Fateev wind energy. Literature on wind energy. Chapter XVI. Wind power plants

Mill with stand

“Mills on trestles, the so-called German mills, appeared until the middle of the 16th century. the only known ones. Strong storms could overturn such a mill along with its frame. In the middle of the 16th century, a Fleming found a way to make this overturning of the mill impossible. In the mill, he made only the roof movable, and in order to turn the wings in the wind, it was necessary to turn only the roof, while the mill building itself was firmly fixed to the ground.”(K. Marx. “Machines: the application of natural forces and science”).

The weight of the gantry mill was limited due to the fact that it had to be turned by hand. Therefore, its productivity was limited. The improved mills were named tent.

Modern methods of generating electricity from wind energy

Modern wind generators operate at wind speeds from 3-4 m/s to 25 m/s.

The most widely used design in the world is the design of a wind generator with three blades and a horizontal axis of rotation, although in some places two-bladed ones are also found. There have been attempts to build wind generators of the so-called orthogonal design, that is, with a vertical axis of rotation. They are believed to have the advantage of a very low wind speed required to start the wind generator. The main problem of such generators is the braking mechanism. Due to this and some other technical problems, orthogonal wind turbines have not gained practical acceptance in the wind energy industry.

Coastal zones are considered the most promising places for producing energy from wind. In the sea, at a distance of 10-12 km from the coast (and sometimes further), offshore wind farms are built. Wind turbine towers are installed on foundations made of piles driven to a depth of up to 30 meters.

Other types of underwater foundations, as well as floating foundations, can be used. The first floating wind turbine prototype was built by H Technologies BV in December 2007. The 80 kW wind generator is installed on a floating platform 10.6 nautical miles off the coast of Southern Italy in a sea area 108 meters deep.

Use of wind energy

In 2007, 61% of installed wind power plants were concentrated in Europe, 20% in North America, and 17% in Asia.

A country	2005, MW	2006, MW	2007, MW	2008 MW.
USA	9149	11603	16818	25170
Germany	18428	20622	22247	23903
Spain	10028	11615	15145	16754
China	1260	2405	6050	12210
India	4430	6270	7580	9645
Italy	1718	2123	2726	3736
Great Britain	1353	1962	2389	3241
France	757	1567	2454	3404
Denmark	3122	3136	3125	3180
Portugal	1022	1716	2150	2862
Canada	683	1451	1846	2369
Netherlands	1224	1558	1746	2225
Japan	1040	1394	1538	1880
Australia	579	817	817,3	1306
Sweden	510	571	788	1021
Ireland	496	746	805	1002
Austria	819	965	982	995
Greece	573	746	871	985
Norway	270	325	333	428
Brazil	29	237	247,1	341
Belgium	167,4	194	287	-
Poland	73	153	276	472
Türkiye	20,1	50	146	433
Egypt	145	230	310	365
Czech	29,5	54	116	-
Finland	82	86	110	-
Ukraine	77,3	86	89	-
Bulgaria	14	36	70	-
Hungary	17,5	61	65	-
Iran	23	48	66	85
Estonia	33	32	58	-
Lithuania	7	48	50	-
Luxembourg	35,3	35	35	-
Argentina	26,8	27,8	29	29
Latvia	27	27	27	-
Russia	14	15,5	16,5	-

Table: Total installed capacities, MW, by country, 2005-2007 Data from the European Wind Energy Association and GWEC.

1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009 forecast	2010 forecast
7475	9663	13696	18039	24320	31164	39290	47686	59004	73904	93849	120791	140000	170000

Table: Total installed capacity, MW, and WWEA forecast until 2010.

In 2007, more than 20% of Denmark's electricity came from wind energy.

Wind power in Russia

The technical potential of Russian wind energy is estimated at over 50,000 billion kWh/year. The economic potential is approximately 260 billion kWh/year, that is, about 30 percent of electricity production by all power plants in Russia.

The installed capacity of wind power plants in the country as of 2006 is about 15 MW.

