The defeat of Napoleon's empire. Vienna Congress (8th grade). “The defeat of Napoleon’s empire The defeat of Napoleon’s empire Congress of Vienna summary

Key words of the summary: the peak of the power of the empire, the reasons for the weakening of the empire, the campaign in Russia, the battle of Leipzig, the entry into Paris, the abdication and exile of Napoleon, the defeat of Napoleon's empire, the Bourbon restoration, the return of Napoleon, the Battle of Waterloo, the second abdication and exile, the Congress of Vienna , Holy Alliance.

After Peace of Tilsit(1807) Napoleon's empire reached the height of its power. The emperor was a tireless worker - he worked furiously. He could wake up at night and write an order; he slept no more than four hours. By 1811, there were 130 departments in the empire, and large construction work was carried out in them: roads, tunnels, bridges were built, new churches, the Arc de Triomphe, and the Exchange were built.

The desire to strengthen the dynasty led the emperor to divorce Josephine. In 1810 he married the daughter of the Austrian Emperor, Maria Louise. In this marriage a son was born, Napoleon II, but he died very young.

Reasons for the weakening of the Napoleonic Empire:

1. severe crop failures for two years;
2. the continental blockade caused a decline in production;
3. due to constant wars, taxes increased;
4. the ongoing war on the Iberian Peninsula required more and more resources;
5. The death of almost the entire Great Army in Russia dealt a huge blow to the empire.

Trek to Russia

The Emperor was also convinced of the feasibility of a continental blockade, and that he could force all European countries to participate in it. Among the states that secretly violated the terms of the blockade was Russia. In 1810, the emperor came up with a plan: to send the Great Army to Russia and take Moscow.

June 12 (24) 1812 The Great Army crossed the Russian border and moved towards Moscow. On August 26 (September 7) in the main battle of Borodino, Napoleon was unable to defeat the Russian army under the command of M. I. Kutuzov. Having occupied Moscow, the emperor did not wait for the signing of peace. With the onset of cold weather, his army left the burned city and was forced to move back. Persecution by Russian troops and frosts accelerated her death.

Allied entry into Paris. Bourbon Restoration

Led by Russia, a new anti-French coalition emerged, which included Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, Spain and Portugal. In the decisive three-day battle of Leipzig October 16-19, 1813 - "Battle of the Nations" - The main forces of Napoleon's army were defeated. This was the collapse of the power of the Napoleonic Empire.

March 31, 1814 Coalition troops entered Paris. He rode on a white horse. The assembled Senate voted to enthrone Louis XVIII, brother of the executed King Louis XVI. Napoleon was forced to sign an act of abdication, left his imperial title and was sent into exile to Fr. Elbe off the coast of Italy. The winners sought to restore the old order.

Return of Napoleon. Secondary renunciation

March 1, 1815 The emperor with his entourage and a detachment of 900 soldiers arbitrarily marched on Paris. The dissatisfaction with the Bourbons was so strong, and Napoleon's charm was so great, that the people forgave him for the troubles that the emperor's wars brought. All the way to the capital, the troops went over to his side. The emperor's army entered Paris without firing a single shot; Bonaparte was carried in his arms into the palace from which Louis XVIII had fled the day before. But Napoleon managed to stay in power for only 100 days.

June 18, 1815 took place Battle of Waterloo(south of Brussels), which the French army lost. On June 22, Bonaparte signed the abdication of the throne for the second time. This time he was stripped of his imperial title and exiled to the tiny island of St. Helens in the South Atlantic Ocean, where he died on May 5, 1821.

In Europe, a period of reaction began for several years - the partial restoration of the privileges of the nobles, the suppression of social movements. But the transformations carried out by Napoleon were already irreversible.

Congress of Vienna

On May 30, 1814, Russia, Great Britain, England, Spain, Prussia and Portugal signed a peace treaty with France, according to which it lost all conquered territories and returned to the borders until 1792. After the overthrow of Napoleon in September 1814, a meeting gathered in Vienna the first diplomatic congress in world history representatives of almost all European states (only Türkiye was not represented).

The Congress of Vienna was supposed to decide the fate of post-war Europe: restore the former dynasties and the power of the nobility, carry out territorial redistribution, create a legal order that would prevent the emergence of new wars. Although over two hundred sovereigns and ministers from different countries attended the congress, the main role was played by representatives of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia. However, their plans were hampered by the firm position of the head of the French delegation, Sh.-M. Talleyrand, Louis XVIII's foreign minister.

As a result of all the agreements, Russia received part of Poland - the Duchy of Warsaw; Prussia - rich and economically developed provinces - the Rhineland and Westphalia, as well as the western Polish lands. Two Italian regions were ceded to Austria - Lombardy and Venice. Instead of more than two hundred small German principalities, the German Union of 39 states was created. The largest of them were Austria and Prussia. Great Britain retained the island of Malta, an important stronghold in the Mediterranean, and the former Dutch colonies - the island of Ceylon off the coast of India and the Cape Land in southern Africa.

