Examples of man-made chemicals. Variety of substances. Separation according to fire standards

As you know, all substances can be divided into two large categories - mineral and organic. You can give a large number of examples of inorganic, or mineral, substances: salt, soda, potassium. But what types of connections fall into the second category? Organic substances are present in any living organism.

Squirrels

The most important example of organic substances are proteins. They contain nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. In addition to these, sometimes sulfur atoms can also be found in some proteins.

Proteins are among the most important organic compounds and are the most commonly found in nature. Unlike other compounds, proteins have certain characteristic features. Their main property is their huge molecular weight. For example, the molecular weight of an alcohol atom is 46, benzene is 78, and hemoglobin is 152,000. Compared to the molecules of other substances, proteins are real giants, containing thousands of atoms. Sometimes biologists call them macromolecules.

Proteins are the most complex of all organic structures. They belong to the class of polymers. If you examine a polymer molecule under a microscope, you can see that it is a chain consisting of simpler structures. They are called monomers and are repeated many times in polymers.

In addition to proteins, there are a large number of polymers - rubber, cellulose, as well as ordinary starch. Also, many polymers were created by human hands - nylon, lavsan, polyethylene.

Protein formation

How are proteins formed? They are an example of organic substances, the composition of which in living organisms is determined by the genetic code. In their synthesis, in the vast majority of cases, various combinations are used

Also, new amino acids can be formed already when the protein begins to function in the cell. However, it contains only alpha amino acids. The primary structure of the substance being described is determined by the sequence of amino acid residues. And in most cases, when a protein is formed, the polypeptide chain is twisted into a spiral, the turns of which are located close to each other. As a result of the formation of hydrogen compounds, it has a fairly strong structure.

Fats

Another example of organic substances is fats. Man knows many types of fats: butter, beef and fish oil, vegetable oils. Fats are formed in large quantities in plant seeds. If you place a peeled sunflower seed on a sheet of paper and press it down, an oily stain will remain on the sheet.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are no less important in living nature. They are found in all plant organs. The carbohydrate class includes sugar, starch, and fiber. Potato tubers and banana fruits are rich in them. It is very easy to detect starch in potatoes. When reacting with iodine, this carbohydrate turns blue. You can verify this by dropping a little iodine onto a cut potato.

Sugars are also easy to detect - they all taste sweet. Many carbohydrates of this class are found in the fruits of grapes, watermelons, melons, and apples. They are examples of organic substances that are also produced in artificial conditions. For example, sugar is extracted from sugar cane.

How are carbohydrates formed in nature? The simplest example is the process of photosynthesis. Carbohydrates are organic substances that contain a chain of several carbon atoms. They also contain several hydroxyl groups. During photosynthesis, inorganic sugar is formed from carbon monoxide and sulfur.

Cellulose

Another example of organic matter is fiber. Most of it is found in cotton seeds, as well as plant stems and their leaves. Fiber consists of linear polymers, its molecular weight ranges from 500 thousand to 2 million.

In its pure form, it is a substance that has no smell, taste or color. It is used in the manufacture of photographic film, cellophane, and explosives. Fiber is not absorbed by the human body, but is a necessary part of the diet, as it stimulates the functioning of the stomach and intestines.

Organic and inorganic substances

We can give many examples of the formation of organic and second always originating from minerals - non-living ones that are formed in the depths of the earth. They are also found in various rocks.

Under natural conditions, inorganic substances are formed during the destruction of minerals or organic substances. On the other hand, organic substances are constantly formed from minerals. For example, plants absorb water with compounds dissolved in it, which subsequently move from one category to another. Living organisms use mainly organic substances for nutrition.

Reasons for diversity

Often, schoolchildren or students need to answer the question of what are the reasons for the diversity of organic substances. The main factor is that carbon atoms are connected to each other using two types of bonds - simple and multiple. They can also form chains. Another reason is the variety of different chemical elements that are included in organic matter. In addition, diversity is also due to allotropy - the phenomenon of the existence of the same element in different compounds.

How are inorganic substances formed? Natural and synthetic organic substances and their examples are studied both in high school and in specialized higher educational institutions. The formation of inorganic substances is not such a complex process as the formation of proteins or carbohydrates. For example, people have been extracting soda from soda lakes since time immemorial. In 1791, chemist Nicolas Leblanc proposed synthesizing it in the laboratory using chalk, salt, and sulfuric acid. Once upon a time, soda, which is familiar to everyone today, was a rather expensive product. To conduct the experiment, it was necessary to calcinate table salt together with acid, and then calcinate the resulting sulfate along with limestone and charcoal.

Another is potassium permanganate, or potassium permanganate. This substance is obtained industrially. The formation process consists of electrolysis of a solution of potassium hydroxide and a manganese anode. In this case, the anode gradually dissolves to form a purple solution - this is the well-known potassium permanganate.

Abbreviations:

T kip. - boiling temperature,

T pl. - melting temperature.

Adipic acid (CH 2) 4 (COOH) 2- colorless crystals, soluble in water. T. pl. 153 °C. Forms salts - adipates. Used to remove scale.

Nitric acid HNO 3- a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, unlimitedly soluble in water. T. kip. 82.6 °C. Strong acid, causes deep burns and must be handled with care. Forms salts - nitrates.

Potassium alum KAl(SO 4) 2 .12H 2 O- double salt, colorless crystalline substance, highly soluble in water. T pl. 92°C.

Amyl acetate CH 3 SOOS 5 H 11 (amyl ester of acetic acid)- a colorless liquid with a fruity odor, an organic solvent and fragrance.

Amino acids- organic substances whose molecules contain carboxyl groups COOH and amino groups NH 2. They are part of proteins.

Ammonia NH- a colorless gas with a pungent odor, highly soluble in water, forms ammonia hydrate NH 3 .H 2 O.

Ammonium nitrate, cm. . Aniline (aminobenzene, phenylamine) C 6 H 5 NH 2- a viscous, colorless liquid that darkens in light and air. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethyl alcohol and diethyl ether. T kip. 184 °C. Poisonous.

Arachidonic acid C 19 H 31 COOH- an unsaturated carboxylic acid with four double bonds in the molecule, colorless liquid. T kip. 160-165 °C. Included in vegetable fats.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), an organic substance of complex structure - colorless crystals, sensitive to heat. Participates in the redox processes of a living organism.

Squirrels- biopolymers consisting of amino acid residues. They play a vital role in life processes.

Petrol— a mixture of light hydrocarbons; obtained during oil refining. T kip. from 30 to 200 °C. Fuel and organic solvent.