One of the largest wind power plants in Russia (5.1 MW) is located near the village of Kulikovo, Zelenograd district, Kaliningrad region. Its average annual output is about 6 million kWh.

A successful example of realizing the capabilities of wind turbines in difficult climatic conditions is the wind-diesel power plant at Cape Set-Navolok.

Construction of the Offshore Wind Park with a capacity of 50 MW has begun in the Kaliningrad region. In 2007, this project was frozen.

As an example of realizing the potential of the Azov Sea territories, one can point out the Novoazov wind farm, operating in 2007 with a capacity of 20.4 MW, installed on the Ukrainian coast of the Taganrog Bay.

The “Wind Energy Development Program of RAO UES of Russia” is being implemented. At the first stage (-), work began on the creation of multifunctional energy complexes (MEC) based on wind generators and internal combustion engines. At the second stage, a prototype MET will be created in the village of Tiksi - wind generators with a capacity of 3 MW and internal combustion engines. In connection with the liquidation of RAO UES of Russia, all projects related to wind energy were transferred to the company RusHydro. At the end of 2008, RusHydro began searching for promising sites for the construction of wind power plants.

Prospects

The reserves of wind energy are more than a hundred times greater than the hydropower reserves of all the rivers on the planet.

The European Union has set a goal: by 2010, to install 40 thousand MW of wind generators, and by 2020 - 180 thousand MW.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that by 2030 the demand for wind power will be 4,800 gigawatts.

Economics of Wind Energy

Wind turbine blades at a construction site.

Fuel economy

Wind generators consume virtually no fossil fuels. The operation of a 1 MW wind generator over 20 years of operation allows saving approximately 29 thousand tons of coal or 92 thousand barrels of oil.

Cost of electricity

The cost of electricity produced by wind generators depends on the wind speed.

For comparison: the cost of electricity produced at US coal-fired power plants is 4.5-6 cents/kWh. The average cost of electricity in China is 4 cents/kWh.

When the installed wind generation capacity doubles, the cost of electricity produced falls by 15%. It is expected that the cost will further decrease by 35-40% by the end of the year. In the early 80s, the cost of wind electricity in the USA was $0.38.

According to Global Wind Energy Council estimates, by 2050, global wind energy will reduce annual CO 2 emissions by 1.5 billion tons.

Noise

Wind power plants produce two types of noise:

• mechanical noise (noise from mechanical and electrical components)
• aerodynamic noise (noise from the interaction of the wind flow with the blades of the installation)

Noise Source	Noise level, dB
Pain threshold of human hearing	120
The noise of jet engine turbines at a distance of 250 m	105
Noise from a jackhammer 7 m away	95
Noise from a truck at a speed of 48 km/h at a distance of 100 m	65
Background noise in the office	60
Noise from a passenger car at a speed of 64 km/h	55
Noise from a wind turbine 350 m away	35-45
Background noise at night in the village	20-40

In the immediate vicinity of the wind generator at the axis of the wind wheel, the noise level of a sufficiently large wind turbine can exceed 100 dB.

An example of such design miscalculations is the Grovian wind generator. Due to the high noise level, the installation worked for about 100 hours and was dismantled.

Laws passed in the UK, Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark limit noise levels from an operating wind power plant to 45 dB during the day and 35 dB at night. The minimum distance from the installation to residential buildings is 300 m.

Visual Impact

The visual impact of wind turbines is a subjective factor. To improve the aesthetic appearance of wind turbines, many large companies employ professional designers. Landscape architects are involved in visual justification of new projects.

A review by Danish firm AKF estimated the cost of noise and visual impacts from wind turbines to be less than €0.0012 per kWh. The review was based on interviews with 342 people living near wind farms. Residents were asked how much they would pay to get rid of wind turbines.

Land use

Turbines occupy only 1% of the entire wind farm area. 99% of the farm area can be used for farming or other activities

"Wind turbines and wind turbines", E. M. Fateev, OGIZ, Moscow, 1947
A desktop textbook on wind energy in due time. The book is not new, but contains quite a lot of useful information. The development of wind energy, calculations of wind generators, formulas and examples - all this is still relevant today.

You can download the book "Wind engines and wind turbines" by E. M. Fateev at this link .

Introduction
§ 1. Development of wind use... 3
§ 2. Application of wind engines in agriculture... 5

Part one
WIND MOTORS

Chapter 1. Brief information from aerodynamics ... 12
§ 3. Air and its properties... 12
§ 4. Continuity equation. Bernoulli's equation... 15
§ 5. The concept of vortex motion... 26
§ 6. Viscosity... 38
§ 7. Law of similarity. Similarity criteria... 40
§ 8. Boundary layer and turbulence... 45

Chapter 2. Basic concepts of experimental aerodynamics ... 51
§ 9. Coordinate axes and aerodynamic coefficients... 51
§ 10. Determination of aerodynamic coefficients. Lilienthal's Polar... 54
§ 11. Inductive drag of the wing... 59
§ 12. N. E. Zhukovsky’s theorem on the lifting force of a wing... 62
§ 13. Transition from one wingspan to another... 70

Chapter 3. Wind turbine systems ... 79
§ 14. Classification of wind turbines according to the principle of their operation... 79
§ 15. Advantages and disadvantages of various wind turbine systems... 90

Chapter 4. Theory of an ideal windmill ... 93
§ 16. Classical theory of an ideal windmill... 94
§ 17. The theory of an ideal windmill prof. G. Kh. Sabinina... 98

Chapter 5. Theory of a real windmill prof. G. Kh. Sabinina
§ 18. Operation of elementary wind wheel blades. The first connection equation... 111
§ 19. The second connection equation... 117
§ 20. Moment and power of the entire windmill... 119
§ 21. Losses of wind turbines... 122
§ 22. Aerodynamic calculation of a wind wheel... 126
§ 23. Calculation of wind wheel characteristics... 133
§ 24. Espero profiles and their construction... 139

Chapter 6. Experimental characteristics of wind turbines ... 143
§ 25. Method for obtaining experimental characteristics... 143
§ 26. Aerodynamic characteristics of wind engines... 156
§ 27. Experimental testing of the theory of wind engines... 163

Chapter 7. Experimental testing of wind turbines ... 170
§ 28. Tower equipment for testing wind turbines... 170
§ 29. Correspondence between the characteristics of the wind turbine and its models... 175

Chapter 8. Installing wind turbines in the wind ... 181
§ 30. Installation using the tail... 182
§ 31. Installed with Windows... 195
§ 32. Installed by placing the wind wheel behind the tower... 197

Chapter 9. Regulating the speed and power of wind turbines ... 199
§ 33. Regulation by removing the wind wheel from the wind... 201
§ 34. Regulation by reducing the surface of the wings... 212
§ 35. Regulation by turning the blade or part of it around the swing axis... 214
§ 36. Air brake adjustment... 224

Chapter 10. Wind turbine designs ... 226
§ 37. Multi-bladed wind turbines... 227
§ 38. High-speed (small-blade) wind engines... 233
§ 39. Weights of wind turbines... 255

Chapter 11. Calculation of wind turbines for strength ... 261
§ 40. Wind loads on wings and their strength calculations... 261
§ 41. Wind load on the tail and side adjustment shovel... 281
§ 42. Calculation of the wind turbine head... 282
§ 43. Gyroscopic moment of the wind wheel... 284
§ 44. Wind turbine towers... 288

PART TWO
WIND POWER INSTALLATIONS

Chapter 12. Wind as a source of energy ... 305
§ 45. The concept of the origin of wind... 305
§ 46. Basic quantities characterizing the wind from the energy side... 308
§ 47. Wind energy... 332
§ 48. Accumulation of wind energy... 335

Chapter 13. Characteristics of wind power units ... 344
§ 49. Performance characteristics of wind turbines and piston pumps... 345
§ 50. Operation of wind turbines with centrifugal pumps... 365
§ 51. Operation of wind turbines with millstones and agricultural machines... 389

Chapter 14. Wind pump installations ... 408
§ 52. Wind pump installations for water supply... 408
§ 53. Water tanks and water towers for wind pumping installations... 416
§ 54. Typical designs of wind pump installations... 423
§ 55. Experience in operating wind pump installations for water supply in agriculture... 430
§ 56. Wind irrigation installations... 437

Chapter 15. Windmills ... 445
§ 57. Types of windmills... 445
§ 58. Technical characteristics of windmills... 447
§ 59. Increasing the power of old windmills... 451
§ 60. Windmills of a new type... 456
§ 61. Operational characteristics of windmills... 474

Chapter 16. Wind power plants ... 480
§ 62. Types of generators for working with wind turbines and voltage regulators... 482
§ 63. Wind charging units... 488
§ 64. Low-power wind power plants... 492
§ 65. Parallel operation of wind power plants in a common network with large thermal stations and hydroelectric power stations... 495
§ 66. Experimental testing of the operation of wind farms in parallel to the network... 499
§ 67. Powerful power plants for parallel operation in the network... 508
§ 68. Brief information about foreign wind power plants... 517

Chapter 17. Brief information on installation, repair and care of wind turbines ... 525
§ 69. Installation of low-power wind turbines from 1 to 15 hp. s... .525
§ 70. On the care and repair of wind turbines... 532
§ 71. Safety precautions during installation and maintenance of wind turbines... 535

Bibliography ... 539

This section of our library collects books and articles devoted to wind energy. If you have materials that are not presented here, please send these materials for publication in our library.

“Inexhaustible energy. Book 1. Wind power generators"

Ed. National Aerospace University, Kharkov, 2003, format - .djvu.

V.S.Krivtsov, A.M.Oleinikov, A.I.Yakovlev. “Inexhaustible energy. Book 2. Wind energy"

Ed. National Aerospace University, Kharkov, 2004, format - .pdf.

The physical processes of energy conversion in wind turbines and electric generators are considered. Examples and results of aerodynamic, strength and electromagnetic calculations are given, which are compared with experimental data. The designs of wind power plants and generators, their operational characteristics and control systems are described.

Ya.I.Shefter, I.V.Rozhdestvensky. “To the inventor about wind engines and wind turbines”

Ed. Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR, Moscow, 1967, format - .djvu.

The authors of the book have spent several years analyzing proposals and solutions for the creation of wind power plants. The book provides brief information about wind energy and the operating principles of the main wind turbine systems in a concise and accessible form, systematizes the main proposals of the inventors, and describes the designs of wind turbines that were produced in the Soviet Union.

V.P. Kharitonov. "Autonomous wind power plants"

Ed. Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Moscow, 2006, format - .djvu.

A description and characteristics of autonomous wind power plants (WPPs) designed for lifting and desalination of water, power supply, heat production and other purposes are given. The results of theoretical studies of vane wind turbines in variable air flow and recommendations for optimizing their aggregation with loads of various types are presented. The experience of developing a series of generators for wind turbines and excitation systems for them is reflected. An analysis of wind conditions was carried out with recommendations for choosing locations for wind turbines. The economic indicators of wind turbines of various sizes are analyzed.

B.B. Kazhinsky. “The simplest wind power station KD-2”

Ed. DOSARM, Moscow, 1949, format - .djvu.

This brochure describes the simplest wind turbine that can be manufactured at home.

Kargiev V.M., Martirosov S.N., Murugov V.P., Pinov A.B., Sokolsky A.K., Kharitonov V.P. "WIND ENERGY. Guidelines for the use of small and medium-sized wind turbines".

Publishing house "Intersolarcenter", Moscow, 2001.

This guide was prepared by the Russian solar energy center Intersolarcenter as part of the ORET (Organization for Promotion of Energy Technologies) project based on materials proposed by the ETSU research agency (UK), Intersolarcenter's ORET partner.