The temporal power of the pope over the Roman region was restored, and in the Kingdom of Naples power passed to the former Bourbon dynasty. The Bourbon throne in Spain was also restored. The territory of France was returned to the borders of 1792; in addition, she had to pay a huge indemnity.

The significance of the decisions of the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna determined the post-war structure of Europe. For the first time in history, he documented the principles of international relations that were supposed to prevent new pan-European wars. However, many other possible consequences were prevented by French diplomacy led by Talleyrand. The latter was able to sow mutual distrust between the delegations of the victorious countries; as a result, France did not suffer significant territorial losses and retained its status as a great European power. As a result of the decisions of the Congress of Vienna, Europe was for the first time covered by a system of treaties that lasted until the middle of the 19th century.

Holy Alliance

To maintain universal peace, preserve the borders established by the Congress of Vienna, and fight the revolutionary movement, in September 1815, the emperors of Russia and Austria, as well as the king of Prussia, concluded Holy Alliance. Napoleon's victors believed that they were establishing a European balance. In the period from 1818 to 1821, all their activities were reduced to the fight against revolutions. The revolutions in Spain and Italy were strangled by joint efforts. On other issues, there was no unity in the policies of the Union members.

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During the classes.

1. Org. start of the lesson.

1. 1801 - concluded an agreement (concordat) with the Pope on the normalization of relations. The separation of church and state was abolished.

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“Outline of a history lesson, grade 8, “The defeat of Napoleon’s empire. Congress of Vienna””

"The defeat of Napoleon's empire. Congress of Vienna"

Objectives: - consider the reasons for the collapse of Napoleon's empire;

Describe the post-war development of the empire;

Find out who participated in the Congress of Vienna, what goal the participants of the congress pursued, what its outcome was; development of UUD, ability to work with a map, generalize, draw conclusions.

Equipment: textbooks, student notebooks, worksheets, computer, presentation, map “Europe in 1799-1815.”

During the classes.

1. Org. start of the lesson.

2. Checking homework.

1) Remember the date of the coup d'etat, as a result of which Napoleon became head of state.

2) tell us about the internal politics of Napoleon’s consulate

Contributed to the development of entrepreneurial activity. The big bourgeoisie was provided with lucrative government contracts.

He carried out reforms of the financial system, including the creation of a French bank and the strengthening of a new currency, the franc.

He launched a large construction project in the country. The capital of France has become even more beautiful.

Accelerated the industrial revolution and created new jobs.

Banned strikes and workers' unions. Those who showed dissatisfaction with the policies of the First Consul were expected to be executed, arrested, and expelled.

1801 – concluded an agreement (concordat) with the Pope on the normalization of relations. The separation of church and state was abolished.

Declared an amnesty for emigrants. He personally appointed former aristocrats to important government positions.

Created a powerful police investigation machine.

3)When did Napoleon become emperor? (1804)

4) Which of his reforms did Napoleon consider the best? (“Civil Code” 1804)

5) What was Napoleon’s “Civil Code”? (He proclaimed the equality of citizens before the law, the inviolability of personality and property, freedom of conscience, etc. This was legislation reflecting liberal values. The old order in France was ended forever. The Code spread throughout all European countries.

6) Using the cluster that you should have made at home, characterize Napoleon’s policy of conquest.

7) what measures did the Continental blockade include? (ban on trade with England)

8) Why do you think Napoleon won brilliant victories over his opponents? (Largely because France is a more progressive state and had a progressive social system and military organization).

3. Working with the map.

Guys, you have outline maps on your desks. Now we will work with them. Open the map on page 43 of the textbook, study the symbols. Using the textbook map, mark with arrows on your maps the directions of Napoleon’s campaigns, the years of campaigns, the years and places of the main battles.

One student works at the map for assessment.

4. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

In the last lesson we found out the reasons for Napoleon's success. In today's lesson we are going to learn about the collapse of Napoleon and draw a conclusion about the reasons for his collapse.

Open your notebooks, write down the date and topic: “The defeat of Napoleon’s empire. Congress of Vienna." (slide No. 1)

Lesson assignment.

Why did Napoleon's mighty empire collapse? (Slide No. 2)

Dates: (Slide No. 3)

1815 - agreement on the formation of the Holy Alliance.

On the desks in front of you are worksheets that you will need to fill out during the lesson.

4. Studying new material.

1) teacher's story.

After 1807, Napoleon's empire reached its power. The emperor was a tireless worker - he worked furiously. I could wake up at night and write an order. I slept no more than four hours. Everything was under his control. However, his empire was already declining. (Slide No. 4,5,6) (read pp. 89-90 point 1.)

Did Napoleon have an heir?

Name Napoleon's wives

The desire to strengthen his power led to a divorce from Josephine, because... they had no children together. In addition, Bonaparte passionately sought to become related to some legitimate dynasty. In 1810, Napoleon married the daughter of the Austrian Emperor, Maria Louise, who gave him an heir who died young.

(Slide No. 7,8)

5. Independent work of students:

Read the paragraph on page 90 and try to identify the reasons for the weakening of the Napoleonic Empire. Record them in your worksheets.