Benzoic acid C 6 H 5 COOH- a colorless crystalline substance, poorly soluble in water. Above 100 °C it decomposes.

Benzene C 6 H 6- aromatic hydrocarbon. T kip. 80 °C. Flammable, poisonous.

Betaine (trimethylglycine) (CH 3) 3 N + CH 2 COO- an organic substance, highly soluble in water, found in plants (for example, beets).

Boric acid B(OH) 3- a colorless crystalline substance, slightly soluble in water, a weak acid.

Sodium bromate NaBrO 3- colorless crystals, soluble in water. Melts at 384 °C with decomposition. In an acidic environment it is a strong oxidizing agent.

Wax- a fat-like amorphous substance of plant origin, a mixture of esters of fatty acids. Melts in the range of 40-90 °C.

Galactose C 6 H 12 O 6 .H 2 O- carbohydrate, monosaccharide, colorless crystalline substance, soluble in water.

Sodium hypochlorite (trihydrate) NaClO .3H 2 O- a greenish-yellow crystalline substance, highly soluble in water. T. pl. 26 °C, above 40 °C decomposes, explodes in the presence of organic substances. Bleach.

Glycerol CH(OH)(CH 2 OH) 2- a colorless viscous liquid, unlimitedly soluble in water and absorbing moisture from the air, trihydric alcohol. It is part of fats in the form of lipids - triglycerides (esters of glycerol with organic acids).

Glucose (grape sugar) C 6 H 12 O 6- carbohydrate, monosaccharide, colorless crystalline substance, highly soluble in water. T pl. 146 °C. Contained in the juice of all plants and in the blood of humans and animals.

Calcium gluconate Ca[CH 2 OH (CHOH) 4 COO] 2.H 2 O (monohydrate)- white crystalline powder, slightly soluble in cold water, practically insoluble in ethyl alcohol.

Gluconic (sugar) acid CH 2 (OH)(CHOH) 4 COOH- a colorless crystalline substance, soluble in water, obtained from the oxidation of glucose. Forms salts - gluconates.

Double superphosphate (calcium dihydrogen orthophosphate monohydrate) Ca(H 2 PO 4) 2 .H 2 O- white powder, soluble in water.

Dibutyl phthalate C 6 H 4 (SOOC 4 H 9) 2 (butyl ester of phthalic acid)- colorless liquid with a fruity odor, slightly soluble in water. Organic solvent and repellent.

Ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate NH 4 H 2 PO 4- a colorless crystalline substance, soluble in water. Fertilizer (diammo-phos).

Dimetzphthalate C 6 H 4 (COOCH 3) 2 (phthalic acid methyl ester)- colorless volatile liquid. Organic solvent and repellent.

Ferrous sulfate (ferrous sulfate heptahydrate) F e S O 4 .7H 2 O- greenish crystals, soluble in water. In air it gradually oxidizes.

Iron minium— iron(III) oxide Fe 2 O 3 with impurities. Mineral paint of red-brown color.

Yellow blood salt (potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) trihydrate) K 4 [Fe (CN) 6].3H 2 O- light yellow crystals, soluble in water. In the 18th century It was obtained from slaughterhouse waste, hence the name.

Fatty acid- carboxylic acids containing 13 or more carbon atoms.

Soda Ash, cm. .

Camphor C 10 H 16 O- colorless crystals with a characteristic odor. T pl. 179 °C, easily sublimes when heated. Dissolves in organic solvents, slightly soluble in water.

Rosin- a glassy substance of yellow color. T pl. 100-140 °C, consists of resin acids - organic substances of cyclic structure. Soluble in organic solvents and acetic acid, insoluble in water.

Ammonium carbonate (NH 4) 2 CO 3- a colorless crystalline substance, highly soluble in water, decomposes when heated.

Kerosene- a mixture of hydrocarbons obtained during oil refining. T kip. 150-300 °C. Fuel and organic solvent.

Red blood salt K 3 [Fe (CN) 6 ] (potassium hexacyanoferrate (III))- red crystals, soluble in water. In the 18th century was obtained from slaughterhouse waste, hence the name.

Starch [C 6 H 10 O 5 ] n- white amorphous powder, polysaccharide. With prolonged contact with water, it swells, turns into a paste, and when heated, forms dextrin. Contained in potatoes, flour, cereals.

Litmus- natural organic substance, acid-base indicator (blue in alkaline, red in acidic environment).

Butyric acid C 3 H 7 COOH- colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. T kip. 163 °C.

Mercaptans (thioalcohols)- organic compounds containing the SH group, for example, methyl mercaptan CH 3 SH. They have a disgusting smell.

Iron metahydroxide FeO(OH)- brownish-brown powder, insoluble in water, the basis of rust.

Sodium metasilicate (nonahydrate) Na 2 SiO 3 .9H 2 O- a colorless substance, highly soluble in water. T pl. 47 °C, above 100 °C loses water. Aqueous solutions (silicate glue, soluble glass) have a highly alkaline reaction due to hydrolysis.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) CO- a colorless and odorless gas, a strong poison. Formed during incomplete combustion of organic substances.

Formic acid HCOOH- a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, infinitely soluble in water, one of the strongest organic acids. T kip. 100.7 °C. Contained in insect secretions, nettles, and pine needles. Forms salts - formates.

Naphthalene C 10 H 8- a colorless crystalline substance with a pungent characteristic odor, insoluble in water. Sublimes at 50 °C. Poisonous.

Ammonia- 5-10% aqueous ammonia solution.

Unsaturated (unsaturated) fatty acids- fatty acids whose molecules contain one or more double bonds.

Polysaccharides- carbohydrates of complex structure (starch, cellulose, etc.).

Propane C 3 H 8- colorless flammable gas, hydrocarbon.

Propionic acid C 2 H 5 COOH- colorless liquid, soluble in water. T kip. 141 °C. Weak acid, forms salts - propionates.

Simple superphosphate- a mixture of water-soluble calcium dihydrogen orthophosphate Ca(H 2 PO 4) 2.H 2 O and insoluble calcium sulfate CaSO 4.

Resorcinol C 6 H 4 (OH) 2- colorless crystals with a characteristic odor, soluble in water and ethyl alcohol. T pl. 109 - 110 °C

Salicylic acid HOC 6 H 4 COOH- a colorless crystalline substance, slightly soluble in cold water, highly soluble in ethyl alcohol. T pl. 160 °C.

Sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11- a colorless crystalline substance, highly soluble in water. T pl. 185 °C.

Lead lead Pb 3 O 4- a finely crystalline substance of red color, insoluble in water. Strong oxidizing agent. Pigment. Poisonous.

Sulfur S 8- a yellow crystalline substance, insoluble in water. T pl. 119.3 °C.

Sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4- a colorless, odorless, oily liquid, infinitely soluble in water (with strong heating). T kip. 338 °C. A strong acid, a caustic substance, forms salts - sulfates and hydrosulfates.

Sulfur color- finely ground sulfur powder.

Hydrogen sulfide H 2 S- a colorless gas with the smell of rotten eggs, soluble in water, formed during the decomposition of proteins. Strong reducing agent. Poisonous.

Silica gel (silicon dioxide polyhydrate) n SiO2 m H2O- colorless granules, insoluble in water. Good adsorbent (absorber) of moisture.

Carbon tetrachloride (carbon tetrachloride) CCl 4- colorless liquid, insoluble in water. T kip. 77 °C. Solvent. Poisonous.

Tetraethyl lead Pb(C 2 H 5) 4- colorless flammable liquid. Additive to automobile fuel (in amounts up to 0.08%). Poisonous.

Sodium tripolyphosphate Na 3 P 3 O 9- a colorless solid, unlimitedly soluble in water; aqueous solutions have an alkaline environment due to hydrolysis.

Hydrocarbons- organic compounds of the composition C x H y (for example, propane C 3 H 8, benzene C 6 H 6).

Carbonic acid H 2 CO 3- a weak acid, exists only in aqueous solution, forms salts - carbonates and bicarbonates.

Acetic acid CH 3 COOH- colorless liquid. Crystallizes at 17°C. Unlimitedly soluble in water and ethyl alcohol. “Glacial” acetic acid contains 99.8% CH 3 COOH.

Acetaldehyde, cm. .

Fructose (fruit sugar) C 6 H 12 O 6 .H 2 O- monosaccharide, colorless crystalline substance, soluble in water. T pl. about 100 °C. One and a half times sweeter than sucrose, found in fruits, flower nectar, and honey.

Hydrogen fluoride HF- a colorless gas with a suffocating odor, highly soluble in water with the formation of hydrofluoric acid.

Citrates- salts of citric acid.

Oxalic acid (dihydrate) H 2 C 2 O 4 .2H 2 O- a colorless crystalline substance, soluble in water. Sublimes at 125 °C. Contained in sorrel, spinach, sorrel in the form of potassium salt.

Ethyl acetate (ethyl acetate) CH 3 COOC 2 H 5- a colorless liquid with a fruity odor, slightly soluble in water. T kip. 77 °C.

Ethylene glycol C 2 H 4 (OH) 2 - colorless viscous liquid, unlimitedly soluble in water. T pl. 12.3 °C, boiling point 197.8 °C. Poisonous.

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol, wine alcohol) C 2 H 5 OH- colorless liquid, unlimitedly soluble in water. T kip. 78°C. Used as a solvent and preservative. In large doses it is a strong poison.

Ethers— organic substances, including fragments of alcohols or alcohols and acids, connected through an oxygen atom.

Malic (hydroxysuccinic) acid CH(OH)CH2 (COOH)2- a colorless crystalline substance, soluble in water. T pl. 100 °C.

Succinic acid (CH 2) 2 (COOH) 2- a colorless crystalline substance, soluble in water. T pl. 183 °C. Forms salts - succinates.

Reasons for the wide variety of substances. Thanks to the existence of more than 100 types of atoms and their ability to combine with each other in different quantities and sequences, millions of substances were formed. Among them there are substances of natural origin. These are water, oxygen, oil, starch, sucrose and many others.

Thanks to advances in chemistry, it has become possible to create new substances even with predetermined properties. You also know such substances. This is polyethylene, the vast majority of medicines, artificial rubber - the main substance in the composition of rubber from which bicycle and car tires are made. Since there are so many substances, there was a need to somehow divide them into separate groups.

Substances are divided into two groups - simple and complex.

Simple substances. There are substances whose formation involves atoms of only one type, that is, one chemical element. Let's use the reference table. 4 (see p. 39) and consider examples. The simple substance aluminum is formed from the atoms of the chemical element aluminum given in it. This substance contains only aluminum atoms. Like aluminum, the simple substance iron is formed only from atoms of one chemical element - iron. Please note that the names of substances are usually written with a lowercase letter, and chemical elements with a capital letter.

Substances formed by atoms of only one chemical element are called simple.

Oxygen is also a simple substance. However, this simple substance differs from aluminum and iron in that the oxygen atoms from which it is formed are connected two at a time in one molecule. The main substance in the Sun is hydrogen. This is a simple substance whose molecules consist of two hydrogen atoms.

Simple substances contain either atoms or molecules. Molecules of simple substances formed from two or more atoms of one chemical element.

Complex substances. There are several hundred simple substances, while there are millions of complex substances. They are made up of atoms of different elements. Indeed, the molecule of the complex substance water contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Methane is formed by hydrogen and carbon atoms. Please note that the molecules of both substances contain hydrogen atoms. There is one oxygen atom in a water molecule, but one carbon atom in a methane molecule.

Such a small difference in the composition of molecules and such large differences in properties! Methane is a highly flammable and flammable substance; water does not burn and is used to extinguish fires.

The subsequent division of substances into groups is the division into organic and inorganic substances.

Organic substances. The name of this group of substances comes from the word organism and refers to complex substances that were first obtained from organisms.

Today, more than 10 million organic substances are known, and not all of them are of natural origin. Examples of organic substances are proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, which are rich in food products (Fig. 20).

Many organic substances were created by humans in laboratories. But the name “organic substances” itself has been preserved. Now it extends to almost all complex substances containing carbon atoms.

Organic substances are complex substances whose molecules contain carbon atoms.

Inorganic substances. The remaining complex substances that are not organic are called inorganic substances. All simple substances are classified as inorganic. Inorganic substances are carbon dioxide, baking soda and some others.

In the bodies of inanimate nature, inorganic substances predominate; in the bodies of living nature, the majority of substances are organic. In Fig. 21 depicts bodies of inanimate nature and man-made bodies. They are formed either from inorganic substances (Fig. 21, a-d), or made from organic substances of natural origin artificially created by man (Fig. 21, d-f).

One sucrose molecule consists of 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms, 11 oxygen atoms. The composition of its molecule is denoted by the notation C12H22O11. When burned, charring) sucrose turns black. This happens because the sucrose molecule decomposes into the simple substance carbon (which is black) and the complex substance water.

