Topogeodesic troops of the Russian Federation. Fundamentals of providing troops with topographic, special maps Topographic troops of the Russian Federation

Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation TS Armed Forces of Russia
Large emblem of the TS Armed Forces of Russia
Years of existence
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Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation- formation (special service), special units and enterprises designed to perform geodetic, topographic and cartographic work and provide troops (forces) with topographic maps, geodetic data and other information about the terrain in theaters of military operations.

In 1991, the Military Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of Russia was formed, which in 1992 was transformed into the Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

On the basis of the order of the Minister of Defense No. 395 of November 9, 2003 "On setting the date for the holiday Military Topographical Administration of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation "and in order to restore the historical traditions of the Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the annual holiday of the Military Topographic Directorate of the General Staff was established - February 8, that is, the day the Map Depot was transformed into the Military Topographic Depot in 1812.

Tasks

Before the 2008 reform, the Topographic Service of the Russian Armed Forces solved the following tasks:

• Clarification of the mathematical parameters of the earth;
• Creation of the world space geodetic network;
• Production and timely updating of topographic maps;
• Provision of troops and services with topographic and special maps;
• Operational provision of theater maps and exercises;
• Interaction with Roskartografiya on the creation of maps.

Compound

Before the 2008 reform Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of Russia included:

• Military Topographical Directorate of the General Staff with subordinate units;
• Topographic services of military districts (armies and units) according to the scheme:
  • District part;
  • Warehouse of maps;
  • Topochast of the army.
• Topographic services of the military branches of the types of the Armed Forces of Russia;
• Top services of power structures of Russia.

Military equipment

Type	Image	Production	Purpose	Quantity	Notes
Apsheronsk-2015		Russia 22x20px Russia	Complex of software and hardware	n/a
Violite-M		Russia 22x20px Russia	Complex of geoinformation modeling	n/a
Volynets		Russia 22x20px Russia	Topographic system	n/a
Red brass		Russia 22x20px Russia		n/a
PNGK-1		Russia 22x20px Russia	Mobile navigation and geodetic complex	n/a

Chiefs

Heads of the Corps of Military Topographers of the Russian Imperial Army (from 1822 to 1917)

• General of Infantry F. F. Schubert (from 1822 to 1823);
• Field Marshal I. I. Dibich-Zabalkansky (from 1823 to 1825);
• Lieutenant General A. A. Aderkas (from 1825 to 1826);
• Lieutenant General P. P. Sukhtelen (from 1826 to 1826);
• General of Infantry A. I. Neidgardt (from 1830 to 1834);
• General of Infantry F. F. Schubert (from 1834 to 1843);
• Field Marshal F. F. Berg (from 1843 to 1855);
• General of Infantry V. K. Liven (from 1855 to 1861);
• General of Infantry A. I. Verigin (from 1861 to 1866);
• Lieutenant General I. F. Blaramberg (from 1856 to 1867);
• General of Infantry E. I. Forsh (from 1867 to 1885);
• General of Infantry I. I. Stebnitsky (from 1885 to 1896);
• General of Infantry O. E. Shtubendorf (from 1897 to 1903);
• General of Infantry N. D. Artamonov (from 1903 to 1911);
• General of Infantry I. I. Pomerantsev (from 1911 to 1917).

Heads of the Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the USSR and Russia (from 1918 to the present)

The Topographic Service of the Armed Forces, and at the same time the Military Topographic Directorate of the General Staff, was headed by:

• military specialist (major general) A. I. Auzan (from 1917 to 1921);
• military specialist (colonel) O. G. Dietz (from 1921 to 1923);
• military specialist (lieutenant colonel) A. D. Taranovsky (from 1923 to 1924);
• A. I. Artanov (from 1924 to 1930);
• Divisional Commander I. F. Maksimov (from 1930 to 1938);
• M. K. Kudryavtsev (from 1938 to 1968);
• Lieutenant General of the technical troops A. S. Nikolaev (from 1968 to 1974);
• Colonel General B. E. Byzov (from 1974 to 1989);
• Lieutenant General A. I. Losev (from 1989 to 1992);
• Lieutenant General V. V. Khvostov (from 1992 to 2002);
• Lieutenant General V. N. Filatov (from 2002 to 2008);
• Major General S. A. Ryltsov (from 2008 to 2010);
• Rear Admiral S. V. Kozlov (from 2010 to 2015);
• Colonel A. N. Zaliznyuk (from 2015 to the present).

Gallery

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Large emblem of the Military Topographic Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

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Patch of the Military Topographic School, sample 1997

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Lapel and epaulette emblem of the servicemen of the Topographic Service of the Red Army and the Armed Forces of the USSR

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Lapel and epaulette emblem of the servicemen of the Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (from 1992 to 2009)

Lapel and epaulette emblem of the servicemen of the Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

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Lapel and epaulette emblem of the servicemen of the Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (since 2009)

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Commemorative sign "200 years of the Military Topographic Directorate of the General Staff", established by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 2244 dated November 18, 2011

see also

• Federal Agency for Geodesy and Cartography (formerly GUGK)

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An excerpt characterizing the Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