Students complete assignments, then check together with the teacher.

(Slide No. 9) Reasons for the weakening of Napoleon’s empire:

Lean years

Extortions and indemnities

Over time, Napoleon’s conviction grew stronger that England could be “brought to its knees” only by ruining it with a continental blockade, in which all the countries he conquered should participate. Among the states that secretly violated this blockade was Russia. Already in 1810, Napoleon came to the conclusion that a crushing blow to England could only be dealt in Moscow. He came up with a plan: to send the Great Army to Russia, take Moscow and conclude an agreement with Emperor Alexander I.

(Slide No. 10) In 1812, the Grand Army crossed the Neman River, invaded Russia and moved towards Moscow. In the main battle of Borodino, Napoleon was unable to defeat Kutuzov's army.

Napoleon hoped that Alexander I himself would ask for peace, but this did not happen. With the onset of cold weather, Napoleon's army left the burned city and was forced to move back.

Returning to Paris, Napoleon began vigorous activity to create a new army. But the situation worsened sharply. A coalition arose led by Russia, which included England, Austria, Sweden, Prussia, Spain and Portugal.

The emperor created a new army, putting yesterday's youths under arms. In the decisive three-day battle near Leipzig - the “Battle of the Nations” - the army was defeated. (Slide No. 11)

On March 31, 1814, coalition troops entered Paris. Russian Emperor Alexander I rode on a white horse.

Listen carefully to my explanation and briefly reconstruct the sequence of the last events in Napoleon’s life.

Napoleon was forced to sign a renunciation, but they left him the imperial title. Having said goodbye to the old guard and kissed the banner of the 1st Grenadier Regiment, he left the palace. He was sent into honorable exile on the island of Elba off the coast of Italy.

(Slide No. 12) Louis XVIII was proclaimed King of France. 20 thousand Napoleonic officers were dismissed from the army. Dissatisfaction with the Bourbons grew.

After a second abdication, Napoleon was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, where he died on May 5, 1821.

Napoleon's stay on St. Helena was not too painful (he even had his own retinue), since the British treated him as a noble captive.

However, health problems worsened the last years of the emperor's life. According to Napoleon himself and his retinue, the reasons for the deterioration in health were not only the restriction of Bonaparte’s activities, but also the unhealthy climate of the island. Napoleon's attending physician diagnosed him with hepatitis, but Bonaparte suspected cancer, inherited from him by his father. In 1821, due to a sharp deterioration in health, it was already difficult for Napoleon to move independently, constant pain tormented him greatly, he made a will. Napoleon died on May 5, 1821 and was buried near Longwood. But in 1840, Bonaparte was reburied in France in the Les Invalides in Paris (this was his last will).

6. Student presentation with a report on the Vienna Congress (Slide No. 13).

Students during the performance, using the textbook, fill out a worksheet, then check it together with the teacher. (Slide No. 14)

	What territories were ceded?
	Duchy of Warsaw
	Malta, Ceylon, Cape Land.
	Venice and Lombardy
	Part of the Rhineland and Westphalia
	Norway.

7. Summing up the lesson.

Why did Napoleon's mighty empire collapse?

Lean years

The Continental blockade caused a decline in industry and trade

Dissatisfaction with continuous wars and recruitment

Difficult relations with conquered countries

Extortions and indemnities

Hatred of the oppressors on the part of the conquered peoples

the loss of the army in Russia due to the talent of Russian commanders, the mass heroism of the Russian people;

creation of a new anti-French coalition;

Long wars depleted France's resources.

8. Homework (Slide No. 15):

Paragraph 12, learn dates; complete the remaining task on the worksheet.

9. Grading.

The defeat of Napoleon's empire. Congress of Vienna.

The date of the:

The purpose of the lesson: find out the main reasons for the defeat of Napoleon's empire.

Lesson type: combined with elements of discussion.

Tasks:

- educational: introduce students to the main events of the “French Revolution”.

- developing: improve skills in working with textbook text and historical dates.

- educational: Promote students’ holistic worldview.

Planned results:

- subject: know the main events of the “French Revolution”; be able to search, analyze, and evaluate information about events.

- personal: expanding students’ ideas about the peoples and states of the world, developing communicative competence.

- meta-subject: the ability to select information, formulate thoughts, organize joint activities with the teacher and students.

New concepts: Vienna Congress.

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, screen, Microsoft Power Point presentation, textbook, individual cards.

During the classes.

Lesson stage

Teacher activities

Student activities

1.Organizational moment

Greeting, organizing the attention of schoolchildren.

Preparing the class for work

3. Updating knowledge

On the screen are Speransky’s words: “His brainchild is strong and powerful, but rests on the war, from which the people are tired and the future becomes unsteady and uncertain». ( Slide)

1. Tell me, who is this quote talking about?

2. How do you understand the concept of “brainchild”?

3.What can be called the brainchild of Napoleon?