Be a conservationist

Organic substances (polyethylene) are used to make a variety of packaging materials, such as lawn water bottles, bags, and disposable tableware. They are durable, lightweight, but are not subject to destruction in nature, and therefore pollute the environment. Burning these products is especially harmful, since toxic substances are formed during their combustion.

Protect nature from such pollution - throw plastic products into the fire, collect them in specially designated areas. Advise your family and friends to use biobags and bioware, which decompose over time without harming nature.

1. Our century can confidently be called the century of chemistry. With the creation of chemical compounds by humans, the world has changed. In homes, offices and workplaces, people use aerosols, artificial sweeteners, cosmetics, all kinds of dyes, inks, printing inks, pesticides, drugs, polyethylene, refrigerants, synthetic fabrics - the list goes on and on.

The demand for these products around the world has grown so much that its annual production, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is estimated at approximately 1.5 trillion US dollars. WHO reports that about 100,000 chemicals enter the world market today, and another 1,000 to 2,000 new ones are produced every year.

However, this influx of chemicals raises the question: how does this affect the environment and our health? In fact, it is like sailing in uncharted seas.

According to the WHO, the people most often exposed to chemical pollutants are usually “poor, illiterate, or unable to obtain full or even basic knowledge of how the chemicals they encounter directly every day may harm them.” or indirectly." This especially applies to pesticides. However, each of us is exposed to chemicals.

Another chemical, mercury, is necessary but poisonous. It enters the environment in different ways. Sources of mercury can, for example, be the chimneys of industrial enterprises or billions of fluorescent lamps. Likewise, lead ends up in many products, from fuel to paints. But, like mercury, it can cause poisoning, especially in children. Lead emissions can reduce a normal child's IQ by 4 points.

The United Nations Environment Program says that every year human activities dump about 100 tons of mercury, 3,800 tons of lead, 3,600 tons of phosphates and 60,000 tons of detergents into the Mediterranean Sea. No wonder this sea is in crisis. And this applies not only to the Mediterranean Sea. The UN even declared 1998 the International Year of the Ocean. The world's oceans are in a deplorable state, mainly due to pollution.

Chemical technology provides us with many useful products, which after use turn into waste, greatly polluting the environment.

2. We call chemicals what makes up the world around us, including more than a hundred basic chemical elements, such as iron, lead, mercury, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and others. Chemical compounds, or complex substances consisting of different chemical elements, include: water, alcohol, acids, salts and others. Many of these compounds occur naturally.

A chemical reaction is “the process of converting one chemical substance into another.” Combustion is one of the chemical reactions in which a flammable substance - paper, gasoline, hydrogen and the like - is transformed into a completely different substance or substances. Many chemical reactions occur continuously both around us and within us.

3. Before making any decision in our lives, we weigh the pros and cons. For example, many people buy a car because it is very convenient to have one. But on the other hand, it is necessary to take into account how much it will cost them to insure, register, repair the car, and its depreciation over time. In addition, we must not forget that you can be injured or killed in an accident. This is similar to the use of chemicals, where both benefits and harms must be considered. Consider, for example, a substance such as MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether), a fuel additive that activates the combustion process and reduces emissions. Thanks in part to MTBE, the air is cleaner than in previous years. But you “have to pay” for clean air with something else. The fact is that MTBE is a potential carcinogen, and its leaks from tens of thousands of underground fuel tanks have often led to groundwater contamination. Thus, in one city today, 82 percent of all water is delivered from other places, and this costs $3.5 million per year. This disaster could result in one of the most serious natural crises—groundwater pollution—that will last for many years.

Because some chemicals are so damaging to the environment and human health, their production and sale have been banned. But why does this happen? Aren't new chemicals thoroughly tested for toxicity before reaching the consumer?

Although toxicity testing is scientific, it is partly based on guesswork. It is difficult for risk assessors to clearly differentiate when a substance is dangerous for use and when it is not. The same can be said about drugs, many of which are synthetic. Even the most thorough testing of medications does not rule out unexpected harmful side effects when using them.

Laboratory capacity is inevitably limited. For example, it is impossible to reproduce the full spectrum of action of any chemical drug, because the real world is so complex and diverse. The world outside the walls of the laboratory is replete with hundreds, and even thousands, of various synthetic substances, many of which interact with each other and affect living beings. Some of these chemicals are harmless in themselves, but their compounds, when formed outside or inside the human body, are poisonous. Some substances become toxic, and even carcinogenic, only after they go through the metabolic cycle in the body.

Given all these difficulties, how do experts determine the safety of chemicals? The usual method is to test animals with a specific dose of a chemical, and use the results to determine the safety of the substance for humans. Is this method always reliable?

In addition to ethical issues, testing substances for toxicity through animal testing raises other questions. For example, different animals often react differently to chemicals. A small dose of the highly toxic substance dioxin is lethal to a female guinea pig, but the dose must be increased 5,000 times to be lethal to a hamster! Even related animal species, such as rats and mice, react differently to many substances.

So how can scientists be sure that a substance is safe for humans if the reaction of an animal of one species cannot be accurately determined by the reaction of an animal of another species? Indeed, scientists cannot be absolutely sure of this.

Chemists actually have a difficult task. They need to please those who demand the creation of new chemicals, take into account the demands of animal rights activists, and at the same time do everything to recognize the products as safe in a clear conscience. For this purpose, some laboratories today use human tissue cells placed in a nutrient medium to test chemicals. However, only time will tell how safe this method can be.

The pesticide DDT—still present in large quantities in the environment today—is an example of a substance that was mistakenly declared safe and put into production. Later, scientists discovered that DDT is not excreted from the body for a long time, which is also characteristic of other potential poisons. What does this threaten? In the food chain, the links of which are first millions of microorganisms, then fish and finally birds, bears, otters and so on, toxins accumulate like a snowball in the body of the last consumer. Grebes (a species of waterfowl) living in one area were unable to hatch a single chick for more than 10 years!

This “snowball” grows with such force that some substances, barely detectable in water, reach enormous concentrations in the body of the last consumer. A striking example in this regard are the beluga whales that live in the St. Lawrence River in North America. They have such high levels of toxins in their bodies that when they die, their corpses must be treated as hazardous waste!