“Types of wind turbines. New designs and technical solutions"

Existing wind generator designers, as well as proposed projects, place wind energy beyond competition in terms of originality of technical solutions compared to all other mini-energy complexes operating using renewable energy sources.

E.M. Fateev. "Wind engines and wind turbines"

Ed. OGIZ-SELKHOZGIZ, Moscow, 1948

The book contains a lot of theoretical material about wind, its characteristics, types of wind turbines, and methods for calculating their power.

Birladyan A.S. "Wind engines for wind turbines"

Format.pdf.

The article discusses the problem of choosing a wind turbine for wind-electric installations. By
comparison of the indicators and characteristics of wind turbines shows that for the existing modes and wind speeds on the territory of the Republic of Moldova, it is necessary to use low-speed (multi-bladed) wind turbines of the wing class.

Strickland, M.D., E.B. Arnett, W.P. Erickson, D.H. Johnson, G.D. Johnson, M.L., Morrison, J.A. Shaffer, W. Warren-Hicks. "COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO STUDYING WIND ENERGY/WILDLIFE INTERACTIONS".

National Wind Coordinating Collaborative, 2011, in English, format - .pdf.

This document is intended to provide guidance to people who are involved in the design and construction of wind turbines or the study of the interaction of such installations with the environment.

"Wind Energy. A Guide for small to medium sized enterprises".

Ed. European Commission, 2001, in English. language, format - .pdf.

The purpose of this publication is to help understand the factors influencing the decision to use wind energy and to encourage the establishment of small and medium-sized wind turbine installations by individuals and SMEs.

CONTENT

Introduction 3
I Wind
1 Origin of wind 4
2 Wind speed and how to measure it 5
3 Influence of obstacles on wind speed and direction 9
4 Wind frequency 10
5 Wind energy 10

II Wind turbines
6 Wind turbine systems 13
7 Operating principle of vane wind turbines 15
8 Wind installation and regulation of wind turbines 20
9 How to determine the size of wings for a given power 21
10 How to make wings for a wind turbine 29

III How to make a wind-electric unit yourself
11 Designs of existing wind power units 34
12 How to make the simplest 100 W wind-electric unit yourself without the help of a factory 44

IV Electrical equipment of wind-electric units and their care
13 Electrical equipment 50
14 Brief information on the operation and care of wind power units 54
15 Maintenance of switchgear 61
16 Performance indicators of wind power units 62

Low-power wind power plants are of great interest for areas that are not yet sufficiently electrified or remote from industrial centers.
Low power wind turbines up to 100 W are so simple that they can be easily manufactured on your own. The operation of such units is also simple and does not require any expenditure on fuel. The cost per kilowatt-hour of wind-electric units in areas with average annual wind speeds above 5 m/sec is lower than the tariff of local power plants.
It must be said that the wind regime of the region is the main condition that determines the economic feasibility of operating wind power plants. Therefore, before we begin to consider the designs of wind-electric units and the method of their manufacture, it is necessary to become familiar with the basic characteristics of wind as an energy source. In addition, in order to understand the features of a wind turbine that converts wind energy into mechanical work, it is also necessary to become familiar with at least the elementary fundamentals of wind turbine aerodynamics. This will help to correctly build the wings of the wind wheel, which are the main part of the wind-electric unit.