4. Is Napoleon's Empire really strong and powerful? What facts can indicate this? (The teacher gradually puts together a diagram on the board from the students’ answers (cards).

5. Guys, tell me why Speransky believes that the future of a powerful empire is becoming “shaky and uncertain”?

Demonstrate knowledge and skills on the previous topic

1.Napoleon.

2. Express their understanding of this concept (What is created by their own efforts).

3. Napoleon's Empire.

4. List the facts (powerful army, authority of personal power)

5. Since the people were truly tired of war, the conquered peoples were tired of oppression and low living standards.

2. Setting the goals and objectives of the lesson

Guys, tell me, what are we going to talk about today?

(The teacher summarizes the students' answers)

That's right, guys! The main goal of our lesson:
find out the main reasons for the defeat of Napoleon's empire

They put forward options for wording the topic of the lesson, goals; participate in their discussion. Analyze.

(About the fall of Napoleon's empire.)

Writes down the topic in a notebook. ( Slide)

4. Assimilation of new knowledge

The teacher introduces new material:

After the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit, Napoleon's empire reached the pinnacle of power. Napoleon surrounded himself with nobles.

But in order to gain a foothold on the throne, he needed an heir of royal blood. Therefore, considering his wife Josephine to be infertile, he divorces her and takes as his wife the Austrian princess Marie-Louise, in whose marriage he has a son and who dies in infancy.

But the external idyll was disrupted by an internal crisis. The last two years have been poor harvests and caused a decline in industry and trade. At this time, Napoleonic exactions reached their peak, strangling the people and the “tax with blood.”

Over time, Napoleon realized that it was possible to bring England “to its knees” only in Moscow.

(Based on the material of the History of Russia, guys, tell me what Napoleon is doing?)

Napoleon gathers an army and marches on Moscow. ( Map on screen) This campaign was successful; upon entering Moscow, Napoleon saw an empty city. Weather conditions, unusual for the French, reduce the number of the Grand Army. The Emperor, leaving her, flees to Paris. But the Russian army (which led the anti-French coalition) overtakes him. The emperor created a new army, putting yesterday's youths under arms. In the decisive three-day battle near Leipzig - the “Battle of the Nations” - the army was defeated. (October 16-19, 1813) (Slide)

after which Napoleon signs a pact of abdication.

He is exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Italy.

After the fall of Napoleon, Louis XVIII is proclaimed king. But the people were dissatisfied with the new ruler, because he sought to return the old - pre-Napoleonic order. Taking advantage of this, Napoleon flees from Elba and gathers a small army. Louis sends an army to meet him, but subsequently it comes completely under the command of Napoleon. Approaching Paris, Napoleon increases the size of the army due to the citizens who recognized him as the emperor. At this moment, 100 days of Napoleon's reign begin.

(Guys, tell me why Napoleon ruled for only 100 days, what prevented his rule?)

March 1, 1815 (Slide)- The Battle of Waterloo took place, during which the French army was defeated. Napoleon signs the act of abdication for the second time, but at the same time he is also deprived of the title of emperor. He is exiled to the island of St. Helena, where he later dies.

After the overthrow of Napoleon, representatives of all countries (except Turkey) gathered at the world diplomatic congress (Congress of Vienna) in order to resolve issues regarding the distribution of territories captured by Napoleon.

(Guys, I will ask you to take envelopes with task No. 1 on the edge of the table. In front of you are tables for you to fill out yourself)

All decisions of the Congress of Vienna were collected in the Act of the Congress of Vienna.

(Slide)

1) Congress authorized the inclusion of the territory of the Austrian Netherlands (modern Belgium) into the new Kingdom of the Netherlands,

2) however, all other Austrian possessions returned to Habsburg control, including Lombardy, the Venetian region, Tuscany, Parma and Tyrol.

3) Prussia received part of Saxony, a significant territory of Westphalia and the Rhineland.

4) Denmark, a former ally of France, lost Norway, which was transferred to Sweden.

5) In Italy, the power of the Pope over the Vatican and the Papal States was restored, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was returned to the Bourbons.

6) The German Confederation was also formed.

7) Part of the Duchy of Warsaw created by Napoleon became part of the Russian Empire under the name the Kingdom of Poland, and the Russian Emperor Alexander I became the Polish king.

Make a note in a notebook (Write down the reasons for the weakening of the Napoleonic Empire:

(Slide) Reasons for the weakening of Napoleon's empire:

Lean years

The Continental blockade caused a decline in industry and trade

Dissatisfaction with continuous wars and recruitment

Difficult relations with conquered countries

Extortions and indemnities

Hatred of the oppressors on the part of the conquered peoples

Answer the question (Patriotic War of 1812)

I write the date in my notebook.

I write the date in my notebook.

Answer the question (Since Napoleon is once again gathering an army to march on Moscow)

Write the date in your notebook.

Read the textbook independently: A.Ya. Yudovskaya “General History. History of Modern Times, grade 8" - page 93 and fill out the table "Decision of the Congress of Vienna"

(After time (5 minutes) check with the teacher)

5. Initial check of understanding

The teacher asks questions:

Guys, do you think things could have turned out differently for Napoleon’s empire?