It has been discovered that some chemicals, when entering the body of animals, cause a reaction similar to the activity of hormones. Only recently have scientists begun to understand

4. Hormones are the most important carriers of chemicals in the body. They are carried by the blood to various organs and either activate or inhibit certain processes, such as body growth or reproductive cycles. A press release from the World Health Organization (WHO) reported an interesting fact: “There is growing scientific evidence that some synthetic substances, when introduced into the human body, interact dangerously with hormones, either mimicking or blocking the action.”

We are talking about substances such as polychlorinated biphenyls. Widely used since the 1930s, polychlorinated biphenyls are a family of more than 200 oily compounds that are used to make lubricants, plastics, electrical insulation, pesticides, dishwashing detergents and other products. Although the production of polychlorinated biphenyls has been banned in many countries, 1-2 million tons of these substances have already been produced. Waste polychlorinated biphenyls that enter the environment have a harmful effect on it. Dioxins, furans, and some pesticides, including DDT residues. They are called "endocrine disruptors" because they can cause disruption to the endocrine system, which produces hormones.

One of the hormones whose action this substance imitates is the female sex hormone estrogen. According to research, early puberty in more and more girls is likely due to the use of estrogen-containing hair products, as well as environmental pollution with chemicals that act like estrogen.

Exposure of the male body to certain chemicals at important points in development can have dangerous consequences. Experiments have shown that the influence of polychlorinated biphenyls at certain points in the development of turtles and crocodiles can contribute to the change in the sex of males to females or the development of hermaphroditism.

In addition, the toxins produced by chemicals weaken the immune system, making it vulnerable to viruses. Indeed, viral infections appear to be spreading more and faster than ever, especially among animals higher up the food chain, such as dolphins and seabirds.

Children are most susceptible to the effects of chemicals whose effects mimic hormones. Children of Japanese women who ate rice oil contaminated with PCBs in the 1960s “showed slow physical and mental development, behavioral abnormalities such as increased or decreased activity, and an IQ 5 points below average.” Tests with children from the Netherlands and North America who were exposed to high levels of PCBs also showed negative effects on their physical and mental development.

Indeed, many of the chemicals created by people bring undoubted benefits, which cannot be said about others. Therefore, we act wisely when we once again avoid exposure to chemicals that carry potential dangers. Surprisingly, we have many of them at home.

The inside of your home is ten times more likely to be contaminated than your garden. A study of 174 homes in the UK by the Building Research Establishment found that the amount of formaldehyde fumes emanating from furniture made from chipboard and other synthetic materials was ten times greater indoors than outdoors. The air in twelve of the rooms tested did not meet World Health Organization standards. Synthetic furniture, vinyl flooring, building and decorative materials, chemical cleaners, and heating and cooking appliances may emit carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, benzene vapor, or volatile organic compounds. Benzene fumes, a known carcinogen, are released from aerosol cleaning products and are also found in tobacco smoke, another major indoor pollutant. Many people spend 80-90 percent of their time indoors.

Children, especially toddlers, are more susceptible than anyone else to toxic substances in the home. They make more contact with the floor than others, and their breathing is more rapid than that of adults; They spend 90 percent of their time at home, and since their bodies are still developing, they are more vulnerable to toxic substances. They absorb approximately 40 percent of the lead in food, while adults only absorb about 10 percent.

Our generation is now exposed to more chemicals than ever before, and it is unknown what the consequences may be, so scientists are being cautious. Exposure to chemicals does not necessarily mean that a person is at risk of cancer or death. In fact, most people's bodies resist the effects of chemicals quite well. However, precautions are necessary, especially if we are constantly dealing with potentially hazardous substances.

Reducing your exposure to potentially hazardous substances requires just a few lifestyle changes. Here are some tips that may help you do this.

1. Try to store most volatile chemicals where they will not pollute the air in your home. These chemicals include formaldehyde and substances containing volatile solvents, such as paints, varnishes, glues, pesticides, and detergents. Vapors easily generated from petroleum products are toxic. One of these petroleum products is benzene. It is known that if benzene in high concentrations affects the body for a long time, this can lead to cancer, birth defects and other hereditary disorders.

2. Ventilate all rooms well, including the bathroom, as fumes after showering often contain chlorine. This can lead to a build-up of chlorine and even chloroform.

3. Dry your feet before entering the house. This simple precaution helps reduce the lead content in carpets by 6 times. It also reduces the level of pesticides in your home, which break down quickly when exposed to the sun outdoors, but can remain in carpets for years. You can also remove your shoes indoors, as is common practice in many parts of the world. A good vacuum cleaner, preferably one with rotating brushes, helps clean the carpet better.

4. If you treat a room with pesticides, remove toys from the room for at least two weeks, even if the chemical label says it is safe to be in the room for a few hours after treatment. Scientists recently discovered that some types of plastics and foams used to make toys literally absorb pesticide residues like a sponge. Toxins enter the child's body through the skin and mouth.

5. Use pesticides as little as possible. Pesticides are indeed needed at home and in the garden, but trade advertising convinces the average provincial resident to have an arsenal of chemicals on hand, sufficient to repel an army of African locusts.

6. Remove lead-containing, peeling paint from all surfaces and paint with lead-free paints. Do not allow children to play in dust containing lead paint particles. If you suspect lead in your water supply, run cold water from the tap until you notice a noticeable change in temperature. Do not use hot tap water for drinking.

6. A survey of various population groups found that 15 to 37 percent of people consider themselves particularly sensitive or allergic to common chemicals and odors, such as exhaust fumes, tobacco smoke, the smell of fresh paint, new carpet and perfume.

Many MCS sufferers believe their condition is related to exposure to pesticides and solvents. These substances, especially solvents, are used very widely. Solvents are volatile, or rapidly evaporating, substances that disperse or dissolve other substances. They are found in paints, varnishes, adhesives, pesticides and detergents.

Much remains unclear about chemical hypersensitivity syndrome (MCS). It is understandable that there is considerable disagreement among doctors regarding the nature of this disease. Some doctors believe that MCS syndrome is caused by physical factors, others believe that the causes of the disease are related to the human psyche, and others point to both physical and mental factors. Some doctors admit that MCS can be caused by several diseases at once.

Many who suffer from MCS say that their symptoms began after exposure to high concentrations of toxic substances, such as pesticides. Others claim that they developed this syndrome as a result of repeated or prolonged exposure to low concentrations of toxins. Regardless of the cause of the disease, people suffering from MCS develop an allergic reaction to various seemingly dissimilar chemicals, such as perfumes and detergents, that they previously tolerated quite well. Therefore, the name of the disease does not indicate any one chemical substance.