1. WIND
1. Origin of wind. Wind is the movement of air surrounding the globe. We have become so accustomed to this phenomenon that the question does not arise: how and why does the wind arise? However, for a clearer understanding of this force of nature, one should also know the reasons that give rise to it.
If we slightly open the door of a warm room located next to a cold room, then immediately our feet will feel cold, while at the level of the face there will be no such sensation. This happens because warm air, being lighter than cold air, tends to occupy the upper part of the room, and cold air - the lower part. Air from a cold room rushes into a warm room and, as heavier air, spreads below, displacing warm air from it, which in turn, under the influence of cold air, is forced out of the warm room through the upper part of the open door. You can easily verify this by holding a lit candle to the crack of a slightly open door: first at the bottom, then in the middle and, finally, at the top. At the bottom, the candle flame will bend into the warm room, in the middle it will stand vertically, and at the top it will be directed towards the cold room. The deflection of a candle flame indicates the direction of air movement between rooms with different temperatures.
A similar phenomenon occurs with the air of the earth's atmosphere. The sun does not heat the earth equally everywhere. At the equator, the sun's rays fall vertically on the earth and heat its surface most strongly; closer to the poles, the sun's rays fall obliquely and heat weaker, and at the poles the sun warms the earth very weakly. Accordingly, as the surface of the earth heats up, the air located above it also heats up. Thus, the air on the surface of the earth has different temperatures, and therefore different pressures and weights. Atmospheric air rushes from cold spaces to warm ones, that is, from the poles to the equator, displacing heated air, which is directed to the upper layers of the atmosphere. At an altitude of several kilometers, the heated air, divided into two streams, is directed towards the poles. As it approaches, it cools and sinks closer to the surface of the earth. At the poles it cools completely and heads back towards the equator. This phenomenon occurs constantly, creating atmospheric circulation above the earth's surface.
The constant movement of air from the south and north to the equator is called the trade wind. Due to the rotation of the earth from west to east, the trade wind moves towards the equator from the north - in a northeast direction, and from the south - in a southeast direction.
In the northern and southern parts of the globe, local winds with variable directions are observed. These winds are caused by the fact that as we move away from the tropics to the poles, the alternation of seasons - winter, spring, summer and autumn, as well as the presence of seas, mountains, etc. make the temperature of the atmospheric air extremely unstable, and therefore the direction and speed are inconsistent air flow movements.
2. Wind speed and how to measure it. The main quantity characterizing the strength of the wind is its speed. The magnitude of the wind speed is determined by the distance in meters it travels within 1 second. For example, if in 20 seconds.
the wind traveled a distance of 160 m, then its speed v for a given period of time was equal to:
Wind speed is highly variable: it changes not only over a long period of time, but also over short periods of time (within an hour, a minute and even a second) by a large amount. In fig. Figure 1 shows a curve showing the change in wind speed over 6 minutes. From this curve we can conclude that the wind moves at a pulsating speed.
Wind speeds observed over short periods of time - from a few seconds to 5 minutes - are called instantaneous.
Fig. 3. Anemometer from the Metrpribor plant.
valid or valid. Wind speeds obtained as arithmetic averages from instantaneous speeds are called average wind speeds. If you add up the measured wind speeds during the day and divide by the number of measurements, you get the average daily wind speed.
If we add up the average daily wind speeds for the entire month and divide this sum by the number of days of the month, we get the average monthly wind speed. Adding up the average monthly speeds and dividing the sum by twelve months, we get the average annual wind speed.
Wind speeds are measured using instruments called anemometers.
The simplest anemometer, which allows one to determine the instantaneous speeds of a zetra and is called the simplest weather vane anemometer, is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of a metal board swinging about a horizontal axis a, mounted on a vertical stand b. On the side of the board, on the same axis a, sector b is fixed, with eight pins. A weather vane d is attached to the stand b below the sector, which always positions the board with its plane facing the wind. When the latter operates, the board deflects and passes past the pins, each of which indicates a certain wind speed. The post b with the weather vane d rotates around the bushing d, in which 4 long rods are fixed in the horizontal plane, indicating the main cardinal points: north, south, east and west, and between them 4 short ones, pointing to the northeast, northwest, south -east and southwest. Thus, using a weather vane anemometer, you can simultaneously determine both the speed and direction of the wind.
The values ​​of wind speeds corresponding to each pin of sector b are given in Table. 1.