What shook the power of the empire?

They answer questions, express their opinions, analyze.

6. Primary consolidation of the material

Guys, take envelopes No. 2.

You need to do testing.

(After finishing the work (3 minutes), students exchange the task with their deskmate and check each other’s work.

Complete the task (testing).

They exchange works for verification.

7. Control of assimilation, discussion of mistakes made and their correction.

After pronouncing all the answer options and correcting errors, students check their answers with the answers on the screen)( Slide)

I analyze and prove my point.

8.Homework

§12 pp.89-97, card (envelope No. 3)

Writing in a diary

Valuation activities

5. Reflection

Guys, our lesson is coming to an end and I will ask you to draw conclusions using unfinished phrases on the screen. (Slide)

today I found out...
it was interesting…
it was difficult…
I completed tasks...
I realized that...
Now I can…
I felt that...
I purchased...
I learned…
I managed …
I was able...

Grading.

Thank you all for your work.

The lesson is over.

They draw conclusions.

Evaluate the results of their own activities

Abstract
Explanatory module plan:
1. Napoleon Bonaparte. Consulate (1799–1804)
3. Grand Army
4. War of 1805
5. Continental blockade
6. Reasons for the weakening of Napoleon's empire
7. War of 1812
8. Coalition against France
9. “Battle of the Nations” near Leipzig
10. 22
11. Congress of Vienna
Contents of the explanatory module
History of France at the beginning of the 19th century. associated with the name of Napoleon Bonaparte. In front of you on the screen is a portrait of Napoleon.
In 1799, France adopted a new constitution, according to which three consuls stood at the head of the state. Napoleon Bonaparte became the first consul, and in 1804 he became emperor.
Napoleon sought to strengthen his position within the state by fighting poverty and creating a new army.
In 1805, a new army was created. Napoleon called her the Great. With his Grand Army, Bonaparte began to wage wars of conquest in Europe.
In 1805, the war resumed between France on the one hand and Austria and Russia on the other. Here is a map that shows the fighting of this military campaign.
In December 1805, the Battle of the village of Austerlitz took place. Napoleon won a decisive victory. After this, Austria withdrew from the war.
At the same time, France is at war with England. England is a very strong adversary, with a highly developed economy and a powerful navy. Pay attention to the map of naval battles between England and France.
In October 1805, an English squadron under the command of Admiral Nelson defeated the French fleet at Cape Trafalgar.
In 1806 France conquered Prussia. Napoleon triumphantly entered Berlin. In the same year, he signed a decree on the continental blockade.
The Continental Blockade is a document prohibiting all states dependent on France from trading with England.
After military failures and the loss of allies, Russia was forced to conclude a peace treaty with France.
In 1807, a peace treaty was signed by Napoleon and Alexander I in the town of Tilsit. On the screen is a raft on which the meeting of two emperors took place.
Under the terms of the treaty, Russia was forced to join the continental blockade.
By 1810, Napoleon I had achieved unprecedented power.
France, being a bourgeois monarchy, began to develop rapidly.
In an effort to strengthen the dynasty, Napoleon married the daughter of the Austrian Emperor, Marie-Louise, but the son born in this marriage died very young.
Despite its outward splendor, Napoleon's empire began to weaken. The reasons for the weakening in front of you on the screen: 1. Decline in industry and trade caused by the continental blockade, 2. Constant wars, 3. Difficult relations with conquered countries.
Napoleon wanted to rectify the situation with a new military campaign.
In 1812, the Grand Army crossed the Russian border and moved towards Moscow. In September 1812, the French occupied Moscow, but Napoleon did not wait for the signing of peace. After the French army suffered a crushing defeat in October 1812, it was forced to retreat. The remnants of the army left Russia in December 1812.
A new coalition against France was soon formed. It included: Russia, England, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, Spain and Portugal.
In October 1813, a battle took place between the newly created French army and coalition forces. This battle went down in history as the “Battle of the Nations” near Leipzig. Napoleon's army was defeated.
On March 31, 1814, coalition troops entered Paris. Napoleon was arrested and exiled to the island of Elba. In March 1815, he left the island and after some time took the French throne.
In 1814, a congress was held in Vienna to decide the fate of Europe after the Napoleonic wars.
The following decisions were made:
1. Prussia and Russia divided Poland between themselves
2. Austria received Italian regions - Lombardy and Venice
3. England retained the island of Malta
4. The territory of France was returned to the borders of 1792.
5. Russia, Austria and Prussia entered into the Holy Alliance in order to maintain balance in Europe.
Terms and concepts:
Continental blockade- a document prohibiting all states dependent on France from trading with England.
Congress of Vienna- Congress to decide the fate of Europe after the Napoleonic wars.
Main conclusions:
The period from 1799 to 1804, when power was concentrated in the hands of the consuls, is called the consulate in history. During this period of time, the French government strongly encouraged the development of entrepreneurial activity. The big bourgeoisie was provided with lucrative government contracts. Napoleon Bonaparte reformed the financial system, including the creation of a French bank and the strengthening of a new currency, the franc. ...
In 1802 - Napoleon became consul for life. France, being a bourgeois monarchy, began to develop rapidly. Napoleon's Grand Army is at war with Germany, England, Russia, etc.
After 1807, Napoleon's empire reached its power. The emperor was a tireless worker - he worked furiously. Everything was under his control. However, his empire was already declining.
Napoleon tried to wage wars of conquest. As a result, coalitions were formed against France. The coalition of 1812 included: Russia, England, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, Spain and Portugal. Napoleon's unsuccessful military campaigns in 1812–1814. led to the collapse of his empire.
The Congress of Vienna determined the post-war structure of Europe. For the first time in history, he documented the principles of international relations that were supposed to prevent new pan-European wars. However, many other possible consequences were prevented by French diplomacy led by Talleyrand. The latter was able to sow mutual distrust between the delegations of the victorious countries; as a result, France did not suffer significant territorial losses and retained its status as a great European power.
General history. History of modern times. 8th grade Yudovskaya A. Ya., Baranov P. A., Vanyushkina L. M. / ed. Iskenderova A. A.

The Congress of Vienna was the final event of the Napoleonic Wars. Let's look at the agreements concluded there and determine what they were aimed at.

Events of the Congress of Vienna

At the end of March 1814, Paris was captured by Allied troops, which meant victory over France. The main goal of the war - the overthrow of Napoleon - was achieved and the coalition participants sat down at the negotiating table to discuss issues of the post-war order.

The capital of the Austrian Empire, Vienna, was chosen as the venue. There, in 1814-1845, representatives from Russia, Austria, England, Portugal, France and Prussia took part in making major decisions.

The main role in the victory over Bonaparte remained with Russia, and this was not in doubt, but Austria, England and Prussia also made significant contributions. The main discussions about the post-war system in Europe took place between these 4 states.

The main provisions discussed at the congress were the restoration of the monarchical order on the continent, the redistribution of Europe in favor of the victorious countries and the prevention of the possibility of Bonaparte returning to power.

The solution to the first issue was the restoration of the rights of the representative of the Bourbon dynasty - Louis XVI.

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Information on post-war territorial changes in favor of the victorious countries will be presented in the table.

Rice. 1. Map of the Kingdom of Poland in 1814.

The Congress of Vienna also had its significance for the Italian principalities. Thus, the Sardinian kingdom was restored with the inclusion of Savoy and Nice, and Rome came under the authority of the Pope.

The Kingdom of the Netherlands was created from Holland and Belgium.

100 days of Napoleon and continuation of the congress

In March 1815, Napoleon, with the help of the Old Guard and new supporters, managed to return to Paris and restore his power. He tried in every possible way to reconcile with his former enemies, trying to preserve peace for himself and France on optimal terms. Bonaparte, trying to win the loyalty of Russia, sent Alexander I a package of secret documents between France and England on concluding an alliance directed against Russia and Prussia. The attempt was unsuccessful.

On June 15, 1815, a new war began. Its culmination was the Battle of Waterloo, when the last remnants of the French army were destroyed, and Bonaparte was later captured again. This was the final defeat of Napoleon's empire.

Rice. 2. Portrait of Napoleon.

The division of the map of Europe continued after the second overthrow of Bonaparte. In the Alps in 1815, a confederation of 19 cantons was formed, which declared “eternal neutrality”, forming a new state - Switzerland. Norway was removed from Denmark and transferred to Sweden, and England received Ceylon, Guiana and control of the Cape of Good Hope from the former colonies of Spain, France and Holland.

The inviolability of the Congress of Vienna remained for more than a hundred years. Only after the end of the First World War will the map of Europe be redrawn again by the victors.

The autumn of 1815 is an important date in the history of Europe. We can say that this was the final act of the Congress of Vienna, when Alexander I, wanting to strengthen the European order and show that Russia plays one of the main roles on the continent, initiated the creation of the Holy Alliance. Russia, Austria and Prussia agreed to help each other in the event of revolutions and uprisings in order to preserve the monarchy in the country.

Rice. 3. Portrait of Alexander I.

Napoleon's fate was unenviable. The British, fearing his next return, exiled the former emperor to a volcanic island in the southern hemisphere of the Atlantic Ocean - St. Helena, where he ended his life in 1821.

What have we learned?

What should be said briefly about the Congress of Vienna of 1814-1815? He established new European borders and changed the balance of power in Europe. He influenced the entire European system for many subsequent years.

Test on the topic

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Europe during the Napoleonic Wars.

The Great French Revolution (*), which was an event of enormous significance, provided a powerful stimulus for the development of capitalism. Her ideas, expressing common aspirations, spread throughout Europe.

(*) - The beginning of the revolution was the capture of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, and various historians consider its end to be July 26, 1794 (Thermidorian coup) or November 9, 1799 (Coup of the 18th Brumaire).

The French bourgeoisie, dissatisfied with the regime of the Directory (*), began to prepare a conspiracy to establish a military dictatorship. She considered the candidacy of General Napoleon Bonaparte to be a suitable figure for the role of dictator.

(*) – Directory – government of the French Republic from November 1795 to November 1799. Legislative power was concentrated in two chambers - the Council of 500 and the Council of Elders; the executive was handed over to the Directory (consisted of five people and was annually renewed by one-fifth of its composition). The Directory of the first composition included L. M. La Revelier-Lepo, J. F. Rebel, F. L. O. Letourneur, P. Barras, L. N. Carnot.

Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 on the island. Corsica in a family of impoverished nobles. He brilliantly graduated from military school and became a general at the age of 24. Being a supporter of the revolution, he took part in the suppression of royalist uprisings, thereby earning the trust of the bourgeoisie. Bonaparte commanded an army in Northern Italy, which defeated the Austrians, and participated in a military expedition to Egypt in 1798. The coup d'etat on November 9 (18 Brumaire according to the revolutionary calendar of the VIII year of the Republic) 1799 opened a period of post-revolutionary stabilization in France. The bourgeoisie needed firm power to enrich itself and dominate. According to the new constitution of 1799, the legislative power was made dependent on the executive power, which was concentrated in the hands of the first consul - Napoleon Bonaparte. He managed domestic and foreign policy using authoritarian methods. In 1804, Napoleon was declared Emperor of France under the name Napoleon I. The codes of Napoleon I - civil, criminal, commercial - enshrined the principles proclaimed by the revolution: equality of citizens before the law, personal integrity, freedom of enterprise and trade, the right of private property as absolute and inviolable . The dictatorial power of Napoleon I helped to strengthen the positions of the bourgeoisie and did not allow the restoration of feudal orders. In foreign policy, Napoleon I embarked on the path of struggle for the military-political, commercial and industrial dominance of France in Europe and the world. This great commander, prudent politician, and subtle diplomat gave his talent to the service of the bourgeoisie and his immense ambition.

Meanwhile, Napoleon Bonaparte, who became first consul (*) as a result of the 18th Brumaire (November 9, 1799), began to pursue policies in the interests of the big French bourgeoisie. Laws were passed, assigning to the new owners the property acquired during the revolution, codes of laws on property, trade and others were drawn up that supported the development of capitalist industry.

But the masses were deprived of many of the rights won during the revolution: unions and strikes of workers are prohibited; in legal proceedings, the employer’s testimony against workers was taken at face value. In France, a regime of Thermidorian reaction was established, which meant the restoration of the privileges of the nobility and the establishment of bourgeois orders.

(*) – The Consulate consisted of the State Council (preparation of laws), the Tribunate (verification of the compliance of laws with the Constitution), and the Legislative Corps (passing laws). Consulate - three consuls, elected for 10 years, led the executive branch in the center and locally. The First Consul was Napoleon Bonaparte, the Second and Third served as assistants. In 1802 - declared Consul for life.

Confrontation and war.

The main opponent of Napoleonic France was England. She feared an imbalance of power in Europe and sought to preserve her colonial possessions. England saw its main task in the overthrow of Napoleon and the return to power of the Bourbons.
The Amiens Peace Treaty of 1802 between France and England provided for the maintenance of the existing situation in Europe. England pledged to cleanse Egypt and Malta. However, both sides viewed the peace as a temporary respite, and in 1803 the war between them resumed. Napoleon I, who created the most powerful land army in Europe, could not resist the naval forces of England. On October 21, 1805, the combined Franco-Spanish fleet consisting of 33 battleships and 7 frigates was defeated by an English squadron under the command of Admiral Nelson at Cape Trafalgar. The English fleet consisted of 27 battleships and 4 frigates. Nelson was mortally wounded during the moment of victory. The defeat of the French fleet put an end to Napoleonic plans for landing on the British Isles.

In Europe there is third anti-French coalition, which included England, Russia, Austria and the Kingdom of Naples. The French army moved into Austria. On November 20, 1805, the Battle of Austerlitz took place, known as the Battle of Three Emperors. The combined forces of Austria and Russia were defeated. Under the terms of the Peace of Presburg, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II became known as Austrian Emperor Francis I. In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist. Austria admitted defeat and was forced to give the French complete freedom of action in Italy.

Having liquidated the Holy Roman Empire, Napoleon united 16 German states into the Confederation of the Rhine and became its protector. Arose fourth anti-French coalition, which included England, Russia, Prussia and Sweden. However, in the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, the Prussian army was defeated on October 14, 1806. Napoleon triumphantly entered Berlin, and in November 1806 signed a decree on a continental blockade directed against England (which prohibited French traders and countries dependent on France from trading with England).

The foreign policy of Napoleon's government became increasingly aggressive, especially after 1804, when he was proclaimed "Emperor of the French" and the monarchy was restored. This made the international situation in Europe tense. In the ongoing war of France against Russia, battles took place in February at Preussisch-Eylau and in June 1807 near Friedland. Russia was forced to sign the difficult Peace of Tilsit, which gave Napoleon freedom of action in Western Europe, and Alexander I in the North and South-East of Europe. Russia joined the continental blockade and agreed to a defensive and offensive military alliance with France against England. The Peace of Tilsit caused great damage to the economic development and international prestige of Russia.