Constant contact with toxins in small concentrations - which is also called one of the causes of MCS syndrome - can be done both indoors and outdoors. Over the past decades, the rise in morbidity associated with indoor air pollution has led to the coining of the term “indoor syndrome.”

Confined space syndrome was first discussed in the 1970s, when many naturally ventilated homes, schools and offices were replaced by more economical, sealed, air-conditioned buildings. Insulation materials, treated wood, adhesives made from volatile chemicals, synthetic fabrics and carpets were often used in the construction and decoration of such buildings.

Many of these building materials, especially in new buildings, evaporate potentially hazardous chemicals such as formaldehyde into the conditioned air. Carpets make the problem worse by absorbing various detergents and solvents, which then evaporate over time. Vapors from various solvents are the most common indoor air pollutants. Solvents, in turn, are among the chemicals to which those with chemical sensitivities are most likely to have allergic reactions.

Most people feel fine in such buildings, but some develop symptoms ranging from asthma and other respiratory problems to headaches and lethargy. These symptoms usually disappear when the person is exposed to other conditions. But in some cases, patients may develop hypersensitivity to chemicals. Why do chemicals affect some people and not others? It is important to answer this question because some of those who are not affected by these chemicals may find it difficult to understand those who are.

It's good to remember that we all react differently to chemicals, germs and viruses. How we react is influenced by our genes, age, gender, health status, medications we take, pre-existing conditions, and our lifestyle choices, especially our use of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs.

The effectiveness of the medicine and the possibility of side effects depend on the individual characteristics of the human body. Some side effects can cause serious consequences, even death. Typically, proteins called enzymes, or enzymes, remove foreign chemicals from the body that are found in medications and pollutants that enter the body every day. But if the body lacks these “household cleansers”—perhaps due to heredity, prior exposure to toxins, or poor nutrition—foreign chemicals can accumulate in dangerous concentrations.

MCS syndrome has been compared to a group of blood diseases called porphyrias, which are associated with impaired enzyme synthesis. Often, people with porphyrias react to chemicals (from exhaust fumes to perfumes) in a similar way to people with MCS.

One woman with MCS said that some common chemicals acted like drugs on her. She said: “I feel like I'm changing: angry, agitated, irritable, scared, apathetic. This can last from several hours to several days." And then she feels like she has a hangover and becomes depressed.

Such symptoms are not uncommon in those suffering from MCS. More than ten countries have reported mental disorders in people exposed to chemicals; this could be either exposure to insecticides or indoor syndrome. We know that people who work with solvents are at higher risk of experiencing panic attacks or depression. Therefore, you need to be very careful and remember that the brain is the most sensitive to the effects of chemicals in our body.

Although exposure to chemicals can lead to mental disorders, many doctors believe the opposite is true: mental disorders can contribute to the development of sensitivity to chemicals. Stress makes a person more sensitive to chemicals.

Is there anything that MCS sufferers can do to improve their health or at least reduce their symptoms?

Although there is no specific treatment for MCS, many who suffer from the disease are able to reduce their symptoms and some have even been able to return to a relatively normal lifestyle. What helps them? Some say they benefit from doctors' advice to avoid, as much as possible, exposure to chemicals that cause symptoms.

Of course, in the modern world it is difficult to completely avoid contact with chemicals that cause allergies. The main problem that MCS leads to is the forced solitude and alienation that arises from the fact that the patient tries to avoid contact with chemicals. Under the supervision of doctors, patients need to cope with panic attacks and rapid heartbeat with the help of special breathing exercises. In this way, a person can gradually adapt to the effects of chemicals, rather than completely eliminating them from their life.

The importance of good nutrition in maintaining and restoring health goes without saying. It is even considered an extremely important component of prevention. It is logical that to restore health, all body systems should work as efficiently as possible. Nutritional supplements can help with this.

Exercise also helps maintain health. In addition, the process of sweating helps eliminate toxins from the body. Good mood, a sense of humor, feeling warm and loved by loved ones, and showing love to others are also essential factors. One woman doctor even “prescribes” “love and laughter” to all MCS patients who come to her. “A cheerful heart is as beneficial as medicine.”

However, enjoying social interaction can be the hardest thing for those with MCS, as they cannot tolerate the perfumes, detergents, deodorants and other chemicals that most of us use every day. So how can those suffering from MCS cope? And an equally important question: what can others do to help those suffering from MCS?

Hypersensitivity to common substances, colognes or detergents, causes not only health problems but also social problems for those who suffer from it. People tend to socialize with others, but increased sensitivity to chemicals (MCS syndrome) causes many friendly, cheerful people to lead a reclusive lifestyle.

Unfortunately, MCS sufferers are sometimes considered weird. One reason, of course, is that MCS is a complex phenomenon that the world has not yet learned to cope with. But lack of knowledge about this syndrome does not justify treating those who suffer from it with suspicion.

7. In the 60-70s. A song that contained the following words was extremely popular: “We are the children of the Galaxy, but most importantly, we are your children, dear Earth...”

We are truly children of the Earth, because we are built from the same elements as our planet. If you dig deep, you can find everything in us, right down to gold and radioactive decay elements. An excess or deficiency of some minerals leads to metabolic disorders, and hence the appearance of diseases. Therefore, it is very important to ensure that your food contains enough vitamins and minerals.

Potassium regulates the acid-base balance of the blood. It is believed to have protective properties against the unwanted effects of excess sodium and normalize blood pressure. For this reason, some countries have proposed producing table salt with the addition of potassium chloride. Potassium can increase urine output. A lot of potassium is found in legumes (peas, beans), potatoes, apples and grapes.

Calcium affects the metabolism and absorption of food by the body, increases resistance to infections, strengthens bones and teeth, and is necessary for blood clotting. 99% of calcium is concentrated in the bones. Almost 4/5 of the total need for it is met by dairy products. Some plant substances reduce calcium absorption. These include phytic acids in cereals and oxalic acid in sorrel and spinach.

Magnesium has antispasmodic and vasodilating effects, stimulates intestinal motility. It is part of many important enzymes that release energy from glucose, maintain a constant body temperature, and normal heartbeat. Almost half of the magnesium requirement is met by bread, cereals and vegetables. Milk and cottage cheese contain relatively little magnesium, but unlike plant products, magnesium is in an easily digestible form, so dairy products, which are also consumed in significant quantities, are significant sources.