3. The influence of obstacles on wind speed and direction.
The wind, rushing past houses, trees, hills and other obstacles, changes from a straight motion to an erratic one. Air jets that directly flow around the edges of obstacles are twisted into vortex rings and carried away in the direction of the air flow. In place of those carried away, new vortex rings appear, which are carried away again, etc. It is clear that where vortices form, the wind loses its speed and direction.
The vortex movement of the wind, appearing on the edges of the obstacle, gradually fades far behind it and completely stops at a distance of approximately fifteen times the height of the obstacle. In general, vortices are formed due to friction of moving air against the surface of the earth, buildings, trees, etc.
Therefore, near the surface the wind speed is lower than at altitude.
This must be remembered when choosing a location for installing the electric motor. The engine wind wheel must be placed above obstacles, where the wind flow is not disturbed by anything. In general, the wind wheel should be placed as high as possible, since with increasing height the wind speed increases, and at the same time the power of the wind engine increases. For example, if the height of the wind wheel is doubled, its power will increase by about one and a half times. However, when choosing a height, it is necessary to take into account the ease of maintenance of the wind turbine during operation. The minimum height of the tower for the wind turbine must be selected so that the lower end of the wind wheel wing is 1.5 - 2 m higher than the nearest obstacle, as shown in Fig. 4.

4. Repeatability of wind. Observations show that wind speed changes all the time, and it is difficult to guess how many hours the wind blows at a given speed during a day or a month. We, however, need to know the frequency of the wind, i.e. how many hours there was wind at a speed of 3, 4, 5 m/sec, etc. over a certain period of time. This will make it possible to determine how much power the wind turbine can operate with and how many horsepower hours it will produce in a month or year. Back in 1895, M. M. Pomortsev established a pattern of recurrence depending on average annual wind speeds. Based on this pattern, a table has been compiled. 3 recurrences of different wind speeds depending on average annual speeds. For example, in areas with an average annual wind speed of 4 m/sec, the wind was equal to O (calm) 307 hours This number represents the sum of the hours of short-term calms and calms generally observed at different times of the year; a weak wind with a speed of 3 m/sec blew for 1,445 hours; the wind blew at a speed of 8 m/sec for 315 hours. etc.

END OF PARAGMEHTA BOOKS

Other diplomas in Physics

t that the use of wind turbines is beneficial even in cases where wind farms operate around the clock. The main task of using wind turbines in rural areas (the village of Nekrasovka) is to save fuel for energy generation.

Whether it is profitable or unprofitable can be determined quite simply by answering the question: “How many years can it take to pay off the book value of a wind turbine (for example, AVE-250) due to the cost of saved fuel?” The standard payback period for the station is 6.7 years. For a year in the village Nekrasovka consumes 129,180 kWh. 1 kW of energy for enterprises currently amounts to 2.85 rubles. From this you can find the payback period:

Tokup = P/Pch, Pch = P - Z,

where: P is the profit of the enterprise without deducting the costs of purchasing a wind farm, Pch is the net profit of the enterprise, Z is the costs invested in the purchase of a wind farm (700 thousand rubles)

P = 6.7*129180*2.85 = 2466692 rubles

Pch = 2466692 - 900000 = 1566692 rub

Tokup = 2466692/1566692 = 1.6 years

We see that the payback period for investments in a power plant is less than the norm, which is 6.7 years, therefore, the purchase of this wind farm is effective. At the same time, a wind farm has a significant advantage over a thermal power plant due to the fact that capital costs are practically not “dead”, since the wind turbine begins to generate electricity 1 - 3 weeks after its delivery to the installation site.

Conclusion

In this course project, I looked at the design of a wind turbine for the village. Nekrasovka, in order to supply the necessary energy to this village.

I made the following calculations:

selection of the required generator

cable selection

payback period calculation

blade calculation

wind characteristics selected

In conclusion, I can say that the construction of a wind farm in this area is advisable. Due to the fact that we live in the north of Sakhalin, and constant winds prevail here (and wind is an inexhaustible source of energy and during its transformation there are no harmful emissions into the environment), and in the Okha region under consideration, except for thermal power plants, there are no alternative sources of electricity supply, then my project is appropriate for this site.

Bibliography

1. Bezrukikh P.P. Use of renewable energy sources in Russia // Information bulletin "Renewable Energy". M.: Intersolarcenter, 1997. No. 1.