A message about the 19th century what was done. Outstanding Inventions of the Industrial Revolution. Planes of Andrey Tupolev

The 19th century laid the foundations for the development of 20th century science and set the stage for many of the future inventions and technological innovations that we enjoy today. Scientific discoveries of the 19th century were made in many areas and had a great influence on further development. Technological progress progressed uncontrollably. To whom are we grateful for the comfortable conditions in which modern humanity now lives?

Scientific discoveries of the 19th century: Physics and electrical engineering

A key feature in the development of science of this period of time is the widespread use of electricity in all branches of production. And people could no longer refuse to use electricity, feeling its significant benefits. Many scientific discoveries of the 19th century were made in this area of ​​physics. At that time, scientists began to closely study electromagnetic waves and their effect on various materials. The introduction of electricity into medicine began.

In the 19th century, such famous scientists as the Frenchman Andre-Marie Ampère, two Englishmen Michael Faraday and James Clark Maxwell, Americans Joseph Henry and Thomas Edison worked in the field of electrical engineering.

In 1831, Michael Faraday noticed that if a copper wire moves in a magnetic field, crossing lines of force, then an electric current arises in it. This is how the concept of electromagnetic induction appeared. This discovery paved the way for the invention of electric motors.

In 1865, James Clark Maxwell developed the electromagnetic theory of light. He suggested the existence of electromagnetic waves, through which electrical energy is transmitted in space. In 1883, Heinrich Hertz proved the existence of these waves. He also determined that the speed of their propagation is 300 thousand km / s. Based on this discovery, Guglielmo Marconi and A. S. Popov created a wireless telegraph - radio. This invention became the basis for modern technologies for wireless transmission of information, radio and television, including all types of mobile communications, which are based on the principle of data transmission by means of electromagnetic waves.

Chemistry

In the field of chemistry in the 19th century, the most significant discovery was D.I. Mendeleev's Periodic Law. Based on this discovery, a table of chemical elements was developed, which Mendeleev saw in a dream. In accordance with this table, he suggested that there were still unknown chemical elements. The predicted chemical elements scandium, gallium and germanium were subsequently discovered between 1875 and 1886.

Astronomy

XIX Art. was a century of formation and rapid development of another field of science - astrophysics. Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy that studies the properties of celestial bodies. This term appeared in the mid-60s of the 19th century. Johann Carl Friedrich Zöllner, a German professor at the University of Leipzig, stood at its origins. The main research methods used in astrophysics are photometry, photography and spectral analysis. One of the inventors of spectral analysis is Kirchhoff. He conducted the first studies of the spectrum of the Sun. As a result of these studies, in 1859 he managed to obtain a drawing of the solar spectrum and more accurately determine the chemical composition of the Sun.

Medicine and Biology

With the advent of the 19th century, science begins to develop at an unprecedented speed. There are so many scientific discoveries that it is difficult to track them in detail. Medicine and biology are not far behind. The most significant contributions to this field were made by the German microbiologist Robert Koch, the French physician Claude Bernard, and the microbiological chemist Louis Pasteur.

Bernard laid the foundations of endocrinology - the science of the functions and structure of the endocrine glands. Louis Pasteur became one of the founders of immunology and microbiology. In honor of this scientist, the technology of pasteurization is named - this is a method of heat treatment of mostly liquid products. This technology is used to kill vegetative forms of microorganisms to increase the shelf life of food products such as beer and milk.

Robert Koch discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis, anthrax bacillus and vibrio cholerae. For the discovery of the tubercle bacillus, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

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Computers

Although it is believed that the first computer appeared in the 20th century, the first prototypes of modern machine tools with numerical control were built already in the 19th century. Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French inventor, came up with a way to program the loom in 1804. The essence of the invention was that the thread could be controlled using punched cards with holes in certain places where the thread was supposed to be applied to the fabric.

Mechanical engineering and industry

Already at the beginning of the 19th century, a gradual revolution in mechanical engineering began. Oliver Evans was one of the first who in 1804 in Philadelphia (USA) demonstrated a car with a steam engine.

At the end of the 18th century, the first lathes appeared. They were developed by the English mechanic Henry Maudsley.

With the help of such machines, it was possible to replace manual labor, when it was necessary to process metal with great accuracy.

In the 19th century, the principle of operation of a heat engine was discovered and the internal combustion engine was invented, which served as an impetus for the development of faster vehicles: steam locomotives, steamboats and self-propelled vehicles, which we now call cars.

Railroads also began to develop. In 1825, George Stephenson built the first railway in England. It provided rail links to the cities of Stockton and Darlington. In 1829 a branch line was laid that linked Liverpool and Manchester. If in 1840 the total length of railways was 7,700 km, then by the end of the 19th century it was already 1,080,000 km.

The 19th century is the age of the industrial revolution, the age of electricity, the age of railroads. It had a significant impact on the culture and worldview of mankind, radically changed the system of human values. The appearance of the first electric motors, the invention of the telephone and telegraph, radio and heating devices, as well as incandescent lamps - all these scientific discoveries of the 19th century turned the lives of people of that time upside down.

The 19th century laid the foundations for the development of 20th century science and set the stage for many of the future inventions and technological innovations that we enjoy today. Scientific discoveries of the 19th century were made in many areas and had a great influence on further development. Technological progress progressed uncontrollably. To whom are we grateful for the comfortable conditions in which modern humanity now lives?

Scientific discoveries of the 19th century: Physics and electrical engineering

James Clark Maxwell

A key feature in the development of science of this period of time is the widespread use of electricity in all branches of production. And people could no longer refuse to use electricity, feeling its significant benefits. Many scientific discoveries of the 19th century were made in this area of ​​physics. At that time, scientists began to closely study electromagnetic waves and their effect on various materials. The introduction of electricity into medicine began.

In the 19th century, such famous scientists as the Frenchman Andre-Marie Ampère, two Englishmen Michael Faraday and James Clark Maxwell, Americans Joseph Henry and Thomas Edison worked in the field of electrical engineering.

In 1831, Michael Faraday noticed that if a copper wire moves in a magnetic field, crossing lines of force, then an electric current is generated in it. This is how the concept of electromagnetic induction appeared. This discovery paved the way for the invention of electric motors.

In 1865, James Clark Maxwell developed the electromagnetic theory of light. He suggested the existence of electromagnetic waves, through which electrical energy is transmitted in space. In 1883, Heinrich Hertz proved the existence of these waves. He also determined that their propagation speed was 300,000 km/sec. Based on this discovery, Guglielmo Marconi and A. S. Popov created a wireless telegraph - radio. This invention became the basis for modern technologies for wireless transmission of information, radio and television, including all types of mobile communications, which are based on the principle of data transmission by means of electromagnetic waves.

Chemistry

DI. Mendelev - a scientist who made many scientific discoveries of the 19th century

In the field of chemistry in the 19th century, the most significant discovery was D.I. Mendeleev Periodic Law. Based on this discovery, a table of chemical elements was developed, which Mendeleev saw in a dream. In accordance with this table, he suggested that there were still unknown chemical elements. The predicted chemical elements scandium, gallium and germanium were subsequently discovered between 1875 and 1886.

Astronomy

XIX Art. was the century of the formation and rapid development of another field of science - astrophysics. Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy that studies the properties of celestial bodies. This term appeared in the mid-60s of the 19th century. Johann Carl Friedrich Zöllner, a German professor at the University of Leipzig, stood at its origins. The main research methods used in astrophysics are photometry, photography and spectral analysis. One of the inventors of spectral analysis is Kirchhoff. He conducted the first studies of the spectrum of the Sun. As a result of these studies, in 1859 he managed to obtain a drawing of the solar spectrum and more accurately determine the chemical composition of the Sun.

Medicine and Biology

With the advent of the 19th century, science begins to develop at an unprecedented speed. There are so many scientific discoveries that it is difficult to track them in detail. Medicine and biology are not far behind. The most significant contributions to this field were made by the German microbiologist Robert Koch, the French physician Claude Bernard, and the microbiological chemist Louis Pasteur.

Bernard laid the foundations of endocrinology - the science of the functions and structure of the endocrine glands. Louis Pasteur became one of the founders of immunology and microbiology. Pasteurization technology is named after this scientist is a method of heat treatment of mainly liquid products. This technology is used to kill vegetative forms of microorganisms to increase the shelf life of food products such as beer and milk.

Robert Koch discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis, anthrax bacillus and vibrio cholerae. For the discovery of the tubercle bacillus, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

Computers

Although it is believed that the first computer appeared in the 20th century, the first prototypes of modern machine tools with numerical control were built already in the 19th century. Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French inventor, came up with a way to program the loom in 1804. The essence of the invention was that the thread could be controlled using punched cards with holes in certain places where the thread was supposed to be applied to the fabric.

Mechanical engineering and industry

Already at the beginning of the 19th century, a gradual revolution in mechanical engineering began. Oliver Evans was one of the first who in 1804 in Philadelphia (USA) demonstrated a car with a steam engine.

At the end of the 18th century, the first lathes appeared. They were developed by the English mechanic Henry Maudsley.

With the help of such machines, it was possible to replace manual labor, when it was necessary to process metal with great accuracy.

In the 19th century, the principle of operation of a heat engine was discovered and the internal combustion engine was invented, which served as an impetus for the development of faster vehicles: steam locomotives, steamboats and self-propelled vehicles, which we now call cars.

Railroads also began to develop. In 1825, George Stephenson built the first railway in England. It provided rail links to the cities of Stockton and Darlington. In 1829 a branch line was laid that linked Liverpool and Manchester. If in 1840 the total length of railways was 7,700 km, then by the end of the 19th century it was already 1,080,000 km.

The 19th century is the age of the industrial revolution, the age of electricity, the age of railroads. It had a significant impact on the culture and worldview of mankind, radically changed the system of human values. The appearance of the first electric motors, the invention of the telephone and telegraph, radio and heating devices, as well as incandescent lamps - all these scientific discoveries of the 19th century turned the lives of people of that time upside down.

Inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries are very numerous. The most significant are photography, dynamite, aniline dyes for fabrics. In addition, cheaper methods for making paper and alcohol were discovered, and new medicines were invented.

Technical inventions of the 19th century were of great importance in the development of society. So, with the help of the telegraph, people were able to transmit messages within a few seconds from one end of the world to the other. The telegraph was invented in 1850. A little later, telegraph lines began to appear. Graham Bell invented the telephone. Today people cannot imagine life without this discovery.

Inventions of the 19th century from around the world were brought to an exhibition in 1851 in England. It was attended by about seventeen thousand exhibits. In subsequent years, other countries, following the example of England, also began to organize international exhibitions of the latest achievements.

Inventions of the 19th century became a powerful impetus to the development of chemistry, physics, and mathematics. A feature of this period was the widespread use of electricity. Scientists of that time were engaged in the study of electromagnetic waves and their influence on various materials. The use of electricity began in medicine.

Michael Faraday noticed the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, James K. Maxwell developed the electromagnetic theory of light. Heinrich Hertz proved that electromagnetic waves exist.

The inventions of the 19th century in the field of medicine and biology were no less significant than in other scientific fields. A great contribution to the development of these industries was made by: Robert Koch, who discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis, Louis Pasteur, who became one of the founders of microbiology and immunology, Claude Bernard, who laid the foundations of endocrinology. In the same century, the first X-ray image was obtained. The French doctors Brissot and Lond saw a bullet in the patient's head.

Inventions of the 19th century were also in the field of Astronomy. This science began to develop rapidly in that era. Thus, a section of Astronomy appeared - Astrophysics, which studied the properties of celestial bodies.

A great contribution to the development of chemistry was made by Dmitry Mendeleev, having discovered the Periodic Law, on the basis of which a table of chemical elements was created. He saw the table in a dream. Some predicted elements were discovered later.

The beginning of the 19th century was marked by the development of mechanical engineering and industry. In 1804, a steam-powered car was demonstrated. The internal combustion engine was created in the 19th century. This contributed to the development of faster vehicles: steamboats, locomotives, cars.

Railways began to be built in the 19th century. The first was built in 1825 by Stephenson in England. By 1840, the length of all railways was about 7,700 km, then at the end of the 19th century it was about 1,080,000 km.

It is believed that people began to use computers in the 20th century. However, their first prototypes were invented already in the previous century. The Frenchman Jacquard in 1804 discovered a way to program a loom. The invention made it possible to control the thread using punched cards, which contained holes in certain places. With the help of these holes, it was supposed to apply the thread to the fabric.

Invented at the end of the 18th century, lathes were widely used in industry in the 19th century. The equipment successfully replaced manual labor, processing metal with high precision.

The 19th century is rightly called the century of the "industrial revolution", railways and electricity. This century had a huge impact on the worldview and culture of mankind, changing its value system. The invention of electric lamps, radio, telephone, engine and many other discoveries turned the human life of that time upside down.

American inventor of the motion picture, Thomas Edison, who was able to make this form of entertainment technically feasible

For a competition sponsored by Scientific American in 1913, participants had to write an essay on the 10 greatest inventions of "our time" (from 1888 to 1913), while the inventions had to be patentable and dated from the time of their "industrial introduction."

In fact, this task was based on historical perception. Innovations seem more remarkable to us when we see the changes they bring about. In 2016, we may not attach much importance to the merits of Nikola Tesla (Nicola Tesla) or Thomas Edison (Thomas Edison), as we are used to using electricity in all its manifestations, but at the same time we are impressed by the social changes that popularization of the Internet. 100 years ago, people probably would not have understood what it was all about.

Below are excerpts from the first and second prize essays, along with a statistical count of all submissions. The first place was awarded to William I. Wyman, who worked at the US Patent Office in Washington, thanks to which he was well aware of scientific and technological progress.

Essay by William Wyman

1. An electric furnace in 1889 was “the only means of producing carborundum” (the hardest artificial material at that time). It also turned aluminum from "merely valuable to a very useful metal" (reducing its cost by 98%) and "dramatically changed the steel industry."

2. Steam turbine, invented by Charles Parsons (Charles Parsons), which began mass production over the next 10 years. The turbine significantly improved the power supply system on ships, and was later used to maintain the operation of generators that produce electricity.

The turbine, invented by Charles Parsons, powered the ships. With the right amount, they set the generators in motion and produced energy.

3. Petrol car. In the 19th century, many inventors worked on the creation of a "self-propelled" car. Wyman mentioned Gottlieb Daimler's 1889 engine in his essay: “A hundred years of persistent, but unsuccessful, pursuit of a practically self-propelled machine proves that any invention that first fits into the stated requirements becomes an immediate success. Such success came to the Daimler engine.”

4. Movies. Entertainment will always be of the utmost importance, and "the moving picture has changed the way many people spend their time." The technical pioneer Wyman cited was Thomas Edison.

5. Airplane. Wyman honored the invention of the Wright brothers for "fulfilling a centuries-old dream", but at the same time emphasized its use for military purposes and questioned the general usefulness of flying technology: "Commercially, the aircraft is the least profitable invention among all considered."

Orville Wright conducts a demonstration flight at Fort Mer in 1908 and fulfills the requirements of the American army

Wilbur Wright

6. Wireless telegraphy. Various systems have been used to transfer information between people for centuries, perhaps even millennia. In the US, telegraph signals have become much faster thanks to Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. Wireless telegraphy, invented by Guglielmo Marconi, later evolved into radio and thereby freed information from cables.

7. Cyanide process. Sounds toxic, doesn't it? This process appeared on this list for only one reason: it was carried out to extract gold from ore. “Gold is the lifeblood of trade,” in 1913 international trade relations and national currencies were based on it.

8. Asynchronous motor of Nikola Tesla. “This landmark invention is largely responsible for the ubiquitous use of electricity in modern industry,” writes Wyman. Before there was electricity in residential buildings, the AC machine designed by Tesla generated 90% of the electricity consumed in factories.

9. Linotype. This machine allowed publishers - mainly newspapers - to compose and cast the text much faster and cheaper. This technology was as advanced as the printing press was considered to be in relation to the hand-written scrolls that preceded it. It is possible that soon we will stop using paper for writing and reading, and the history of printing will be forgotten.

10. Electric welding process from Elihu Thomson (Elihu Thomson). During the era of industrialization, electric welding made it possible to accelerate the pace of production and create better, more complex machines for the manufacturing process.

Electric welding, created by Elihu Thomson, significantly reduced the cost of manufacturing complex welding equipment.

Essay by George Doe

The second best essay, by George M. Dowe, also from Washington, was more philosophical. He divided all inventions into three sub-sectors: manufacturing, transport, and communications:

1. Electrical fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. As natural sources of fertilizer dwindled in the 19th century, artificial fertilization ensured further expansion of agriculture.

2. Preservation of sugar-containing plants. George W. McMullen of Chicago is credited with discovering a way to dry sugar cane and sugar beets for shipping. Sugar production became more efficient and very soon its supply increased significantly.

3. High speed steel alloys. By adding tungsten to steel, "tools made in this way could cut at tremendous speeds without compromising the hardening or cutting edge." The increase in the efficiency of cutting machines has produced "nothing less than a revolution"

4. Lamp with tungsten filament. Another achievement of chemistry: after tungsten replaced the carbon in the filament, the light bulb is considered "improved". As of 2016, they are being phased out around the world in favor of compact fluorescent lamps, which are 4 times more efficient.

5. Airplane. Although it was not yet as widely used for transportation in 1913, "Samuel Langley and the Wright brothers should be given major honors for their contribution to the development of powered flight."

6. Steam turbine. As in the previous list, the turbine is to be commended not only for "use of steam as a prime mover" but also for its use in "power generation".

7. Internal combustion engine. In terms of transportation, Dow credits "Daimler, Ford and Dury" most of all. Gottlieb Daimler is a well-known pioneer of motor vehicles. Henry Ford began production of the Model T in 1908, which remained very popular until 1913. Charles Duryea created one of the earliest commercially successful gasoline vehicles after 1896.

8. The pneumatic tire, which was originally invented by Robert William Thomson, a railroad engineer. "What the track did for the locomotive, the pneumatic tire did for vehicles not tied to the railroad tracks." However, the essay credits John Dunlop and William C. Bartlet, both of whom have made major contributions to the development of automobile and bicycle tyres.

9. Wireless. Doe praised Marconi for making wireless "commercially viable". The essayist also left a comment that can be attributed to the development of the World Wide Web, stating that wireless communication was "designed primarily to meet the needs of trade, but along the way it also contributed to social interaction."

10. Typing machines. The giant rotary press could churn out huge volumes of printed material. The weak link in the production chain was the assembly of printed plates. Linotype and monotype helped to get rid of this shortcoming.

All submitted essays were collected and analyzed to compile a list of inventions that were perceived as the most significant. Wireless telegraph was in almost every text. "Airplane" came in second place, although it was considered important only because of the potential of flying technology. Here are the rest of the results:

Scientists of the 19th century are the creators of great innovations, discoveries and inventions. The 19th century gave us many famous people who completely changed the world. The 19th century brought us a technological revolution, electrification and great advances in medicine. Below is a list of some of the most important inventors and their inventions that have made a huge impact on humanity that we enjoy even today.

Nikola Tesla - alternating current, electric motor, radio technology, remote control

If you start to explore the legacy of Nikola Tesla, then you can understand that he was one of the greatest inventors of the 19th and early 20th centuries and rightfully deserves the first place on this list. He was born on July 10, 1856, in Smiljan, Austrian Empire, to a Serbian Orthodox priest, Milutin Tesla. The father, as a Serbian Orthodox priest, initially instilled Nikola's interest in science. He was well versed in the mechanical devices of the time.

Nikola Tesla received a gymnasium education and later entered the Polytechnic University in Graz, Austria. He dropped out of school and went to Budapest, where he worked for a telegraph company and then became the chief electrician in Budapest at the automatic telephone exchange. In 1884 he began working for Edison, where he received a reward of $50,000 for engine improvements. Tesla then set up his own laboratory where he could experiment. He discovered the electron, X-rays, the rotating magnetic field, electrical resonance, cosmic radio waves and invented the wireless remote control, radio technology, the electric motor and many other things that changed the world.

Today he is the most famous scientist of the 19th century for his contributions to the construction of the Niagara Falls power plant and for his discovery and application of alternating current, which became the standard and is still used today. He died on January 7, 1943, in New York, USA.