It is known that in ancient times people did not add salt to food. They began to use it in food only in the last 1-2 thousand years, first as a flavoring seasoning, and then as a preservative. However, many peoples of Africa, Asia and the North still manage well without table salt. Nevertheless, sodium, which is part of it, is necessary because it participates in creating the necessary stability of the blood, regulating blood pressure and influent metabolism. The need for it is no more than 1 g per day. But typically, an adult consumes about 2.4 g of sodium with bread and 1-3 g when adding salt to food.

This is equal to about one teaspoon of salt without topping and is not harmful to health. The need for sodium increases significantly (almost 2 times) with heavy sweating (in hot climates, during heavy physical exertion, etc.). A direct relationship has also been established between excess sodium intake and hypertension. The ability of tissues to retain water is also associated with sodium content: a large amount of table salt overloads the kidneys and heart. As a result, the legs and face swell. That is why, in case of kidney and heart diseases, it is recommended to sharply limit salt intake.

Sulfur is part of the proteins of some hormones and vitamins. It is necessary for the neutralization in the liver of toxic substances coming from the large intestine as a result of putrefaction. It is part of cartilage tissue, hair, and nails. Its main sources: meat, fish, milk, eggs, lentils, soybeans, peas, beans, wheat, oats, cabbage, turnips, as well as mucous soups made from animal products.

Phosphorus is necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system and heart muscle, it makes bones and teeth strong, and maintains the acid-base balance in the blood. As for food: a lot of phosphorus is found in beans, peas, oatmeal, pearl barley and barley. People consume the main amount of it with milk and bread. Typically, 50-90% of phosphorus is absorbed (less if plant foods are consumed, since phosphorus is mostly found there in the form of difficult-to-digest phytic acid). Not only the phosphorus content is important, but also its ratio to calcium. With an excess of phosphorus, calcium can be removed from the bones, and with an excess of calcium, urolithiasis can develop.

Chlorine is an element involved in the formation of gastric juice. We get up to 90% of it from table salt.

Iron is involved in the formation of hemoglobin and some enzymes. The adult human body contains about 4 g of iron. Women's need for it is 2 times higher than that of men, but in the female body it is absorbed much more efficiently. During pregnancy and lactation, the need for iron doubles. The daily requirement for iron is met in excess by the usual diet. We get it mainly from liver, kidneys and legumes. However, when bread made from finely ground flour is used in food, an iron deficiency occurs, since grain products rich in phosphates and phytin form sparingly soluble salts with iron and reduce its absorption by the body. If about 30% of iron is absorbed from meat products, then only 5-10% is absorbed from grain products. Tea also reduces the absorption of iron due to its binding with tannins into a complex that is difficult to break down. People suffering from iron deficiency anemia should consume more meat, offal and not overuse tea. Raw fruits and vegetables are richest in mineral salts. Fruit and vegetable juices - from tomatoes, apples, cherries, apricots, grapes.

Iodine is important for thyroid hormones, which regulate cellular metabolism. The adult body contains 20-50 mg of iodine. With iodine deficiency, goiter develops. School-age children are especially sensitive to iodine deficiency. Its content in food products is low. Among the main sources we will name sea fish, cod liver, and seaweed. It should be taken into account that during long-term storage or heat treatment of food, a significant portion of iodine (from 20 to 60%) is lost.

The iodine content in terrestrial plant and animal products strongly depends on its amount in the soil. In areas where there is little iodine in the soil, its content in food products can be 10-100 times less than average. In these cases, to prevent goiter, add a small amount of potassium iodide to table salt (25 mg per 1 kg of salt). The shelf life of such iodized salt is no more than 6 months, since when storing the salt, iodine gradually evaporates.

If you cauterize any wound with iodine, the body receives an amount that is sometimes a thousand times higher than the daily norm, since iodine is very well absorbed through the skin.

Manganese is involved in protein and energy metabolism; promotes proper sugar metabolism in the body and helps obtain energy from food. Its level is especially high in the brain, liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Coffee, cocoa, tea, as well as cereals and legumes are extremely rich in manganese.

Copper is important for hematopoiesis, hemoglobin synthesis, as well as endocrine glands, has an insulin-like effect, and affects energy metabolism. The human body contains an average of 75-150 mg of copper. Its concentration is highest in the liver, brain, heart and kidneys, muscle and bone tissue. If there is a lack of it in the body, you need to eat more potatoes, vegetables, liver, buckwheat and oatmeal. There is very little of it in milk and dairy products, so a long-term dairy diet can lead to copper deficiency in the body.

Chromium provides the body with energy to convert carbohydrates into glucose and is part of the glucose tolerance factor enzyme, which speeds up the use of insulin. With age, the chromium content in the body, unlike other trace elements, progressively decreases. The risk of developing chromium deficiency is high in pregnant and breastfeeding women. The reason for the relative deficiency of chromium may be the consumption of large amounts of easily digestible carbohydrates, as well as the administration of insulin, leading to increased excretion of chromium in the urine and depletion of the body in it.

There is no exact information about the physiological need of humans for chromium. It is assumed that, depending on its chemical nature, a person should receive 50-200 mcg/day from food. The chromium content is highest in beef liver, meat, poultry, legumes, pearl barley, and rye wallpaper flour.

Zinc is necessary for normal bone development and tissue repair. Promotes the absorption and effects of B vitamins. Necessary in enzymes that form acid in the stomach and control the formation of hormones, including sex hormones. Zinc levels are highest in sperm and prostate gland. It may be deficient in some children and adolescents who do not consume enough animal products. And the lack of this element causes a sharp slowdown in growth, leading in some cases to dwarfism syndrome.

Zinc contained in products made from non-yeast dough is very poorly absorbed. And in those areas where non-yeast bread is the main food of the population (some areas of Central Asia, the Caucasus), there is often a deficiency of zinc in the body with all the ensuing negative consequences. The main food sources of zinc: beef, poultry, ham, liver, chicken egg yolk, hard cheeses, white and cauliflower, potatoes, beets, carrots, radishes, sorrel, coffee beans, as well as legumes and some cereals. Zinc levels are high in nuts and shrimp.

Molybdenum promotes the absorption of iron by the body and prevents anemia. Essential in microelements as a component of several enzymes.

Fluorine is an element, the deficiency of which causes caries to develop and tooth enamel to be destroyed; it is also involved in bone formation and prevents osteoporosis. It is present in drinking water and food in ionized form and is quickly absorbed into the intestines. Food products generally contain little fluoride. Exceptions include fish (especially mackerel, cod and catfish), nuts, liver, lamb, veal and oatmeal. In areas where there is little fluorine in the water (less than 0.5 mg/l), water is fluoridated. However, its excessive consumption is also undesirable, as it causes fluorosis (spotting of tooth enamel).

Bromine is a constant component of various tissues of the human and animal body. It enters the body mainly with food products of plant origin, and a small amount is introduced with table salt containing bromine impurities.

The human body is very sensitive to deficiency, and even more so to the absence of certain minerals in food. The outstanding Russian hygienist F. F. Erisman wrote that “food that does not contain mineral salts, although it otherwise satisfies nutritional conditions, leads to a slow death of starvation, because depletion of the body in salts inevitably entails a nutritional disorder.”

8. Food is necessary for the normal functioning of the body.

Throughout life, the human body continuously undergoes metabolism and energy. The source of the building materials and energy necessary for the body are nutrients coming from the external environment, mainly with food.

Rational nutrition is the most important non-applicable condition for the prevention of not only metabolic diseases, but also many others.

The nutritional factor plays an important role not only in the prevention, but also in the treatment of many diseases.

Medicinal substances of synthetic origin, unlike food substances, are foreign to the body. Many of them can cause adverse reactions.

In products, many biologically active substances are found in equal and sometimes higher concentrations than in the drugs used. That is why many products, primarily vegetables, fruits, seeds, and herbs, are used in the treatment of various diseases.

But many foods are grown using large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. Such agricultural products can not only have poor taste, but also be hazardous to health.

Nitrogen is a component of compounds vital for plants, as well as for animal organisms. Nitrogen enters plants from the soil, and then enters the bodies of animals and humans through food and feed crops. Nowadays, agricultural crops almost completely obtain mineral nitrogen from chemical fertilizers, since some organic fertilizers are not enough for nitrogen-depleted soils. However, unlike organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers do not freely release nutrients under natural conditions. As a result, excess nitrogen nutrition of plants occurs and, as a result, accumulation of nitrates in it.

Excess nitrogen fertilizers leads to a decrease in the quality of plant products, a deterioration in their taste, and a decrease in plant tolerance to diseases and pests, which forces an increase in the use of pesticides. They also accumulate in plants. Increased nitrate content leads to the formation of nitrates, which are harmful to human health. Consumption of such products can cause serious poisoning and even death in humans.

Plants are capable of accumulating almost all harmful substances. This is why agricultural products grown near industrial enterprises and major highways are especially dangerous.

9. To maintain health and survive in environmental conditions, it is necessary to grow and consume food without the use of toxic chemicals and periodically cleanse the body - reduce the level of toxic substances accumulating in it to relatively safe limits.

You can cleanse the body using medicinal herbs: marigold, chamomile, yarrow. Apples have a healing effect on the human body. Apples contain pectins and organic acids. Pectin is able to bind and remove mercury, lead, strontium, cesium and other microelements harmful to the body from the body.

Apple diets, apple days, weeks will benefit those who want to rid their body of radionuclides.

Infusions and decoctions of young twigs and leaves of sea buckthorn or sea buckthorn oil will cleanse the body of harmful microelements.

When consumed in large quantities of fruits; infusions and decoctions from the partitions of walnuts remove strontium, mercury compounds, and lead from the cells of the body.

Beetroot and carrot pectin protects the body from the effects of radioactive and heavy metals (lead, strontium, mercury, etc.)

10. For many years, students of the scientific society of the Ornithological Association of the Armavir Ecological and Biological Center have been studying the problems of the influence of chemicals on human health and ways to solve these problems using accessible methods.

All works of students of the scientific society are abstract, research, experimental, aimed at finding a way out of the crisis situation.

Students repeatedly spoke at the city environmental conference in the media, calling on city residents not to use toxic chemicals and pesticides for growing vegetables and fruits, but to use biological methods to protect plants from pests: hang artificial bird nests in gardens and parks to attract feeding birds insects; sow plants in your garden plots that attract beneficial insects - plant pests that feed on insects; Instead of vegetables and fruits, which may contain nitrates, eat the juices of these products, discarding fiber containing chemicals.

Topics of work presented at the city environmental conference: - “The use of ladybugs in beet crops against aphids,” 1997.

• "Birds and Human Health", 1998.
• “The Impact of Pesticides on Human Health,” 1999.
• "Chemicals and Human Health", 2000.
• “Protection of gardens and parks from pests by attracting birds,” 2001.
• “Juices and human health”, 2001.
• “The importance of birds for humans,” 2001.
• “Protection of the garden from pests using a biological method”, 2001.

Most of the works presented at the regional conference of the small agricultural academy of Kuban students are devoted to biological methods of protecting plants from pests, without toxic chemicals and pesticides harmful to human health.

At the training and experimental site of the center, we grow vegetables using biological methods of protecting plants from pests. We also collect medicinal herbs growing on the territory of our ecological and biological center, located 1.5 km away from factories, factories, and highways.

We grow chamomile, yarrow, St. John's wort, nettle, motherwort, and marigold.

We collect these herbs and distribute them to the population with recommendations on how to use them to protect and remove toxic chemicals from the body.

The world around us and our body are a single whole, and all pollution and emissions entering the atmosphere teach a lesson to our health. If we try to do as much positive things as possible for the environment, we will prolong our lives and heal our bodies.

Everything in this world is interconnected, nothing disappears and nothing appears from nowhere. Our surrounding world is our body. By protecting the environment, we protect our health. Health is not only the absence of disease, but also the physical, mental and social well-being of a person.

Health is a capital given to us not only by nature from birth, but also by the conditions in which we live and which we create ourselves.

References

1. Belova I. “Environmental protection.”
2. Kriksunov E. “Ecology”.
3. Balandin R. “Nature and civilization.”
4. Moiseev. "Travel in the same boat." Chemistry and Life, 1977. No. 9.

1. The Age of Chemistry………………………………………………………………..2
2. Chemicals……………………………………………………..3
3. Problems of determining the safety of chemicals for

person………………………………………………………………………………….….3

1. Hormones are carriers of chemicals in the human body.....6
2. Chemicals in your home……………………………………..7
3. Hypersensitivity to chemicals…………….10
4. Chemicals – positively affecting human health………………………………………………………………………………….....15
5. Chemicals in food……………………………..20
6. Cleansing the body of chemicals using available methods…….………………………………………………………...…21
7. From the practice of the Ecological and Biological Center …………………………...22
8. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………24
9. Used literature…………………………………………………………….24

Purpose of the work: To collect information about the dangers of chemicals on human health. Find available methods to prevent the negative effects of chemicals on human health.