– Forgive me, little one, but THERE IS ALWAYS THE CHOICE. It is only important to be able to choose correctly... Look, and the elder showed what Stella had shown him a minute ago.
“Your warrior friend tried to fight evil here just as he fought it on Earth. But this is already a different life, and the laws in it are completely different. Just like the other and the weapon... Only you two did it right. And your friends are wrong. They could live a long time... Of course, every person has the right to free choice, and everyone has the right to decide how to use his life. But this is when he knows how he could act, knows all possible ways. Your friends didn't know. Therefore, they made a mistake and paid the highest price. But they had beautiful and pure souls, so be proud of them. But now no one will ever be able to return them ...
Stella and I were completely limp, and apparently in order to somehow “cheer us up”, Anna said:
“Do you want me to try calling my mother so you can talk to her?” I think you would be interested.
I was immediately ignited with a new opportunity to find out what I wanted! .. Apparently Anna had time to completely get to the bottom of me, since this really was the only means that could make me forget everything else for a while. My curiosity, as the witch girl rightly said, was my strength, but also my biggest weakness at the same time ...
- Do you think she will come? .. - I asked with hope for the impossible.
We won't know until we try, right? No one will be punished for this, - Anna answered, smiling at the effect.
She closed her eyes, and from her thin sparkling figure stretched somewhere into the unknown, a blue thread pulsing with gold. We waited with bated breath, afraid to move, so as not to inadvertently frighten something ... Several seconds passed - nothing happened. I was about to open my mouth to say that today, apparently, nothing would work, when I suddenly saw a high transparent entity slowly approaching us through the blue channel. As she approached, the channel seemed to “roll up” behind her back, and the essence itself became more and more dense, becoming like all of us. Finally, everything around her completely curled up, and now a woman of absolutely incredible beauty stood in front of us! .. She was clearly once earthly, but at the same time, there was something in her that made her us... already different - distant... And not because I knew that after her death she “left” to other worlds. She was just different.
- Hello, my relatives! - touching her heart with her right hand, the beauty greeted affectionately.
Anna beamed. And her grandfather, approaching us, glared at the stranger’s face with wet eyes, as if trying to “imprint” her amazing image into his memory, not missing a single smallest detail, as if he was afraid that he was seeing her for the last time ... He looked and looked without stopping, and seemed not even to breathe... And the beauty, unable to stand it any longer, threw herself into his warm arms, and, like a little child, she froze, absorbing the wonderful peace and goodness pouring from his loving , a tormented soul...
“Well, what are you, dear ... What are you, dear ...” whispered the old man, cradling the stranger in his big warm arms.
And the woman stood there, hiding her face on his chest, childishly seeking protection and peace, forgetting about everyone else, and enjoying the moment that belonged only to the two of them ...
- Is that your mother? .. - Stella whispered stunned. - Why is she like this?
- You mean so beautiful? Anna asked proudly.
- Beautiful, of course, but I'm not talking about that ... She is different.
The essence and the truth was different. She was, as it were, woven from a shimmering mist, which either sprayed, making her completely transparent, or condensed, and then her perfect body became almost physically dense.
Her shiny, night-black hair fell in soft waves almost to the very feet, and, just like her body, now condensed, now sprayed with a sparkling haze. Yellow, like a lynx, the stranger’s huge eyes shone with amber light, shimmering with thousands of unfamiliar golden hues and were deep and impenetrable, like eternity ... On her clear, high forehead, a pulsating energy star, as yellow as her unusual eyes, burned with gold . The air around the woman fluttered with golden sparks, and it seemed - a little more, and her light body would fly up to a height inaccessible to us, like an amazing golden bird ... She really was unusually beautiful, some kind of unprecedented, bewitching, unearthly beauty.
“Greetings to you, little ones,” the stranger greeted us calmly, turning to us. And already turning to Anna, she added: - What made you call me, dear? Did something happen?
Anna, smiling, affectionately hugged her mother by the shoulders and, pointing at us, whispered softly:
“I thought they needed to meet with you. You could help them where I can't. I think they are worth it. But forgive me if I'm wrong... - and already turning to us, she happily added: - Here, dear, and my mother! Her name is Isidora. She was the strongest Vidunya at that terrible time, which we have just talked about.
(She had an amazing name - From-and-to-Ra .... Coming out of light and knowledge, eternity and beauty, and always striving to achieve more ... But I realized this only now. And then I was simply shocked by his extraordinary sound - it was free, joyful and proud, golden and fiery, like the bright rising sun.)
Smiling thoughtfully, Isidora looked very attentively at our excited faces, and for some reason I suddenly really wanted to like her ... There were no special reasons for this, except for the fact that the story of this wonderful woman interested me wildly, and I really wanted to do what no matter how to know her. But I didn’t know their customs, I didn’t know how long they hadn’t seen each other, so I decided for myself to keep silent for now. But, apparently not wanting to torment me for a long time, Isidora herself started the conversation...
“What did you want to know, little ones?”
– I would like to ask you about your Earthly life, if it is possible, of course. And if it doesn't hurt too much for you to remember…” I immediately asked, a little embarrassed.
Deep in the golden eyes lit up such a terrible longing that I immediately wanted to take back my words. But Anna, as if understanding everything, immediately gently hugged me by the shoulders, as if saying that everything is in order, and everything is fine ...
And her beautiful mother hovered somewhere very far away, in her never forgotten, and apparently very difficult past, in which at that moment her once very deeply wounded soul wandered ... I was afraid to move, expecting that now she will simply refuse us and leave, not wanting to share anything ... But Isidora finally started up, as if waking up from her alone, a terrible dream, and immediately smiling at us affably, she asked:
“What exactly would you like to know, dear?”
I accidentally looked at Anna ... And just for a short moment I felt what she experienced. It was terrible, and I don’t understand why people could do this?! And what kind of people are they after that in general? .. I felt that indignation was boiling inside me again, and I tried my best to somehow calm down so as not to seem like a “child” to her. – I also have a Gift, although I don’t know how valuable and how powerful it is... I still don’t know almost anything about it. But I would really like to know, because now I see that gifted people even died for it. This means that the gift is valuable, and I don’t even know how to use it for the benefit of others. After all, it was not given to me just to be proud of it, right? .. So I would like to understand what to do with it. And I would like to know how you did it. How did you live... I'm sorry if this doesn't seem important enough to you... I won't be offended at all if you decide to leave now.
I almost did not realize what I was saying and was worried as never before. Something inside suggested that I really needed this meeting and that I should be able to “talk” to Isidore, no matter how hard it was for both of us ...
But she, like her daughter, seemed to have nothing against my childish request. And leaving us again in her distant past, she began her story ...
- There was once an amazing city - Venice ... The most beautiful city on Earth! .. In any case - it seemed to me then ...
“I think you will be pleased to know that he still exists!” I immediately exclaimed. "And he's really handsome!"
Nodding sadly, Isidora lightly waved her hand, as if lifting the heavy “veil of bygone time”, and a bizarre vision unfolded before our stunned eyes...
In the azure-clear blue of the sky, the same deep blue of the water was reflected, directly from which an amazing city rose ... It seemed that the pink domes and snow-white towers had somehow miraculously grown directly from the depths of the sea, and now stood proudly, sparkling in the morning rays of the rising sun , flaunting in front of each other the grandeur of countless marble columns and the joyful glare of bright, multi-colored stained-glass windows. A light breeze merrily drove the white “caps” of curly waves straight to the embankment, and those, immediately breaking into thousands of sparkling splashes, playfully washed the marble steps going straight into the water. The canals gleamed like long mirror snakes, merrily reflecting as sunny "bunnies" on neighboring houses. Everything around breathed light and joy... And it looked somehow fabulously magical.
It was Venice... The city of great Love and beautiful arts, the capital of Books and great Minds, the amazing city of Poets...
I knew Venice, of course, only from photographs and paintings, but now this wonderful city seemed a little different - completely real and much more colorful ... Truly alive.
- I was born there. And I considered it a great honor. - Isidora's voice murmured in a quiet stream. - We lived in a huge palazzo (as we called the most expensive houses), in the very heart of the city, since my family was very rich.
The windows of my room faced east, and below they looked directly at the canal. And I really loved to meet the dawn, watching how the first rays of the sun lit golden glare on the water covered with morning mist...
The sleepy gondoliers lazily began their daily "circular" journey, waiting for early customers. The city was usually still asleep, and only inquisitive and successful merchants were always the first to open their stalls. I really liked to come to them while there was still no one on the streets, and the main square was not filled with people. Especially often I ran to the "scribes", who knew me very well and always reserved something "special" for me. I was only ten years old at the time, about the same as you are now... Right?
I just nodded, mesmerized by the beauty of her voice, not wanting to interrupt the story, which was like a quiet, dreamy melody...
- Already at the age of ten I knew how to do a lot ... I could fly, walk through the air, treat people suffering from the most serious illnesses, see what was coming. My mother taught me everything she knew...
- How to fly?!. To fly in the physical body?!. Like a bird? - Stella blurted out dumbfounded, unable to stand it.
I was very sorry that she interrupted this magically current story! .. But the kind, emotional Stella apparently was not able to calmly endure such stunning news ...
Isidora only smiled brightly at her... and we already saw another, but even more amazing, picture...
A fragile, black-haired girl was spinning in the marvelous marble hall... With the ease of a fairy tale, she danced some kind of bizarre dance that only she could understand, at times suddenly jumping a little and... hanging in the air. And then, having made an intricate feast and smoothly flying a few steps, she returned back again, and it all started from the beginning ... It was so amazing and so beautiful that Stella and I took our breath away! ..
And Isidora only smiled sweetly and calmly continued her interrupted story.
- My mother was a hereditary Vedunya. She was born in Florence - a proud, free city ... in which his famous "freedom" was only as much as he could protect her, although fabulously rich, but (unfortunately!) not all-powerful, hated by the church, the Medici. And my poor mother, like her predecessors, had to hide her Gift, since she came from a very rich and very influential family, in which it was more than undesirable to “shine” with such knowledge. Therefore, she, just like her mother, grandmother and great-grandmother, had to hide her amazing “talents” from prying eyes and ears (and most often even from friends!), otherwise, find out about this the fathers of her future suitors, she would forever remain unmarried, which in her family would be considered the greatest shame. Mom was a very strong, truly gifted healer. And while still quite young, she secretly treated almost the entire city for ailments, including the great Medici, who preferred her to their famous Greek doctors. However, very soon the “glory” about my mother’s “stormy successes” reached the ears of her father, my grandfather, who, of course, was not very positive about this kind of “underground” activity. And they tried to marry off my poor mother as soon as possible in order to wash away the “brewing shame” of her entire frightened family ...

The Military Topographic Service of the Armed Forces (MTS of the Armed Forces) of the Russian Federation has a long history, rich in glorious events.

Peter's reforms at the beginning of the 18th century radically changed the organization of the Russian cartographic school. Maps began to be created on the basis of Western European geographical cartography. In Moscow, since 1701, the training of surveyors began at the School of Mathematics and Navigation, who began instrumental surveying of Muscovy, and at the Civil Printing House, opened in 1705 in Moscow, they began printing maps and atlases according to European models. In post-Petrine times (1763), the General Staff (GSh) was established, whose officers in peacetime carried out geodetic surveys of certain regions of the country, camps, routes and made maps for the needs of the army.

The General Staff was engaged in these works from 1764 to 1797. In 1797, as part of the Retinue of His Imperial Majesty (E.I.V.), a Depot of Maps was formed for the quartermaster part, which solved the tasks of topographic and geodetic support for the entire Russian army. This depot had units responsible for the redeployment of troops and their provision of maps.

In 1812, the Map Depot was renamed the Military Topographic Depot - VTD (since 1816, the Military Topographic Depot).

Since 1822, the VTD led the Corps of Topographers (after 1866 - the Corps of Military Topographers - KVT) as part of the suite of E.I.V.

This corps was not numerous - in different years no more than 600 ranks served in it, including officers who were distinguished from other army officers by a special uniform, which was recorded in the 22nd volume of the illustrated "Historical description of clothing and weapons of Russian troops". In the period from 1825 to 1848, numerous changes were introduced into the officer's uniform. In 1826, officers' pantaloons with high boots and leggings with stripes were replaced by long dark green pantaloons with light blue edging in the side seams; officers of the Corps of Topographers in the summer, when combat officers are in summer trousers with boots, were assigned the same summer trousers, dark green and of the same cut.

In 1827, gold forged stars were installed on officer epaulettes to distinguish ranks in the same form and order as in the other troops of the army infantry and cavalry described above.

In 1829, officers, while they were on the set, outside the capitals, were ordered to be in half uniform, that is, in a frock coat with epaulettes, without a sword and in a forage cap. Topographers, presented from the main authorities to the promotion of seniority to officers, are allowed to wear a silver lanyard.

1830 - topographers installed stripes only on chakchirs or dark green trousers, and on gray leggings, laid down for marching time, to have only one edging.

1832 - officers are allowed to wear mustaches.

1835 - instead of the general army uniform, the commanders of the companies of topographers were given a uniform similar to that assigned to the officers of the Corps of Topographers, but without sewing and aiguillette and with epaulette shoulder straps made of black cloth, not velvet. Buttons in the company of the Military Topographic Depot are set with grenada about one fire, and in other companies - with the number assigned to the company, which is also extended to the lower ranks.

The lower ranks were recruited mainly from the cantonists of the military orphan departments, but in order to enter the topographers they had to pass an exam in the following subjects: arithmetic, algebra to equations of the 2nd degree, planimetry, calligraphy and drawing plans. Their content was four times cheaper than officers.

The training of soldiers-topographers was carried out, for example, in the Chuguevsky Sloboda-Ukrainian military settlement, where the headquarters of the Chuguevsky Lancers regiment was located. In the gallery of the city of Chuguev there is a watercolor "View of the Corps of military topographers in Chuguev".

Here is how Ilya Efimovich Repin recalls the Corps of Military Topographers in Chuguev in his book “Far Close”: “So, after long expectations and dreams, I finally got to the most desirable place of study, where they paint with watercolors and draw with ink ...

Large halls were filled with long wide tables, on the tables to large boards were attached geographic maps, mainly parts of the Ukrainian military settlement.

A lithographic workshop and a corps of military topographers (according to some reports, a school of topographers) worked at the headquarters.

And what colors! Miracle, miracle! (The treasury furnished the topographers extensively and richly; everything was expensive, first-class, from London.) My eyes widened.

And on the huge table my gaze suddenly rested on two soles of boots with spurs up. It was the topographer lying all over the table, chest down, and painting the borders of a huge map. I didn't think paper came in sizes like these cards. What I liked most was that on many of the plates were large tiles of fresh Newtonian paints. They seemed to be quite soft: they themselves float on the brush.

Later, I learned that topographic students from various cavalry regiments were seconded to the corps of topographers, where I ended up, they wore the uniforms of their regiments ... Soon, from other halls, a handful of people from ten cantonists followed our teacher, also a topographer; everyone has a notebook in their hands. The teacher pointed out a place on the map with a stick, and they loudly shouted out the names of countries, rivers, mountains, cities, seas, bays, straits, etc.

I really liked these cantonists in military jackets and breeches ... They answered their teacher's questions so smartly and quickly indicated places on the maps. Everything was studied quickly, loudly and cheerfully - both the complex German Union and the specific system of Russian princes and principalities. I learned all this later, when I began to study right there ...

After graduating from school, schoolchildren became topographers of the 1st class, having served in the non-commissioned officer rank for at least 8 years, they were made after a rigorous examination into officers of the KVT.

In its bulk, the KVT was replenished by non-nobles, and when the question of admitting noblemen to the Corps of Military Topographers was raised, the head of the office for the quartermaster wrote: “A nobleman cannot remain a topographer for a long time, but should be in a noble regiment».

The aim was to keep topographers (i.e. soldiers) on the survey as long as possible in order to develop from them quite experienced surveyors.

Indeed, topographers from the cantonists, remaining on the survey from 8 to 12 years, acquired such experience before their promotion to officers, in which they successfully carried out work.

In 1857, military settlements were abolished, in connection with which the corps of military topographers in Chuguev ceased to exist.

But the history of the Russian Corps of military topographers did not end there. The corps lasted for over a century. During this time, in peacetime, its officers carried out numerous topographic surveys and geodetic determinations in different parts of the country, and in wartime, reconnaissance and surveys of the terrain in combat areas. Military topographers did not shine with gold aiguillettes at the capital's parades. In forests, swamps, deserts and mountains, they honestly and conscientiously applied images of streams and ravines, tracts and gorges, remote villages and farms to clean filming tablets. In this they were helped, to the best of their royal capabilities, by Emperor Nicholas II.

After 1863, the Military Topographic Depot successively changed its names and was partially transformed, and in 1912 new samples of the form of military topographers were introduced.

At first it was the Military Topographic Department of the Main Directorate (GU) of the General Staff, then the Military Topographic Department (WTO) of the General Staff (transformed into the General Staff - General Staff), the Military Topographic Directorate (VTU) and again to the WTO.

The head of the VTU (WTO) was at the same time the head of the KVT and enjoyed the rights of the head of the division.

This body of the central military administration carried out control functions in terms of the publication of maps in Imperial Russia, and also supervised the conduct of geodetic, topographic and cartographic work carried out in the interests of the Armed Forces and the Russian state, until 1918. The historical essays of the KMT describe in detail many of the achievements of military topographers.

Significant milestones illustrating the history of the activities of military topographers before 1918 were:

• transformation of the Map Depot into the Military Topographic Depot in January-February 1812;
• the formation of the Corps of Topographers in February 1822;
• the big Baltic chronometric expedition of 1833;
• transition to the verst scale series of maps;
• the creation in 1854 of a geodetic department at the Academy of the General Staff;
• compiling a "catalogue of trigonometric and astronomical points";
• reforming topographic and geodetic units and governing bodies in 1863–1877;
• topographic and geodetic support (TGO) of the Danube army in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878;
• mapping of Manchuria and the Caucasus;
• development and adjustment of new triangulation polygons since 1906;
• creation of a new two-color topographic map;
• building up the map publishing capacity of KVT;
• topographic and geodetic support of troops during the First World War (1914–1917).

In 1918, the WTO was again renamed the VTU of the All-Russian General Staff, and in 1919 it became the Directorate of the KVT and after some time was transformed into the Military Topographic Service (VTS).

• Office of the corps of military topographers (UKVT) of the Headquarters of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA):
• VTU of the main department of the Red Army (7th department);
• Office of military topographers;
• 7th department of military-technical cooperation of the Headquarters of the Red Army;
• WTO of the Red Army Headquarters;
• Department of the military topographic service (MTS) of the Red Army Headquarters;
• MTC Department;
• VTU GSh KA (Red Army);
• VTU GSh SA (Soviet Army);
• VTU General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia.

After the Civil War, military topographers had to switch to the metric system of measures and organize aerial surveys of the terrain to solve numerous topographic tasks, carry out work on the TGO of the troops that took part in military conflicts on the borders with China and Finland, and carry out topographic arrangement of territories on the western borders of the USSR. The training of new personnel for military-technical cooperation also continued. In topographic schools, cadets published magazines.

Severe trials fell on the lot of military-technical cooperation at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War. In 1941, this service lost 148 officers, 1127 sergeants and soldiers. The survey team consisted of a small group of soldiers (6-7 people) with a corporal at the head. The head of the team was a surveyor in the rank of sergeant to senior lieutenant, who graduated from a special school or college. The teams had at their disposal a 30-second theodolite, metal measuring tapes, topographic maps, catalogs of coordinates of points of the state geodetic network (GGS), an adding machine, clerical accounts, ten-digit tables of logarithms of trigonometric functions (“Peters tables”), construction tools (saws, axes , shovels), a medical bag with medicines, food, a two-horse wagon and fodder for horses. The soldiers had rifles, the corporal had a PPSh machine gun with a supply of ammunition. The head of the team had a revolver of the Nagant system and a pair of grenades, as well as a certificate for the right to perform special work in the relevant area. In 1943, the uniforms of military topographers changed.

The initial geodetic basis on the territory of our country was the coordinates of the centers of points of the GGS network, which at that time was quite rare. On the territory of Poland, the coordinates of the centers of points determined at one time by the Corps of Military Topographers of the Russian Army were used. In Germany, the coordinates were determined by the results of mathematical processing of the coordinates of several contour points measured on the map, and the reference directions were calculated from astronomical observations using tables of coordinates of bright stars compiled by A. M. Petrov, who during the war commanded the 75th geodetic detachment (GO) .

During the heavy fighting for Stalingrad, the military topographer of the 2nd Guards Army of the Guards, Senior Technician Lieutenant Sergei Aleksandrovich Salyaev, participated in its defense.

For his service in the Red Army, he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War 2nd Class and the Red Star, medals "For Courage", "For Military Merit", "For the Defense of Stalingrad" and "For the Capture of Koenigsberg". After the end of the war, S. A. Salyaev continued to serve at the Scientific Research Institute of Military and Technical Cooperation (now the Research Center for Topographic and Geodesic and Navigation Support - Research Center TGNO 27 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Russia), and then worked as the head of the department of the Central Order of the Badge of Honor of the Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photography and cartography named after F. N. Krasovsky.

After 1945, military topographers participated in mapping the regions of the Far North, the Far East and the Pamirs, developed space technologies for solving topographic problems, conducted astronomical and geodetic surveys on the Antarctic continent, created domestic systems of electronic and digital maps, developed topogeodetic equipment and took part in creation of the global navigation system GLONASS.

Meanwhile, it should be noted that the difficult 1990s were marked by numerous problems for military topographers as well. Reducing the funding of the Armed Forces, low salaries, the state's inattention to the elementary needs of military specialists - military topographers also had to go through all this. Many of them were forced, due to circumstances, to go “to civilian life” and, it must be said, having a good practical education and extensive experience, as well as “bright minds”, they perfectly settled in civilian companies.

After all, the need for highly qualified specialists in the field of topographic and geodesy is also felt in the most important sectors of the Russian economy. At the same time, many officers of the “Soviet temper” remained in military service and made a huge contribution to the formation of military topography already in post-Soviet Russia.

In connection with the termination of the existence of the USSR in 1991, the Military Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of Russia was formed, which in the following 1992 was transformed into the Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

In modern conditions, the old paper cards have long been replaced by electronic ones, which are much more convenient to use. Military topographers are equipped with the latest mobile geodetic systems that record the smallest changes in the terrain while moving along the route. At the same time, the army does not completely refuse paper maps - after all, equipment is equipment, and in case of its failure or interruptions, the old, tested, grandfather's map can come to the rescue.

An experimental center for geospatial information and navigation has been set up in the Southern Military District. The technical equipment of the Center makes it possible to carry out the tasks assigned to military topographers both directly at the place of permanent deployment and in the field, moving out to the area if necessary.

While providing reliable, accurate and promptly received geospatial information of automatic command and control systems, high-precision weapon systems, headquarters and commanders of army units, military topographers of the military-technical cooperation use the latest developments in the field of digital and IT technologies, the GLONASS global navigation satellite system, mobile navigation and topographic complexes .

In general, the activities of military topographers in peacetime have a slightly reduced significance compared to the time when the war is going on. Of course, employees always have jobs and tasks that they must perform at any time, but the fact is that the work of military topographers in a war can be key to victory not only in local battles, but in general. How many situations does history know when knowledge of the terrain, as well as information about the presence of such knowledge in the enemy, can save the lives of millions of people. Therefore, the profession of a military topographer has always been held in high esteem since its official appearance in the Armed Forces, first of the Russian Empire, and then of modern Russia.

MILITARY TOPOGRAPHICAL SERVICE(VTS), service in the armed forces, intended for topographic and geodetic support of troops in peacetime and wartime. Available in most armies. Main tasks of the military-technical cooperation: the creation of a topographic survey. and special maps, the production of graphic documents containing the necessary information about the project and the terrain, and bringing them to the headquarters and troops; development of geodetic and gravimetric networks and providing the troops with the initial topogeodesic. data; organizational and methodological topographic guide. training troops, conducting scientific. research on topographic and geodetic issues. provision of troops; development and creation of new samples of topogeodesic. technology; training officers, military-technical cooperation personnel, as well as solving other tasks aimed at improving the efficiency of using weapons. struggle. Military-technical cooperation was born with the advent of mass armies, when for the organization and conduct of military. actions, as well as for command and control of troops, there was a need for plans and maps.

Already in cop. 18-beginning 19th century there was a need to prepare in advance topographic maps, that is, the territories of probable military operations of the troops and to create stocks of such maps of various types. scale. In 1797, a Kart Depot was created in Russia, which in 1812 was renamed Military Toiogr. depot, which was engaged in compiling and publishing maps for Russian. armies and the development of descriptions for them. In 1822 a military corps was formed. topographers, who were assigned to the military-but-topographic. shooting in peacetime and performing various topographic work in the interests of the troops in the military. time.

In 1867 military-technical cooperation bodies were created in some military units. districts, and in 1877 in the armies. In World War I, with the advent of new means of armament. struggle (tanks, aviation) and the further development of art and it was necessary to produce a topographic survey. binding battle formations, marking landmarks and reference points in the location of the pr-ka and his troops, determining the coordinates of targets, and also preparing special. topographic documents about the terrain and the enemy.

First operations. armies showed that the available topographic maps were significantly outdated and did not meet the requirements for them. Topographic reserves created in peacetime. cards were used up in the first months of the war. There was an urgent need for their manufacture during the war, but there were no sufficient forces and means for this.

After the victory of the Great Oct. socialist. revolution under the All-Russian ch. headquarters in May 1918 was organized by the military topogr. control. To con. 1918 were formed 2 military topographic. department - in Petrograd and Moscow. In March 1919, V. I. Lenin signed a decree on the organization of the Higher Geodesy, Administration of Scientific and Technical. department of the Supreme Council Nar.

farms. This decree laid the foundations for the implementation of all topogeodesic. and cartograph. work on a single nationwide, scientifically based plans in the interests of Nar. x-va and defense of the country. During Grayaed. military-technical cooperation was further developed.

Organizationally, it took shape most fully by the end. 1921. During the years of peaceful construction, the improvement of organizational units continued. structures of military-technical cooperation, topographic and geodetic methods. security.

During the Great Patriotic War, the military-technical cooperation successfully completed the tasks of topographic and geodetic. to ensure the combat operations of owls. troops. 23 topographic military-technical cooperation units were awarded orders. The rich experience gained during the years of the Great Fatherland and the war was the basis for the further development of the military-technical cooperation and the increase in its combat readiness in the post-war period. The military-technical cooperation of the Soviet Armed Forces is equipped with advanced technology and is staffed with highly qualified personnel. personnel, which makes it possible to successfully carry out topogeodesic. ensuring combat training and combat operations of troops (see To-pogsodesic support). Similar tasks are assigned to military-technical cooperation and in foreign countries. armies.

So, in the tasks of topogeodesic. land support. US Army troops include: providing troops with maps, providing artillery and missiles, geodetic troops. data, production of reconnaissance. documents about the area (topographic maps, diagrams, descriptions, photographic documents). Topogeodesic. software is considered as an integral part of eng. support (eng. intelligence). Responsibility for topogeodesic. support for the theater in Amer. armed forces entrusted to the joint. reconnaissance management of the committee of chiefs of staffs, which includes a cartographer. management of the Ministry of Defense with the corresponding topographical surveys. parts. A. S. Nikolaev.,.

• AVIATION GROUP- AVIATION GROUP, forces and means of aviation. parts, connections or operators. formations located at airfields (ships) and intended for joint combat operations with formations
• AVIATION SUPPLY- AVIATION SUPPORT (ist), the totality of aviation combat operations in the interests of the ground (airborne) troops and the Navy in solving combat missions. For example, A. o. entering into the breakthrough of the mobile group (t...
• MOTOR TRANSPORT SERVICE- MOTOR TRANSPORT SERVICE (military), one of the rear services of the Sov. Armed. Force. Plans, organizes and carries out military transport vehicles. transport in various links of the rear; supervises subordinates. parts and p...
• ALEXENKO Vladimir Avramovich- ALEXENKO Vladimir Avramovich (b. 30.1.1923, the village of Kyiv, Krasnodar Territory), twice Hero of the Owls. Union (Air 19 and June 29, 1945), Lieutenant General of Aviation (1968). Member CPSU since 1943. In the "Sov. Army since 19...
• ARMY CORPS- ARMY CORPS, combined arms operator-tact. connection (association) land. permanent troops. or time, composition in armed. the forces of a number of states; in the military time acts both as part of the army and independently ...
• "ARMY"- "ARMY", an article by F. Engels, one of his first works for the New American Encyclopedia. Written in 1857. The article outlines the main. provisions of the Marxist military. thought and history of the military. art, form...
• INVASION ARMY- INVASION ARMY (ist), part of the armed. forces of the country, prepared for a surprise attack on another country. Appointment A. v. - in max, in a short time to defeat the covering troops and part of Ch. forces pr-ka; capture...
• ARTILLERY SUPPORT- ARTILLERY SUPPORT, 1) common, but not officially received. recognition of the name of the fighting artillery; 2) the original name of the 3rd period of the artillery offensive, the essence ...
• OPERATING BASE- OPERATING BASE (operational basis), the rear area in the zone of existing associations, equipped in the military-economic. and operational technical. relations to ensure the operations carried out by the troops ...
• TROOP BASING- BASING OF TROOPS, the use by operational formations (formations) of forces and means of logistics support and the territory on which they are deployed, to maintain constant combat readiness in the world ...
• BODIN Pavel Ivanovich- BODIN Pavel Ivanovich, lieutenant general (1941). Member CPSU since 1940. 8 Sov. Army since 1919. He graduated from the Military. acad. them. M. V. Frunze (1935), Acad...

On February 8, Russia celebrates the Day of the Military Topographer - a professional holiday for military and civil servants, without whom it is difficult to imagine the full-fledged conduct of hostilities, intelligence, and command and control. Surveyors and topographers are called "the eyes of the army". Their service is less dangerous than the service of scouts or paratroopers, but the army needs no less. A lot depends on the results of the service of military topographers - both the effective actions of the army, and, accordingly, the number of losses, and the equipment of positions and fortifications. Military topographers and geodesists have made and are making a huge contribution over the centuries to strengthening the defense capability of our country.

The military topography has its roots in pre-revolutionary Russia. In 1797, His Imperial Majesty's own Depot of Maps was created, renamed in 1812 into the Military Topographic Depot, under which the Corps of Topographers functioned since 1822. After the revolution, the military topographic service retained many military specialists, in particular, the first head of the Corps of Military Topographers of the Red Army was Colonel of the Imperial Army Andreis Auzans. One of the most glorious and difficult pages in the history of the military topographic service was the Great Patriotic War. Military topographers prepared more than 900 million sheets of topographic maps for the needs of the fighting army. Many topographers and surveyors died in battle, being on the very front line as part of the active armies.

During the second half of the 20th century, the military topographic service in the Soviet Union was constantly strengthened and improved. Particular attention was paid to the professional training of military topographers. Unlike many other services and branches of the military, the military topographic service was lucky with the educational institution - the military topographic school in Leningrad maintained continuity in relation to the pre-revolutionary School of Topographers (1822-1866) and the Military Topographic Cadet School (1867-1917). In 1968, in connection with the large-scale development of military affairs, the Leningrad Military Topographic School was transformed into the Leningrad Higher Military Topographic School. This unique educational institution was able to "survive" even after the collapse of the Soviet Union, but in 2011 it was transformed into a faculty of the A.F. Mozhaisky.

Difficult years for the domestic military topographic service began in 1991, with the collapse of the Soviet state and the cessation of the powerful Soviet Army. In the first half of the 1990s, a distinct anti-war line prevailed in the country, which also manifested itself in the state's inattention to the problems of the army and military service. Naturally, the crisis also affected the military topographic service. Many true masters of their craft, professionals with a capital letter, were forced to go "in civilian life." But, nevertheless, for many officers, ensigns, sergeants and soldiers, the service continued. The consequences of an inattentive attitude to the needs of the military topographic service had to be disentangled soon after the collapse of the Union - in 1994-1996, when the First Chechen War was underway. And I had to deal with it terribly - with the blood of Russian soldiers and officers.

Since topographic maps have not been updated for a long time, many of them did not reflect the real changes that have occurred during this time on the ground. Professional topographers say that maps of busy areas - urban and rural settlements - must be updated at least once every three to four years, in extreme cases - once every five years, at least. After all, during this time there are a variety of changes - some buildings and structures are being built, some are being demolished, the transport infrastructure may change. Therefore, during the Chechen campaign, in which military topographers who were part of the group of Russian troops also participated, many maps had to be corrected already on the ground. While the troops were fighting, topographers studied the area and made changes to the maps, and then immediately handed over the "fresh" sheets to the commanders and officers of the warring units and subunits.

By the way, the Russian troops that operated in 2008 in the war zone in Georgia and South Ossetia also faced this problem. Here, during the post-Soviet period, many settlements changed their names, which seriously complicated the tasks of the Russian military. Therefore, topographers, as in Chechnya, had to promptly correct old maps and transfer them to the subdivisions.

Modern conflicts require the use of more and more high-precision, and this, in turn, increases the requirements for the quality of topographic and geodetic information that the military topographic service supplies to the troops. Even during the hostilities in Chechnya, analog topographic maps began to be used for the first time, which made it possible to significantly facilitate the tasks of using a number of units. Special interest in three-dimensional terrain models, as topographers later emphasized, was shown by helicopter pilots and commanders of border service units.

By the end of the 1990s. the country's leadership nevertheless realized that even in the changed world political situation, Russia would not be able to exist without a strong army. Moreover, the "transatlantic partners" were not going to abandon their aggressive policy - they launched an attack on Yugoslavia, and began further expansion of NATO to the east. At the same time, the risks of local conflicts increased, including against terrorist groups that have become more active on the southern borders of the country and on the territory of the republics of the North Caucasus. Therefore, the state took a course towards the gradual strengthening of the armed forces. This also applied to the military topographic service. By the beginning of the second campaign in Chechnya, military topographers prepared much better than for the first. It was possible to produce new special maps, update the provision of troops with topographic maps, including electronic ones, which made it possible to more accurately determine the coordinates of targets, the location of terrorists and their bases.

Throughout the 1990s, from 1992 to 2002, the Military Topographic Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was headed by Lieutenant General, Ph.D. Military Engineering Academy, who had experience of participating in hostilities in Afghanistan. In the 1980s, Khvostov led the topographic service of the Turkestan military district, which gave him invaluable experience. It was in those years when Vitaly Khvostov was in charge of the Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation that military topographers took part in the first and second Chechen campaigns.

In 2002, a new chief of the VTU of the General Staff was appointed - Lieutenant General, Doctor of Military Sciences Valery Nikolayevich Filatov. Like his predecessor, General Khvostov, General Filatov was a professional military topographer - he graduated with honors from the Leningrad Higher Military Topographic School, then the Military Engineering Academy and higher courses for the training of senior personnel in the field of defense and security of the Russian Federation at the Military Academy of the General Staff. In 1996-1998 he headed the geodetic faculty of the Military Engineering Academy named after V.V. Kuibyshev, and then in 1998-2002 he was deputy head of the Military Topographic Directorate of the General Staff. Under the leadership of General Filatov, a large-scale improvement of the military topographic service of the country continued, topographers and surveyors received new equipment, topographic and geodetic information was updated.

In 2008-2010 The topographic service of the RF Armed Forces was led by Major General Stanislav Aleksandrovich Ryltsov, a graduate of the Omsk Higher Combined Arms Command School, who served in the Main Operations Directorate of the General Staff, and then was appointed head of the VTU.

In 2010, he was replaced as head of the department by Rear Admiral Sergey Viktorovich Kozlov, a regular naval officer, a graduate of the Navigator Department of the Higher Naval School named after M.V. Frunze. From 1981 to 2010, for almost thirty years, Sergei Viktorovich Kozlov served in the Navy of the USSR and the Russian Federation, having gone from an electrical navigation service engineer to the chief navigator of the Navy. In 2006-2010 Sergey Kozlov headed the Department of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense - the hydrographic service of the Navy, and in 2010 headed the Military Topographic Department.

In 2015, a new head of the Military Topographic Directorate of the General Staff - Topographic Service of the RF Armed Forces was appointed. They became Colonel Alexander Nikolaevich Zaliznyuk, who is currently in charge of the service. A graduate of the Leningrad Higher Military Topographic School and the Faculty of Geodesy of the Military Engineering Academy named after V.V. Kuibyshev, Colonel Zaliznyuk went through all levels of the hierarchy in the topographic service, having risen from the photogrammetric department of the aerial photo-topographic detachment of the Moscow Military District to the chief engineer of the Military Topographic Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Recently, the state has been trying to solve the problems facing the military topographic service. There is a lot to be done. In the "dashing nineties" many cartographic factories were forced to switch to the production of products for general consumption. Chronic underfunding has affected the quality of equipment for the topographic service. Now, at least, funding has begun to grow, which means that it is possible to update and improve the material and technical part, to pay decent salaries to officers and contractors. In recent years, space geodesy has been actively developed, the possibilities of which make it possible to significantly improve the topographic and geodetic support of troops. