHCHUBDLY Y UBBLMBDLY lTBUOPCHPDULB PUFTSHCHE YBYLY FELYOGECH CHPURTPFYCHYMYUSH THUULPNKH RTPDCHYTSEOYA CH BLBURYKULYK LTBK. chMBDEOOYS YI VSHCHMY FTHDOP DPUZBENSCH - PF NPTS BIBM-FELYOULYK PBYU PFDEMSMY 500 CHETUF VECHPDOPK Y RHUFSCHOOPK UFERY. rPLPTEOYE bFPZP "PUYOPZP ZOEDB" VSHMP OBUFPSFEMSHOP OEPVIPDYNP Y UFBMP ABOUT PYUETEDSH UEKYBU TSE RP KHYUTETSDEOOY CH 1874 ZPDH ъBLBURYKULPK PVMBUFY. pDOBLP FTEREFBCHYBS RETED BOZMYEK THUULBS DYRMPNBFYS, PRBUBSUSH FPZP, "YuFP NPZHF RPDKHNBFSH CH mPODPOE", OBUFPSMB ABOUT RPMKHNET. TEYEOP VSHMP MYYSH KHFCHETDYFSHUS ABOUT LTBA PBYUB CH HTPYUYEE LYYM-bTCHBF - YOSCHNY UMPCHBNY, PUYOPE ZOEDP OE HOYUFPTSYFSH, B FPMSHLP RPFTECHPTSYFSH.

    oEHDBYOOBS YDES VSHMB EEE OEHDBYOOEE CHSHRPMOOEOB. IPDYCHYYK CH 1877 ZPDH ABOUT LYYM-BTCHBF ZEOETBM mPNBLYO OE TBUUUYFBM UTEDUFCH UOBVTSEOYS Y, UBOSCH KHLBBOOSHCHK TBKPO, DPMTSEO VSHM UREYOP TEFYTPCHBFSHUS CHCHYDH OEDPUFBFL B RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYS. h 1878 ZPDH YFBV lBCHLBYULPZP PLTHZB RTEDRYUBM ZEOETBMKH mPNBLYOH RTEDRTYOSFSH "KHUIMEOOKHA TELPZOPUGYTPCHLH" biBM-FELYOULPZP PBYUB. fP VShchM VPMSHYPK RUYIPMPZYUEULYK RTPNBI: DCHYTSEOYE LTHROPZP THUULPZP PFTSDB FHDB Y OBBD VSHMP YUFPMLPCHBOP LBL OEKHDBCHYYKUS RPIPD, Y PE CHUEI PLTEUFOSCHI YENMSI U FBMY ZPCHPTYFSH, UFP "FELYOGECH OILFP OE NPTsEF RPVEDIFSH - DBCE TKHUULYE".

    fPZDB CH 1879 ZPDH CH fYZHMYUE TEYMYMY RTEDRTYOSFSH UETSHEOKHA PRETBGYA. DMS RPLPTEOYS BIBM-FELYOULPZP PBYUB VSHM OBYUEO UVPTOSHCHK PFTSD, LHDB ChPYMY VBFBMSHPOSH UMBCHOSHI RPMLPCH lBCHLBULPK ZTEOBDETULPK, ​​20-Y 21-K DYCHYYK. pFTSD LFPF - UYMPA DP 10000 YUEMPCHEL - VSHM CHCHETEO ZETPA lBTUB ZEOETBMKH mBBTECHH.

    ZEOETBM MBEBTECH RPCHFPTYM PYYVLH mPNBLYOB CH 1877 ZPDH - PO RTEOEVTEZ KHUFTPKUFChPN RTDDPChPMSHUFCHOOOPK YUBUFY Y UNPZ RPFPNKH DCHYOKHFSH CH RPIPD CH BCHZKHUFE 1879 ZPDB MY YSH RPMPCHYOH UCPEZP PFTSDB. ABOUT RKhFY L FELYOULPNKH PRMPPHH ZEPL-FERE MBUBTECH ULPOYUBMUS, Y CH LPNBODPCHBOYE CHUFKHRIM UFBTYK ZEOETBM mPNBLYO. rTY RPZTEVEOYY mBBTECHB LPMEUB RHYLY, RTPYCHPDYCHYEK UBMAF, TBUUSCHRBMYUSH, YuFP VSHMP CHUENY YUFPMLPCBOP LBL DHTOP RTEDOBNEOPCHBOYE (CHUMEDUFCHYE YUTENETOPK UHIPUFY PE ЪДХИБ РПДПВОПЗП ТПДБ БЧБТІй ДЭTECHSOOTSU MBZHEFPCH Y RPChPЪPL UMKHYUBMYUSH CH FYI NEUFBI YUBUFP). lFPF RPUMEDOYK (mPNBLYO) “L IBPUKH OETBUUEFMYCHP UFY DPVBCHYM EEE FPTPRMYCHPUFSH.” 12 YFSH VSHMP RPLPTOPUFSH, YFKHTNPCHBM FELYOULHA LTERPUFSH, VSHM PFVYF U KHTPOPN Y RPUREYOP PFUFKHRIM, EDCHB OE RPZHVYCH CHUEZP PFTSDB. oby KhTPO CH LFPN KHRPTOPN DEME - 27 PZHYGETPCH Y 418 OITSOYI YUYOPCH, UBNSCHK OBYUYFEMSHOSCHK UB CHUE FHTLEUFBOULYE CHPKOSHCH.

    bFB OEKHDBYUB UIMSHOP RPLPMEVBMB RTEUFYTS tPUUYY ABOUT CHPUFPLE. “vmesche THVBIY” VSHMY RPVETSDEOSCH! IYCHYOGSH Y RETUYSOE ЪMPTBDUFCHPCHBMY (YN, CHRTPUEN, UBNYN UPMPOP RTYIPDIMPUSH PF DETOLYI OBVEZPCH FELYOGECH). eEE VPMEE MYLPCHBMY BOZMYUBOE, FPMSHLP YuFP RPFETRECHYE UBNY RPTBTSEOYE PF BZHZBOULYI CHPKUL. nsch UFBMY RPMKHYUBFSH NOPTSEUFCHP PVIDOSHHI UPCHEFPCH Y OBUFBCHMEOYK P FPN, LBL UMEDHEF CHPECHBFSH U FELYOGBNY - PF VHIBTULPZP BNYTB, PF IYCHYOULPZP IBOB, PF RPZTBOYUSHI RETU YDULYI ZHVETOBFPTPCH. yNYT VHIBTULYK UPCHEFPCBM YDFY ABOUT ZEPL-FERE OE NEOEE LBL UP UFPFSCHUSYuOPK BTNYEK. IYCHYOULYK IBO RTEDMBZBM CHPPVEE PFLBBBFSHUS PF DBMSHOEKYI RTEDRTYSFYK RTPFYCH ZEPL-FERE. RETUYSOE ЪBLMYOBMY OE UIPDYFSHUS U FELYOGBNY CHTHLPRBIOKHA, "FBL LBL ITBVTEE Y UIMSHOEE FELYOGECH OEF OILZP ABOUT UCHEF."

    lPNBODHAEIN ъBLBURYKULIN PFTSDPN VSHHM OBYUEO ZEOETBM FETZHLBUPC. BY RTYCHEM CHPKULB CH RPTSDPL, RPDVPDTYM YI, OP CHULPTE UDBM UCHPA DPMTSOPUFSH RP VPMEYOY. yYNPK 1879 ZPDB CH REFETVHTZ RPUFKHRBMY TBMYUOSCH RMBOSH Y RTPPELFSHCH. rMBO fETZHLBUPCHB RTEDHUNBFTYCHBM, OBRTYNET, RPLPTEOYE BIBM-FELYOULPZP PBYUB CH 4.5 ZPDB RTY ЪBFTBFE 40 NYMMYPOPCH THVMEK. yFBV LBCHLBULPZP PLTHZB FPCE RTEDUFBCHYM UCHPK RMBO, OBUFBYCHBS ABOUT OBYUEOY LPZP-OYVKhDSH YЪ "UCHPYI" ZEOETBMPCH. oBNEYUBMYUSH CHUECHPNPTSOSCH LBODYDBFHTSCH.

    OP ZPUKHDBTSH OE UPZMBUYMUS OH U PDOYN YFYI RTPELFPCH. BY HCE OBNEFIM UCHPEZP LBODYDBFB - Y CHSHCHBM L UEVE YY NYOULB 37-MEFOEZP LPNBODITB IV BTNEKULPZP LPTRKHUB ZEOETBM-MEKFEOBOFB ULPVEMECHB. yjnoeZP dChPTGB ZETPK rMECHOSCHY yEKOPCHB CHCHYEM RPMOPNPYuOSCHN OBYUBMSHOILPN LUREDYGYYYY, UBDSUSH CH CHBZPO, RPUMBM YЪ REFETVHTZB CH BLBURYKULYK LTBK RP FEMEZTBZHH UCHPK RETCHSHCHK MBLPPOYUEULYK RTYLB: “rPDFSOKHFSHUS!”

    * * *

    u YUKHCHUFCHPN ZMKHVPLPK ZTHUFY OBUYOBEN NSCH PRYUBOIE VMEUFSEEZP FELYOULPZP RPIPDB ULPVMECHB CH 1880 - 1881 ZPDBI - RPUMEDOEK LBNRBOY VEMPZP zEOETBMB. h RETCHSHCHK Y, KHCHSHCH, CH RPUMEDOYK TB BY CHCHUFKHRIM ЪDEUSH UBNPUFPSFEMSHOSCHN CHPEOBYUBMSHOILPN. mCHYUB VSHMB EZP lYOVHTOPN, yEKOPChP - TSCHNRYLPN, ZEPL-FERE UFBMP EZP rTBZPK, B ftEVYY ENKH OE VSCHMP DBOP...

    zMBBPNETPN RPMLPCHPDGB, LBL y YOUFYOLFPN ZPUKhDBTUFCHEOOPZP YUEMPCHELB - OBFPLB UTEDOOEK BYYY, ULPVEMECH UPOBCHBM OEPVIPDYNPUFSH Y OEYVETSOPUFSH ЪBOSFYS LBL BI BM-FELYOULPZP, FBL Y netCHULPZP PBYUPCH. OP NYOYUFETUFCHP YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM, UFTBYBUSH "DHTOPZP CHREYUBFMEOYS CH BOZMYY", OBUFPSMP ABOUT PZTBOYUEOYY LUREDYGYY PDOYN MYYSH BIBM-FELYOULIN PBUYUPN"

    7 NBS 1880 ZPDB ULPVEMECH CHCHUBDIMUS X yuYLYYMSTB. ъB 4 CHETUFSH PF VETEZB BY URKHUFYM CH NPTE UCHPEZP VEMPZP VPECHPZP LPOS, VMBZPRPMHYUOP DPRMSCHCHYEZP. TELPZOPUGYTPCHBCH UP UCHPYNY VMYTSBKYYNY UPFTKHDOILBNY - OBYUBMSHOYLPN YFBVB RPMLPCHOYLPN zTPDELPCHSHCHN(245) Y LBRYFBOPN 2-ZP TBZB nBLBTTPCHSHCHN(246) - RPVETETSHE NYI BKMPCHULPZP ЪБМИЧБ, PO ChSHCHVTBM NEUFP ЪBLMBDLY Y KHLBЪBM OBRTBCHMEOYE ъBLBURYKULPK CEMEЪOPK DPTPZY, RTYLBЪBCH OENEDMEOOOP TSE RTYUFKHRYFSH L TBVPFBN.

    UYMSCH FELYOGECH YUYUYUMSMYUSH DP 50000 (ЪB PTKhTSIE CHЪSMYUSH PF NBMB DP CHEMYLB), YЪ LPII DP 10000 PFMYUOSHI LPOOYLPCH. PZOEUFTEMSHOPE PTHTSYE YNEMPUSH X RPMPCHYOSCH CHPYOPCH (BOZMYKULYE CHYOFPCHLY, BICHBUEOOSCH THUULYE Y UCHPY, UFBTSHCHE UBNPRBMSH PZTPNOPZP LBMYVTB, VYCHYYE U UPYOILB ABOUT 200 0 YBZPC). PUFTSHCHE YBILYY LYOTSBMSCH VSHCHMY X CHUEI. ABOUT CHUE CHPKULP YNEMBUSH MYYSH PDOB RKHYLB, UFP, CHRTPYUEN, OE VEURPLPYMP PFChBTsOPZP Y KHNOPZP fSHLNB-UETDBTS - FELYOULPZP ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEEZP. according to RPMPTSYM RPMECHCHI UTBTSEOYK OE DBCHBFSH, B PFUYTSYCHBFSHUS CH LTERPUFY ZEPL-FERE - PZTPNOPN LCHBDTBFE CH CHETUFKH UFPTPOPK, UFEOSCH LPFPTPK, FPMEYOPK CH 3 UBTSEOY, OE VPSMYUSH PZ OS TKHUULPK BTFYMMETYY. rTY CHSHCHMBLBY CE Y H THLPRBYOSHI UICHBFLBI VEYEOBS PFCHBZB FELYOGECH (OBDCHYZBCHYI RBRBIY ABOUT ZMBBYY VTPUBCHYIUS PUETFS ZPMPCHH UEYUH) Y YI NBUFETULPE HNEOYE CHMBDEFSH PTH TSYEN DPMTSOP VSHMP CHNEUFE U PZTPNOSCHN YUYUMEOOSCHN RTECHPUIPDUFCHPN DBFSH YN RPVEDH, LBL CH RTPYMPN, 1879 ZPDH. lTPNE FPZP, FELYOGSH VSHMY KHCHETEOSHCH, YuFP TKHUULYE, LBL Y CH RTEDSHDHEYE LBNRBOYY, CH LPOGE LPOGPCH DPMTSOSCH VHDHF PFUFHRYFSH RP OEDPUFBFLH RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYS.

    PTZBOIHS UCHPK PFTSD, ULPVEMECH RTYOSM Y'CHEUFOKHA "FHTLEUFBOULHA RTPRPTGYA" - TKHULBS TPFB TBCHOB 1000 OERTYSFEMEK. x OEZP VSHMP 46 TPF, B ZMBCHOPE - LBCHLBULYI CHPKUL (RPMLPCH 19-K Y 21-K DYCHYYK) Y 11 ULBDTPOPCH Y UPFEO - CHUEZP 8000 YFSHHLPC Y YBYEL. h RTPDPMTSEOYE CHUEK LBNRBOY UUEF CHEMUS ULPVEMECHSHN YULMAYUYFEMSHOP ABOUT TPFSCH, BOE ABOUT VBFBMSHPOSHCH, LBL FP YNEMP NEUFP PVSHYUOP. OB LFPF PFTSD ULPVEMECH RPFTEVPVCHBM 84 PTKHDYS - RP 8 PTKHDYK ABOUT FSCHUSYUH VPKGPC, YuFP CHDChPE RTECHSHCHYBMP PVSHCHYUOKHA OPTNH Y RPLBYSCHBMP OBYUEOYE, LPFPTPE VEMSHCHK ZEOETB M HDEMSM PZOA.

    uADB, CH ъBLBURYKULYK LTBK, ULPVEMECH CHSHFTEVPCHBM CHUE OPCHYOLY CHPEOOOPK FEIOIL - RKHMENEFSH(247) , PRFYUEULHA Y BMELFTYUEULHA UYZOBMYBGYA, HYLPLPMEKLY DELPCH YMMS, BYTPUFBFSCH, IMPPDYMSHOILY, PRTEUOYFEMY. PO OE RTEOEVTEZBM OILBLINE UTEDUFCHPN, LPFPTPPE NPZMP VSC IPFSH ULPMSHLP-OYVKhDSH UVETEYUSH UYMSCH UPMDBFB ABOUT RPIPDA Y LTPCHSH EZP CH VPA (NSCH NPTSE CHYDEFSH CHUA TBJOYGH NETSDH PFLTSCHFSH N KHNPN ULLPVEMECHB Y KHLYN DPLFTYOETUFCHPN dTBZPNYTPCHB - TBIOYGKH NETSDH RPMLPCHPDGEN vPTSSHEK NYMPUFSHA Y THFYOETPN CHPEOOOPZP DEMB).

    PTZBOYBGYS RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHOOOPK YUBUFY - LFPC CHEYUOPK DP UYI RPT OBYEK BIIMMEUPCHPK RSFSH - CHUEGEMP TEANYTHEFUS MBLPOYUUEULPK DYTELFYCHPK ulLPVEMECHB: “lPTNYFSH DP PFCHBMB Y OE TSBMEFSH FPZP, YUFP YURPTFIFUS.” dPCHPMSHUFCHYE CHPKUL UTBH CE UFBMP CHEMYLPMEROSHCHN Y PUFBCHBMPUSH FBLYN CHEUSH RPIPD. mYIPK THVBLLB IYCHYOULPZP RPIPDB, RPTSCHCHYUFSHCHK OBYUBMSHOIL LPOOPK RBTFYY lPLBODULPK CHPKOSH RTEPVTBYMUS ЪDEUSH CH TBUYUEFMYCHPZP, RTPOILOKHFPZP UPOBOYEN PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFY RPMLPCHPDGB - RPMLPCHPDGB, UPYUEFBAEEZP U PZOOOOPK DKHYPK IMPPDOSCHK KHN, OILLPZDB OE DEMBAEEZP CHFPTPZP YBZB, OE ЪBLTERYCH RETCHPZP, RPDYUOSAEEZP VSHCHUFTPPH Y OBFYUL RETCH PC CHPYOULPK DPVTPDEFEMY - ZMBBPNETH.

    * * *

    h RETCHHA PYUETEDSH ULPVVEMECH RPMPTSYM PCHMBDEFSH LYYM-bTCHBFULYN TBKPOPN Y FBN UPJDBFSH VBH DMS DEKUFCHYK RTPPHYCH ZEPL-FERE. 23 NBS ULPVEMECH CHCHUFKHRYM YY yuYLYYMSTB Y 31-ZP ЪBOSM ChBNY (CH LYYM-bTCHBFULPN PBUYUE). preTBFYCHOBS VBBB VSHMB FBLYN PVTBBPN PDOYN - OP CHEMILPMEROP TBUUUYFBOOSCHN - ULBYULPN CHSHCHOEUEOB ABOUT 400 CHETUF CHREDED, Y CHUEZP 100 CHETUF PFDEMSMP TKHUULYI PF ZEPL-FERE. TKHUULYE UFBMY CH vBNY FCHETDPK OPZPK. lBL TBJ CH PBYUE RPUREMB RPUESOOBS FELYOGBNY RYEOGB, Y PVIMSHOBS TsBFChB PVEUREYUYMB ChPKULB IMEVPN FHF CE, ABOUT NEUF. ULPVEMECH OBBM, YuFP DEMBM, Y RTYLBOBBM TBCHEUFY ЪDEUSH PZPTPDSH. ъББДБУБ УОВВЦОК something ДП YUTECHSHCHYUBKOPUFY KHRTPEBMBUSH, Y ULLPVEMECH “ЪBUFBCHYM RKHUFSCHOA LPTNYFSH LUREDYGYA”.

    TBTEYYCH RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHEOOSCHK CHPRTPU, UBMPTSYCH OBDETSOSCHK ZHKHODBNEOF RPD ЪDBOYE LUREDYGYY, ULPVEMECH RETEYEM L UMEDKHAEENKH LFBRKH - TBCHEDLE RTPPFYCHOILB, "YuFPVSH OE VSHCHFSH CH R PFENLBI" (U FELYOGBNY DP UYI RPT ENKH OE RTYIPDIMPUSH CHPECHBFSH). at LFK GEMSHA BY TEYM RTEDRTYOSFSH TBCHEDSHCHBFEMSHOSHCHK OBVEZ ABOUT ZEPL-FER, OBTPYuOP CHSCH LTPYYUOSCHK PFTSD, YUFPVSH OE RPCHFPTYFSH RUYIPMPZYUEULPK PYYVLY, DPRHEOOOPK mPNBLYO ShchN Ch 1878 ZPDH. 1 YAMS PFTSD CHSHCHUFKHRYM Y 8-ZP VMBZPRPMHYuOP CHPCHTBFYMUS CH chBNY. TBCHEDLB KHDBMBUSH VMEUFSEE. ULPVEMECH CHSM U UPVPK 700 YUEMPCHEL U 8 PTHDYSNY Y 2 RKHMENEFBNY. dPKDS DP ZEPL-FERE, BY PVPYEM LTERPUFSH U NHYSCHLPK UP CHUEI UFPTPO Y PFTBIYM U UBNSHCHN OEOBYUYFEMSHOSCHN DMS OBU KhTPOPN OBFYUL FELYOGECH.

    PUEOSH ULPVEMECH PVPTHDPPCHBM CHURPNPZBFEMSHOHA VBH ABOUT RETUYDULPK FETTYFPTYY (PFLMPOYCH CH FP TSE CHTENS RTEDMPTSEOYE RETUPCH OBN RPNPYUSH LBL OE UPPFCHEFUFCHBCHYE DPUFPYOUFCHH TPUUY J). BY CHUE EEE OBDESMUS RP OBOSFIY ZEPL-FERE RPKFY ABOUT NETCHY RPLPTYFSH tPUUYY CHEUSH LTBK DP BZHZBOULPK ZTBOYGSCH.

    24 OPSVTS, LPZDB CHPKULB VSHHMY CHUEN PVEUREYUEOSCH DMS JYNOEK LBNRBOYY, VSHM PVIASCHMEO RPIPD RPD ZEPL-FERE. y 24-ZP RP 28-E TKHUULYE FTPZBMYUSH YЪ chBNY RPYEMPOOP, Y L RPMPCHYOE DELBVTS X EZSO-vBFSHT-LBMSCH CH 10 CHETUFBI PF FELYOULPK FCHETDSCHOY UPVTBMPUSH HCE 5000 VPKGPC RT Y 47 PTHDYSI. 11 DELBVTS UADB RTYVSHHM YJ fHTLEUFBOULZP PLTHZB PFTSD RPMLPCHOILB lHTPRBFLYOB CH UPUFBCHE 700 YUEMPCHEL Y 2 PTHDYK. rPUSHMLB PFTSDB lHTPRBFLYOB YNEMB VPMSHYPE NPTBMSHOPE OBYOOYE DMS RMENEO UTEDOOEK BYYY, RPLBJBCH, YuFP FELYOGSHCH HTSE OE CH UYMBY RTERSFFUFCHPCHBFSH UPPVEEOYSN fHTLEUFBOB U y BLBURYKULIN LTBEN. FELYOULYK RPIPD EEE VPMEE UVMYYM ULPVEMECHB U lHTPRBFLYOSCHN:

    “U OIN UHDSHVB RPTPDOYMB NEOS VPECHSHCHN VTBFUFCHPN UP CHFPTPZP YFKHTNB BODYTSBOB, CH FTBOYESI RMECHOSCH Y ABOUT CHCHUPFBI vBMLBOULYI,” - RYUBM ULPVEMECH.

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    * * *

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    * * *

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    Several hundred years ago and until the revolution, the Russian Empire regularly expanded its borders. Some territories were annexed as a result of military actions (most of them were unleashed by the enemy), others - peacefully. For example, the annexation of Central Asia to Russia occurred gradually and bloodlessly. Most of the peoples inhabiting these lands themselves turned to the empire with a request to accept them. The main reason for this is protection.

    At that time, the territory of Central Asia was inhabited by many warring tribes of nomads. To protect yourself from attacks by a stronger enemy, you need to enlist the support of a powerful state. Thus, the territories were gradually annexed to our country. How did the annexation of Central Asia to Russia take place? The reader can learn its features and historical facts from this article.

    Historical meaning

    This, like Central Asia, can be assessed in different ways. At first glance, it was primarily a conquest followed by the establishment of a semi-colonial regime. However, the Central Asian peoples and tribes, which were in many ways backward compared to the Europeans, were given the opportunity to develop socially and economically, and at an accelerated pace. Slavery, patriarchal foundations, general poverty and disunity of these peoples are a thing of the past.

    What did annexation give to Central Asia?

    The economic and cultural development of the Central Asian part of the Russian Empire was placed at the forefront by the Russian government. An industry was created that seemed unthinkable in this poor agricultural region. Agriculture also reformed and became more efficient. Not to mention development in the form of schools, hospitals, libraries. And the local customs of the indigenous peoples were not destroyed or prohibited by anyone, which gave impetus to the further prosperity of a special national culture and the consolidation of society. Gradually, Central Asia entered the Russian trade space and became not a satellite or an isolated area on the map, but a full-fledged part of the strong Russian Empire.

    Beginning of development of new territories

    What is the history of the annexation of Central Asia to Russia? If you look at old maps, you can see lands located in the southeast direction from the borders of the territory of Tsarist Russia. This is Central Asia. It stretches from the mountains of Tibet to the Caspian Sea, from the borders of Iran and Afghanistan to the Southern Urals and Siberia. About 5 million people lived there, which by modern standards is much less than the population of any of the world's largest capitals.

    From the point of view of economic and social development, the Central Asian peoples were very different from each other. The main differences were in the methods of farming. Some gave priority to cattle breeding, others to agriculture, and others to trade and various crafts. There was no trace of industry. Patriarchy, slavery and oppression of their vassals by feudal lords were the pillars of the society of the ethnic groups of Central Asia.

    A little geography

    Before the Central Asian possessions of the Russian Empire became such, they were divided into three separate regions: the Kokand and Khiva khanates. It was there that trade flourished, making Bukhara and Samarkand the trading centers of the entire region. Now Central Asia consists of five: Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.

    Attempts to establish foreign economic relations with these distant countries were made back in the first half of the 19th century. But these actions were not decisive. Everything changed when Britain planned an invasion of Central Asia. The interests of the two great powers of the past collided and the Russian Empire had no choice but to prevent the British from penetrating its own borders.

    First expeditions

    How did the annexation of Central Asia begin with Russia? The study of this territory, of course, has long been carried out by military strategists. The first three Russian expeditions to Central Asia pursued peaceful goals. The scientific mission was headed by N.V. Khanykov, the diplomatic mission by N.P. Ignatiev, and Ch. Ch. Valikhanov became the head of the trade expedition.

    All this was done in order to establish foreign policy contacts with the border region peacefully. Nevertheless, in 1863, the preconditions arose for a military invasion due to an incident in the Kokand Khanate. In that area torn apart by turmoil, confrontation between peoples intensified more and more. The result was an order for the offensive of Russian troops.

    The first military operation of the Russians on the territory of Central Asia was the campaign against Tashkent. He failed. But in just two years, civil strife weakened the enemy, and subsequently the city was surrendered without a fight, although some historians claim that small armed skirmishes did occur, and Khan Sultan Seyit was killed in one of them. A year later, Tashkent joined Russia, and the Turkestan Governor-General was formed.

    Further advance

    How did the annexation of Central Asia to Russia proceed? From 1867 to 1868, military operations took place in Bukharia. The local emir, in collusion with the British, declared war on Russia. But the Russian army, after a series of victories, forced the enemy to sign a peace treaty. Before the emergence of the Bukhara Soviet Republic, Bukharia was a vassal of Russia.

    The Khanate of Khiva lasted almost exactly the same amount of time, until 1920, when it was no longer imperial soldiers, but Red Army soldiers, who overthrew the khan. In 1876, the Khanate of Kokand became part of Russia. In 1885, the process of annexing the Central Asian territories was almost completed. During the events described above, it almost came to war with Great Britain, which did not start only thanks to the efforts of diplomats.

    Accession of Kazakhstan

    When did the annexation of Central Asia to Russia begin? Kazakhstan was the first to turn to Russia. The annexation of this country began in the 20s of the 18th century, long before the first expeditions to Central Asia. The state was plagued by conflicts with neighboring tribes such as the Dzungars. This forced some Kazakhs to ask Russia for help. In 1731, Empress Anna Ioannovna officially accepted this request of Abulkhair Khan.

    It must be said that the khan had his own reasons for turning to the Russian crown, since not everyone wanted him to be at the head of the territory under his control. At the same time, the danger of external invasion by nomads remained.

    Gradually, other sultans of Kazakhstan accepted Russian citizenship. In 1740, another part of the country joined the Russian Empire. The central and northeastern regions of Kazakhstan were annexed through military-political intervention, almost simultaneously with the emergence of interest in other parts of the Central Asian region.

    The annexation of Central Asia to Russia lasted several hundred years. As mentioned above, some territories voluntarily asked to accept them, others were conquered. Here we can emphasize the point that, unlike Great Britain, Russia sought to help the annexed territories develop and built various industrial and administrative facilities everywhere. Thus, the annexation of Central Asia to Russia even contributed to the development of this region.

    The territorial expansion of the Russian Empire into Central Asia began in the middle of the 18th century and continued until the beginning of the 20th century.

    After the collapse of the Golden Horde, many Tatar tribes appeared on the eastern and southern borders, which raided Russian territory. After the conquest of Siberia, Kazan, and Astrakhan, the raids stopped. The border of the empire in Central Asia ran along the line of the cities of Samara - Orenburg - Omsk - Barnaul.
    Initially, Central Asia did not represent any particular political or territorial interest; the main interests belonged only to Russian merchants, who at the end of the 16th century established trade with local tribes. The border territories were a good market for Russian goods.
    In subsequent years, political interest appeared. In the 18th century, the Kazakh lands became part of the empire within the framework of a protectorate.

    The peoples of Central Asia themselves were a poor population who were engaged in agriculture and nomadic cattle breeding. There were only a few major cities in which crafts and trade flourished. In Central Asia itself at the beginning of the 19th century there were three states and several independent tribal entities.

    One of the strongest states was the Bukhara Emirate, but despite its primacy among its Central Asian neighbors, the emirate was well aware that the region would be an arena for major powers. After all, in the north there was the Russian Empire, in the south the British Empire, in the east China, in the west Persia. But at that time, Persia was solving its problems with the Ottomans, and China had no time for Central Asia, since the European powers were making a semi-colony out of China.

    In the first half of the 19th century, Russia, showing some interest in the Central Asian region bordering it, tried to establish economic ties with it and explore the possibility of its conquest and subsequent development. However, Russia did not take decisive foreign policy actions. In the second half of the 19th century, the situation changed dramatically due to Great Britain's desire to penetrate these areas and turn them into its colony. Russia could not allow the appearance of the “English lion” in the immediate vicinity of its southern borders. Rivalry with England became the main reason for the intensification of Russian foreign policy in the Middle East.
    From 1853 to 1865, the Kokand Khanate was conquered, and the Turkestan region was formed from it.

    Russia simultaneously started a war with Bukhara. Having finally defeated them in 1868, the Zeravshan district was formed.
    In 1873, the Khiva Khanate was defeated. Since the plans of the Russian government did not include the annexation of the entire Khiva Khanate, the right to govern the country was left to the khan. Under him, a special council was formed, which was entrusted with providing food for the Russian troops and freeing the Persian slaves, of whom there were up to 15 thousand in the khanate. After a series of Turkmen uprisings in Khiva, it was decided to annex it into the empire. In 1874, the Trans-Caspian Department was formed on the site of the Khiva Khanate. In 1884, Russian troops under the command of Skobelev took Askhabad (Ashgabat), thereby completing the conquest of the Turkmen tribes.

    All this time, Great Britain did not take any overt actions, but there was a hidden imperialist rivalry between the two empires. This confrontation was called the “Great Game.”

    Beginning in 1813, British diplomacy watched with concern the military successes of Russian troops against Persia, which culminated in the signing of the Treaties of Gulistan and Turkmanchay. The territory of modern Armenia and Azerbaijan was annexed to Russia. The British military trained and re-equipped the Persian army and supplied the Circassian rebels with weapons. In Tehran, Russian ambassador Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was torn to pieces by an angry crowd.
    In December 1838, the British government decided to take active action. About 30 thousand soldiers invaded Afghanistan and installed a protege of the British crown, Shah Shuja, on the Kabul throne. The British occupation lasted three years. In November 1841, Shah Shuja was overthrown, British agent Alexander Burns was brutally torn to pieces by a crowd, and other British were expelled from the country. Thus ended the First Anglo-Afghan War.

    At the same time, British agents and merchants penetrated Central Asia. The tribes were torn between Russia and England. England supplied the khans with weapons when they fought against Russia.
    The British managed to finally stop Russian expansion only in 1885 during the Afghan crisis. The Afghan crisis was triggered by the Kushke battle between Russian and Afghan forces. To avoid an open military conflict, all parties decided that this conflict was just an accidental border clash.
    At the site of the conflict, a settlement named Kushka was built. It was the southernmost point of the country until 1991. Beyond this point, Russia did not invade anywhere. England and Russia subsequently signed a convention in 1907, resolving all differences and ending the Great Game. According to the treaty, England declared a protectorate over Afghanistan, but did not send troops there or annex this territory, effectively making Afghanistan a demilitarized zone between the two empires. Also during the treaty, Persia was divided into spheres of influence.

    Among the main reasons for the rapid expansion of the possessions of the Russian Empire in Central Asia in the second half of the 19th century were the occupation of the “natural borders” of Russia, the pacification of civil strife and the cessation of predatory raids that caused trouble on the border lines and trade routes, the desire to civilize the backward Asian peoples, introducing them to the benefits world civilization.
    Another main reason, and a more real one, was the idea of ​​​​the need to confront the British Empire that captured Russian government and military circles.

    The annexation of Central Asia can be assessed in different ways. On the one hand, these lands were mainly conquered by Russia. A semi-colonial regime was established on them, imposed by the tsarist administration. On the other hand, as part of Russia, the Central Asian peoples received the opportunity for accelerated development. It was an end to slavery, the most backward forms of patriarchal life and feudal strife that ruined the population. The Russian government cared about the economic and cultural development of the region. The first industrial enterprises were created, agricultural production was improved (especially cotton growing, since its varieties were imported from the USA), schools, special educational institutions, pharmacies and hospitals were opened. The tsarist administration took into account the peculiarities of the region, showed religious tolerance and respected local customs. Central Asia was gradually drawn into Russian internal trade, becoming a source of agricultural raw materials and a market for Russian textiles, metal and other products. The Russian government did not strive to isolate the region, but to merge it with the rest of the state.

    The peoples of Central Asia, being part of Russia, did not lose their national, cultural and religious features. On the contrary, from the moment of accession the process of their consolidation and the creation of modern Central Asian nations began.

    In conclusion, I can say that Central Asia has been a sphere of Russian interests since the 18th century. The fact is that at that time there was an active phase of the colonial struggle. Africa, China, Central Asia were arenas for European states. At that time, the European powers owned large estates. Russia, not having such colonial opportunities, relied on the Central Asian region and, due to it, expanded its possessions by almost 1.5 times. After the collapse of the empire, the Soviet Union also annexed this region into its possessions. And even after the collapse of the USSR in 1991, modern Russia is betting on Central Asia. The countries of Central Asia continue to focus on Russia in all areas of interaction, this speaks of the historical influence that Russia has brought to this region. For Russia, this region still remains a sales market and a place for extracting strategic resources. Therefore, after the collapse of the USSR, on Russia’s initiative, economic blocs were created (SCO, CIS, Customs Union), as well as military-political unions (Russia-Belarus Confederation, CSTO, CIS Unified Air Defense System). Based on all this, I can only say that Russia will never give up Central Asia to the sphere of interests of other states.

    2. Conquest of Turkestan by the Russian Empire

    The colonial conquests of the Russian autocracy in Turkestan can be roughly divided into 4 colonial wars: the first colonial war lasted from 1847 to 1864; the second - from 1865 to 1868; the third - from 1873 to 1879; fourth - from 1880 to 1885. Moreover, the peculiarity of the conquest was that the intervals between military actions were

    filled with Russia's active struggle with England in the diplomatic

    front. "

    In 1847, Russia occupied the mouth of the Syr Darya River, where the Raimskoye (Aralsk) fortification was built. In 1853, Orenburg Governor-General V.A. Perovsky took the Kokand fortress "Ak-Mosque" by storm. In its place, the fortification "Fort Perovsky" (Kzyl - Orda) was erected. A chain of fortified posts from Raimsky to “Fort Perovsky” formed the Syrdarya military line.

    At the same time, the advance of the tsarist troops was carried out from Western Siberia, from Semipalatinsk. The Kopal fortification was built in Semirechye. Then from 1850-54. The Trans-Ili region was conquered, and the Vernoye fortification was founded near the village of Alma-Ata. The Siberian military line arose from fortified posts stretching from Semipalatinsk to Verny.

    The Crimean War (1853-56) stopped the expansion of tsarism in Turkestan. But after its end, the flame of the first Turkestan colonial war flared up with even greater force. Autumn 1862 G. tsarist troops captured Pishpek and Tokmak, in the summer of 1863 - the Suzak fortress, in the spring and summer of 1864 - Turkestan, Aulia-Ata and in September - Chimkent. In the course of these actions, new fortifications were built, forming the New Kokapdian military line.

    With its creation, the previously established military lines were united into a continuous front. The latter gave rise to the temptation to immediately take advantage of the success achieved. In September 1864, troops under the command of General M.G. Chernyasva attempted to capture Tashkent. sS*However, during the assault they suffered heavy losses and were forced to return to their original positions.

    The unsuccessful attempt of General Chernyaev to capture Tashkent ended Russia's first colonial war in Turkestan. On the conquered lands at the beginning of 1865, the Turkestan region was created, administratively subordinate to the Orenburg Governor-General. The new region was supposed to strengthen the rear of the tsarist troops, who were intensively preparing for the second colonial war.

    The conquest of part of the territory of Turkestan by tsarism caused excitement in the ruling circles of England, which resulted in a diplomatic note from the English government. But she didn't give any results. Russian Foreign Minister A.M. Gorchakov, in a reply note, considered it necessary to emphasize that, like other great powers, Russia has its own interests and its actions in Turkestan are no different from the actions of England in India or Afghanistan. At the same time, he argued that small army units were simply protecting the borders of the empire and that the troops would not go further than Chimkent.

    In 1865, the autocracy began the second colonial war. Taking advantage of the aggravation of contradictions between the emir of Bukhara and the khan

    Kokand, General Chernyaev captured Tashkent. The loss of Tashkent weakened the Kokand Khan so much that the Bukhara emir easily captured Kokand. The latter was used by the autocracy to declare war on the Bukhara Emirate.

    In the spring of 1866, in the Irjar tract on the Syr Darya River, the largest battle took place during the entire conquest of Turkestan by the autocracy. The tsarist army defeated the troops of the Bukhara emir and occupied the cities of Khojent, Ura-Tyube, Jizzakh, and the Yangi-Kurgan fortress.

    Having concluded a trade agreement and at the same time a military truce with the Kokand Khanate at the beginning of 1868, General Kaufman concentrated the troops subordinate to him against the Bukhara Emir. In April and May 1868, two battles took place, which led to the defeat of the emir's army and the occupation of Samarkand by the royal troops. The Bukhara emir was forced to begin peace negotiations.

    In June 1868, a peace treaty was concluded between Russia and Bukhara, according to which the emir renounced the cities of Khujand, Ura-Tyube, Jizzakh, Katta-Kurgan, Samarkand and the entire territory to Zirabulak in favor of the autocracy. This ended the second colonial war.

    Already during the conquest, a powerful national liberation movement arose in the region. The population, actively defending the cities, forced Russian troops to repeatedly storm most of them. After the capture of the village, the struggle continued. An example of this is the 1868 uprising in Samarkand, led by the son of the Bukhara emir Abdulmalik. Another bright page in the history of the national liberation struggle was the uprising in 1874-1876. under the leadership of Ishak Mullah Hasan-Ogly, who took the name Pulat Khan. The uprising was suppressed, and Ishak Mullah and some of his associates were executed. However, this did not stop the freedom fighters. The uprisings did not stop.

    One of the results of the second colonial war was Russia's entry to the border with Afghanistan, which exacerbated Russian-British contradictions. To overcome them, diplomats from both countries concluded in 1872-1873. agreement on delimitation of spheres of influence. According to it, the route between Bukhara and Afghanistan was established along the Amu Darya River. Thus, the territory south of the Amu Darya River was recognized as a British zone of influence, and to the north as a Russian sphere of influence.

    An agreement with England allowed the autocracy to start a third colonial war in order to conquer the Khanate of Khiva, preparations for which had been carried out since 1869. Having opened hostilities in February 1873, the tsarist troops captured and plundered Khiva three months later. In August 1873, the peace treaty proposed by Kaufman was signed by the Khan of Khiva.

    However, the majority of Turkmen tribes did not recognize the peace treaty and continued to fight. Their small detachments, using the natural and climatic conditions of the Transcaspian region, unexpectedly attacked and just as quickly disappeared. The actions of the tsarist troops, in turn, acquired the character of punitive campaigns against the civilian population.

    During a grueling war, Russian troops managed to occupy Kizyl-Arvat in the spring of 1878. In the summer of 1879, the Akhal-Teke expedition was undertaken. The troops reached the Geok-Tepe fortress, but suffered complete failure during the assault and retreated. This ended the third colonial war.

    Until the end of 1880, preparations were underway for the fourth colonial war in Turkestan. New military reinforcements were sent here, and supplies of weapons and supplies increased. At the same time, through the efforts of diplomats, the border issue with China was resolved.

    At the end of 1880, under the command of General M.D. Skobelev, the second Akhal-Teke expedition began. It ended in 1881 with the capture of the Geok-Tepe fortress (Ashgabat). During the siege and especially after the fall of the fortress, the cruelty of the attackers exceeded all imaginable limits: all its defenders who surrendered were exterminated, and those who tried to flee were destroyed during the pursuit.

    After the defeat of the defenders of Geok-Tepe, the resistance of the Turkmen Gshemen began to weaken and in 1885 the inhabitants of the oases of Merv, Iolotan, Lende, and Serakhs accepted Russian citizenship. The autocracy continued the war, but with the Afghan emir. Under pressure from England, Afghan troops crossed Pyanj back in 1883. The armed conflict between Afghanistan and Russia reached its climax in 1885 and ended with the defeat of the Afghan troops commanded by British officers. The fourth colonial war and military operations in the conquest of Turkestan as a whole ended.

    However, having conquered Central Asia and established a colonial regime here, the autocracy waged a diplomatic struggle for another 10 years in order to recognize its seizures by the world's largest powers. Only in 1895 was an agreement concluded between Russia and England on the delimitation of the Pamirs.

    3. Colonial policy of Tsarist Russia in Turkestan

    The entire history of Turkestan from the beginning of its conquest by Russia to the fall of the autocracy was a history of unsuccessful attempts to transform the region into a support for the tsarist regime.

    The conquest changed the situation of the peoples of Turkestan. The development of national statehood was forcibly interrupted. The Tsarist regime formed a specific internal organization of the region, designed to facilitate the solution of colonization problems.

    In 1865, the Turkestan region was created as part of the Orenburg General Government, headed by the military governor M.G. Chernyaev. It had an occupation regime designed to provide troops and collect taxes. In management, first of all, methods of violence and harsh exploitation were used, leading to national humiliation.

    In 1867, the Turkestan General Government was formed, the administrative division of which was a continuation of the all-Russian organization of the conquered lands, which did not take into account the historical, economic and national characteristics of the region and was subordinate to the military interests and objectives of the tsarist government. In 1867, it included 2 regions: Syrdarya and Semirechensk. In 1868, at the expense of the newly conquered lands, the Zarafshan district was created, later transformed into the Samarkand region, in 1873, the Amudarya department, which later became part of the Syrdarya region, in 1876 - Fergana region. The Trans-Caspian region was created in 1881 as part of the Caucasian governorship, in 1890-1897. It was under the jurisdiction of the War Ministry, and then became part of the Turkestan General Government. Semirechensk region from 1882 to 1899. was part of the Wall Governor-General, and then was again returned to the Turkestan Governor-General. That is, the composition of the General Government changed, including from 2 to 5 regions.

    The Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva, having lost part of their territories, were forced to recognize the protectorate (a protectorate is one of the forms of colonial dependence, in which the protected state retains some independence in internal affairs, and carries out its external relations, defense, etc. in its own way at the discretion of the metropolis) of Russia. The “Russian Imperial Political Agency” was established in Bukhara, through which relations between St. Petersburg and Tashkent and Bukhara were carried out. In Khiva, the agency was not created, and communications were carried out through the head of the Amudarya department, i.e. he combined his direct functions with diplomatic representation under the Khiva Khan.

    The protectorate system left its mark on the development of the khanates.

    The Turkestan governor-general enjoyed almost unlimited powers. Military governors of the regions were appointed by the king and could only be recalled by him. The first governor general was General K.P. Kaufman. Fearing uprisings, they introduced an administrative system with the hypocritical name "military-people's administration." (The military administration was combined with the “elected” grassroots administration). This form only formally involved the local population in management. In life, the system was accompanied by arbitrariness and abuse.

    Thus, the original system of colonial robbery gave way to a more “rational”, from the point of view of the government of the empire, exploitation of the region. Later, according to the “Regulations on the management of the Turkestan region” of 1886, it was replaced by an administrative police force. At the same time, the administration of Turkestan, unlike others

    regions of the country, was subordinated not to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the empire, but to the Ministry of War.

    The city of Tashkent became the center of the region. Its management has also changed. The traditional institution of mahkama was destroyed, and management structures began to take shape, adapted to the conditions of a colonial city. After a series of reorganizations, at the request of large entrepreneurs in the Russian part of the city, the Tashkent City Duma was created in 1877. It had only 1/3 of the vowels (deputies), 24 people were elected from the local population. And if you consider that at that time 140 thousand people lived in the old town part, and about 4 thousand in the Russian part, then it is clear that this only perpetuated the lack of rights of the local population. In the Uprava, the executive body of the Duma, the same ratio was maintained, and only persons with mandatory knowledge of the Russian language could work in it. Over the entire period of the existence of the Duma, out of 9 people who held the post of city mayor, only one was from representatives of the indigenous population, and that was after the fall of tsarism in 1917.

    The Duma solved the problems of improving the city, but mainly its “Novogorodskaya” part.

    The method of violence and repression, which occupied a dominant position in the actions of the Turkestan colonial apparatus, was complemented by the chauvinistic policy of local governors-general. Thus, one of them, Baron A. Vrevsky, made significant efforts to change the “City Regulations” in force in Tashkent in 1870, considering it “politically dangerous.” He was most concerned about the participation of the indigenous population in the Duma. Using the thesis “about the backwardness of the natives,” he insisted on reducing the representation of the indigenous population of Tashkent to 1/5 of the total composition (or to 14 people). “This order,” he wrote, “must be preserved for the indefinite future, until the Russified generation of natives reaches the height of perception of the benefits of autocracy.”

    Vrevsky’s chauvinistic policy, naturally, received resonance at all levels of the bureaucracy, a characteristic feature of which was the unquestioning execution of the will of the governor-general. In this regard, the characterization of these officials given by Prince Mansyrev (in 1895-98 he was a member of the land and tax commissions) deserves attention. He wrote: “In the place of the bureaucracy, I found a caste, closed in on itself, self-sufficient and self-satisfied, which looked at itself as the real and only masters of the region, before whom the region should tremble and pay honors and bribes.”

    The peoples of the region were deprived of basic political rights. Thus, elections to the First State Duma of the Empire (1906) in Turkestan were postponed and ultimately did not take place; to the Second State Duma (1907), 1 deputy was elected from an average of 46 thousand European population and 1 from 896 thousand .indigenous population. And in accordance with the new electoral law, they did not participate at all in the elections to the Third State Duma (1907).

    The primary task of the colonial policy of tsarism was turning the region into a permanent source of state income. Here higher taxes were levied on farmers than in the central provinces of Russia. Taxes and other cash receipts not only covered all the costs of governing the region and maintaining a huge army in it, but also provided the treasury with net income that flowed to the metropolis. If in 1869 the income of tsarism in Turkestan amounted to about 2.3 million rubles, then in 1916 they reached 38 million rubles.

    The most important task was to transform the region into a cotton base for the Russian textile industry. This began to be implemented after the creation of a railway network and the introduction of American cotton varieties. The area under cotton has increased significantly due to a reduction in plantings of other crops. In the Fergana Valley alone they increased from 14% in 1885 to 44% in 1915.

    In 1900, Central Asian cotton provided 24% of the needs of Russian industry, and before the start of World War I - already 50%. And this is despite the rapid growth of the Russian cotton industry. In 1913, the Fergana region provided more than 62% of all cotton sent to Russia, Bukhara - more than 13%, Syrdarya region - 8.4%, Samarkand - 7%. Specialization also affected Khiva: in 1900, 9% of the sown area there was sown with cotton, and in 1909 - already 16%.

    One of the principles of the colonial policy of tsarism was to prevent such leading industries as mechanical engineering, metalworking, and ferrous metallurgy from entering the region. The point was to prevent, or, in any case, possibly delay longer, the independent development of the productive forces of Turkestan. Every effort was made to make the economy of the region one-sided, dependent on the center, i.e., the economy of Turkestan was artificially created to gravitate toward Tsarist Russia, isolating it from other countries. Basically, factories for the primary processing of cotton were created. If in 1873 there was 1 cotton factory, then in 1916 there were already 350. The most active construction of enterprises took place from 1910 to 1914.

    The colonial nature of the development of industry in the region lay in the fact that its main branches were entirely servicing exports. These are: cotton ginning, wool washing, cocoon drying, silk reeling. The industries that satisfied the demands of the domestic market were in second place in terms of scale. The main industry, the cotton ginning industry, was completely subordinated to the cotton industry of the metropolis. It provided almost 80% of their total gross output in the three regions of Turkestan. Cotton here underwent only primary processing, and the entire further process of working on the fiber took place outside the edge. Let us point out that this situation remained almost until the period of independence.

    In 1912, Russian and foreign firms owned 96 of the 256 cotton ginning factories in Turkestan and Bukhara. The rest belonged to local entrepreneurs, who resold the vast majority of the purified fiber to the same companies.

    The construction of railways was also subordinated to colonization tasks. They were built with the goals of providing defense, preparing for further possible expansion of tsarism, transporting troops to suppress uprisings, and satisfying the economic interests of the Russian bourgeoisie. At the first stage (80-90 p. XIX century -1905), the main railway lines were laid at the expense of the treasury: Transcaspian, Samarkand-Andijan with a branch to Tashkent, Orenburg-Tashkent. At the second stage, at the expense of share capital: Fergana, Bukhara, Troitsk and others.

    The Russian bourgeoisie in Turkestan was closely connected with tsarism and used its help. Its most predatory elements operated here, rushing to Turkestan with the goal of quickly getting rich from the exploitation of the conquered peoples. Turkestan was looked upon as a “gold mine”. The slogan was announced: “Turkestan for Russians.” For this purpose, entrepreneurial activity in Turkestan was actually prohibited not only for foreign, but also for Russian subjects - Jewish and Tatar entrepreneurs. In all major cities of the region, trade in metal and metal products belonged to Prodamet, rubber products - to the Triangle company, etc. Turkestan also had its own entrepreneurs, owners of large companies: Mir-Kamil Muminbaev, the Vadyaev brothers in the Fergana region, Fuzailov, Kalantarov in the Samarkand region, Arif-Khoja in Tashkent, etc.

    Workers of indigenous nationalities emerge from the ruined artisans and local farmers. They mainly worked at cotton factories, oil mills, and wineries. They were reluctantly accepted onto the railway, which was due to political motives. Working conditions were extremely difficult - 17-18 hour working days, lack of labor protection, low wages, discrimination. So, in coal mines a local worker received 80 kopecks, and for the same work a Russian worker received 1 ruble. 50 kopecks

    Colonization of the region was one of the priority tasks. It began along with the advance of troops, with the so-called “Cossack” colonization. The lower army ranks also took part in this. But the most massive flow was made up of peasants. The resettlement proceeded in waves, which reflected not only the government’s policies, but also internal cataclysms in the empire. Surge 1891-92 associated with famine in the center of Russia, flow of 1906-1910. With Stolypin's reforms, since 1912, settlers poured in from the starving Volga region.

    In 1903, rules were issued for the voluntary resettlement of “rural inhabitants” and townspeople to state-owned lands in the Syrdarya, Fergana, and Samarkand regions. In 1905, the “Resettlement Party” was created, which had the task of identifying a colonization fund locally and beginning to settle settlers.

    Up to 8 thousand people, mostly poor peasants, passed through Tashkent every year. The settlers did not find free land for settlement in the new mesas, and they began to be allocated territories belonging to the local population. This caused legal unrest among the population and worsened interethnic relations. The local administration, concerned about this, tried to stop the resettlement and even closed the region to colonists. However, the agrarian reform Sto-| Lypin, whose goal was to create a strong support for tsarism in the countryside | face of the rural bourgeoisie, raised the question of resettlement in a new way! politics in Turkestan. Tsarism set the task of turning Turkestan into | "an integral part of Russia", and its regions - into ordinary ones! provinces.

    This meant complete disregard and suppression of the region’s national identity. Colonization now had the goal not just of weakening the agrarian crisis in the metropolis, but of creating a strong layer of Russian kulaks in Turkestan. Here, focusing on the “strong” Russian peasant became a means of strengthening “Russian statehood.” The new course caused an influx of immigrants. The Russian immigrant population in the region reached 650 thousand people, i.e. 9.2% of its total population. In addition, by creating this layer, tsarism hoped to create a springboard for further adventures in Asia.

    In 1908-1909 An audit of Turkestan was carried out by Senator Count K.K. Palen. She raised the question of disorder in the administration of the region. A reform project was developed. The plan ignored the possibility of industrial development, leaving Turkestan with agriculture and raw materials. So, 1907-1914 it. became years when colonial oppression increased at an increasingly rapid pace.

    After the outbreak of World War I (1914), the role of Turkestan as a supplier of strategic and industrial captured raw materials (cotton, wool, astrakhan fur), etc. increased significantly. The tsarist authorities intensified the colonial exploitation of Turkestan, bringing it to outright robbery.

    Tsarism considered the policy of Russification to be the best principle of its administration, and for this it was necessary to control religious institutions, courts, education, etc.

    Steps were taken to limit the influence of Islam. In a number of cities, the positions of kazy-kalon and shaykh-ul-islam were removed, part of the property of waqfs was confiscated, and the admission to the civil service of persons who graduated from madrassas was limited. On the other hand, there were attempts to flirt with the clergy. For this purpose, the ban on pilgrimage to Mecca was lifted in 1900. Instructions were given to the apparatus to recruit persons with mandatory knowledge of the Russian language. At the same time, it was proposed to expand the teaching of the Russian language to the local population.

    The school was also supposed to serve as an instrument of Russification policy. A system of Russian-native schools was created, where local children

    population studied with Russian children. In 1911, 165 Russian-native schools operated on the territory of modern Uzbekistan. The bulk of their teachers are Russians. However, we note that during this period the Russification school program actually failed. The population perceived her as anti-national, anti-Muslim.

    Maktabs and madrassas have been preserved. “New method” schools created by the Jadi-dami also appeared. In the region before 1917, 92 of them were registered. They caused discontent among the reactionary part of the clergy and concern of the tsarist administration, which allowed their opening only after the approval of the program.

    Based on the experience of new method schools, the first primers on sound and syllabic pronunciation methods were created: “Adibi avval” (First mentor) by Munavvar-Kary Abdurashidkhanov, “Birinchi muallim” (First teacher) by Abdulla Avloni, etc.

    Despite the pressure, a distinctive culture continued to develop. During these years, Mukimi, Zavki, Asiri, Behbudi, Khoja Muin and others created their works. Uzbek folk and classical music, crafts, applied arts, etc. developed.

    Speaking about the cultural and scientific life of the region, one cannot fail to note the penetration of European culture and science here. P.T. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, L.P. Fedchenko, V.L. Vyatkin worked here, who discovered the Ulugbek Observatory in Samarkand in 1908. The region is visited by actors and touring groups. Thus, in 1910, the famous Russian actress V.F. Komissarzhsvskaya performed in Tashkent. It should be noted that a merger of cultures did not occur.

    Topic 12. National liberation struggle of the peoples of Turkestan against tsarist oppression. Jadidshm.

    Plan:

    1. National liberation movement in Turkestan in the 2nd half of the 19th century.

    History of Russian criminal legislation... wellstories VKP... . Them the most... theorists-authorities... methodologically flawed... rip off hisplans. Possible... on basisstudying organized crime... Criminal Code Uzbekistan, ...

    After the collapse of the USSR, the former republics entered into a voluntary agreement on the Commonwealth of Independent States, abbreviated as CIS, which regulated and simplified some relationships between the newly formed, independent countries.

    It is customary to call Central Asia a number of countries in the southern CIS, which includes such states as:

    Among the countries of Central Asia, only Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have access to the sea; these states are washed by the Caspian Sea on their western part. All other powers are considered inland. No country has access to the World Ocean.

    The Caspian Sea washes the shores of five states - Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Iran

    Central Asian countries are rich in natural resources: Turkmenistan produces oil and gas, Uzbekistan has large deposits of brown coal, natural gas, and gold deposits, Kyrgyzstan is rich in ore and coal, and sulfur is mined in Turkmenistan. Since Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are located in mountainous areas, they therefore have great energy potential due to the presence of mountain rivers.

    Central square in Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan

    Bishkek is a clean and beautiful city with pleasant architecture and, unlike many other capitals, with clean mountain air. All attractions and entertainment centers are located in the city center.

    Kyrgyzstan is located between mountain ranges, there are ski resorts, and there are also thermal springs in the Chui Valley. But Lake Issyk-Kul has become a favorite resort destination; since Soviet times, residents from all regions of the country have come here to relax and receive treatment in health resorts. The lake is very beautiful and clean, and so large that you cannot see the opposite shore.

    As for the state's economy, it is built on industry and mining. And also developing tourism annually brings about half a billion dollars to the country. But the economic situation is complicated by an external debt that the country cannot pay off. The main economic partners for Kyrgyzstan remain Russia, Kazakhstan and.

    Kazakhstan

    The territory of Kazakhstan is covered with deserts or semi-deserts; there are few forests here, so they are treated with care and the remaining forest belts are practically not cut down. This is the largest state among those without access to the World Ocean; the country ranks 9th in area in the world and 2nd among the CIS countries, second only to Russia.

    Kazakhstan has common borders:

    • Russia (northern and western borders).
    • China (eastern border).
    • Kyrgyzstan (southern border).
    • Uzbekistan (southern border).
    • Turkmenistan (southern border).

    In Kazakhstan, the official capital is Nur-Sultan (Astana), which has a population of 700 thousand inhabitants. This is the largest city in area and its amenities amaze visitors and attract more and more tourists every year. Huge amounts of money have been invested in Nur-Sultan, buildings and architectural monuments have been rebuilt, striking in their beauty and scale.

    The city attracts not only tourists, but also investors. This country has the most stable and impressive economy in the post-Soviet space, second only to Russia.

    Nur-Sultan (Astana), capital of Kazakhstan

    But Nur-Sultan is not the only large city in Kazakhstan. Almaty is recognized as the unofficial capital of the country, but despite its smaller area, the population is 1.7 million people, which is almost 2.5 times the population of the capital. There is a metro here and the infrastructure is no worse developed than in the main city.

    Kazakhstan cooperates with states, Arab states, as well as China and Eurasia.

    The population of the Republic is 30 million people, with an equal ratio of urban residents and village residents. The area of ​​Uzbekistan is 447.4 square meters. kilometers, which is much less than in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, but the population here is higher. The state borders with the following neighbors:

    • Kyrgyzstan (eastern border).
    • Kazakhstan (north-eastern, northern and north-western borders).
    • Turkmenistan (southwestern and southern borders).
    • Afghanistan (southern border).
    • Tajikistan (south-eastern border).

    Tashkent is the capital and heart of the country, despite the fact that the city was completely destroyed by an earthquake in 1966, it was restored. It is beautiful and attractive to tourists for its architectural delights, monuments and landscaping of the territory. The capital is recognized as the most beautiful city in Central Asia.

    Its population is more than 2 million people, it has a metro and developed infrastructure. The Charvak reservoir, which is surrounded by snow-covered mountains, has become a favorite vacation spot for the townspeople.

    Khast-Imam Complex - Tashkent

    In 2005, the UN adopted a resolution against the country, the reason was the excessively brutal suppression of unrest in the city of Andijan by the local government, during which hundreds of people died.

    Tajikistan

    is a developing country whose economy is built on an agrarian-industrial basis. The state shows consistently positive indicators of GDP growth, the main points of the development strategy are achieving energy independence, providing food for the country's population, as well as overcoming transport isolation; the state does not have access to the World Ocean.

    The country's area is small, 143 thousand square kilometers with a population of 8.5 million people. The Republic has common borders with the following states.

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