After the Peace of Tilsit, Napoleon I began to subjugate Portugal and Spain. At the end of 1807, the French army occupied Portugal, whose king fled to Brazil. Then the invasion of Spain began. The Spanish people rose up to fight against the French invaders. The people of Zaragoza heroically defended their city. They were blockaded by the fifty-thousand-strong French army for more than two months.

The Austrian government, taking advantage of the diversion of French forces to conquer Spain, began to prepare for a new war. In 1809 it arose fifth coalition, which included England and Austria. The Austrian army began military operations in April 1809, but was defeated in the Battle of Wagram on July 5-6. Both sides suffered heavy losses (more than 60 thousand killed and wounded). According to the Treaty of Schönbrunn, Austria lost access to the sea, was forced to pay indemnity and join the continental blockade.

The wars of Napoleon I played an important role in the destruction of feudal relations in Europe. The number of small states in Germany has decreased. Napoleonic rule in Italian lands was accompanied by the elimination of the remnants of personal serfdom of peasants, the abolition of the landowners' court, and the introduction of the French civil code. In Spain, guilds, guilds, and a number of feudal duties of peasants were abolished. In the Duchy of Warsaw, personal serfdom of peasants was abolished, and the Napoleonic Codes were introduced.

Defeat of the Napoleonic Empire.

By 1810, Napoleon I's empire had reached the zenith of its power. Almost all of continental Europe worked for France. French industrial production has advanced. New cities grew, ports, fortresses, canals, and roads were built. Many goods began to be exported from the country, especially silk and woolen fabrics. Foreign policy took on an increasingly aggressive character.

Napoleon I began preparing for war with Russia, the only power on the continent not subject to his control. The goal of the French emperor was to defeat Russia, then England and establish his world domination. On June 24, 1812, the army of Napoleon I crossed the Russian border. But already on October 18, 1812, the French were forced to retreat from Moscow. After crossing the Berezina, Napoleon I abandoned his army and secretly fled to Paris.

The defeat of Napoleonic army in Russia led to the growth of national liberation movements in European countries. Has developed sixth coalition, which included Russia, England, Sweden, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and then Austria. On October 16 - 19, 1813, in the Battle of Leipzig, called the Battle of the Nations, the French army was defeated and retreated across the Rhine. In the spring of 1814, military operations took place in France. On March 31, 1814, Allied troops entered Paris. The Bourbon dynasty was restored in France, Napoleon I was exiled to Fr. Elbe.

On May 30, 1814, a peace treaty was signed in Paris, according to which France was deprived of all captured territories. The treaty provided for the convening of an international congress to resolve issues related to the collapse of the empire of Napoleon I. However, Napoleon I tried once again to return to power. He escaped from the Elbe, landed in the south of France, gathered an army and began a campaign against Paris. He managed to capture Paris and hold on to power for 100 days (March-June 1815). Has developed last, seventh, coalition. On June 18, 1815, at the Battle of Waterloo, the French army was defeated by the Allies under the command of the Duke of Wellington. Napoleon I surrendered and was exiled to Fr. Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, where he died in 1821.

RESULTS:

Vienna system of international relations. Holy Alliance. In September 1814, the Congress of Vienna opened, at which all European states were represented. It lasted until June 1815. Congress established an international order that went down in history as the Vienna System. It included two main elements - restoration, as far as possible, of the pre-Napoleonic order and new borders in the interests of the victors.

The new owners retained the acquired property, and the rights of the old and new nobility of bourgeois origin were equalized. An indemnity of 700 million francs was imposed on France; before its payment, the northeastern departments of the country were occupied by allied forces, and the actions of the French government came under the control of four allied (English, Russian, Austrian, Prussian) ambassadors in Paris.

The Congress of Vienna approved new borders in Europe. France retained its territory within the borders of 1792. The fragmentation of Germany and Italy was consolidated. The German Confederation was created from 38 German states under the auspices of Austria. Prussia expanded into Saxony and the West German lands around the Rhine, part of the Duchy of Warsaw with the city of Poznan. Lombardy and Venice were transferred to Austria. The Russian Empire included a part of the Duchy of Warsaw called the Kingdom of Poland with relatively large internal autonomy. Norway was taken away from Napoleon I's ally, Denmark, and transferred to Swedish rule. England expanded its colonial possessions outside of Europe.
A significant addition to the Vienna system was the Holy Alliance, created at the suggestion of Alexander I. Its main goal was to provide mutual assistance to protect monarchical power, the Christian religion, and the foundations of the Vienna system. The Holy Alliance turned into an instrument of armed suppression of revolutions and national liberation movements of the 20s - 40s. XIX century
The Vienna system lasted for several decades and was controversial. There were disagreements between its founders on many issues of European and world politics.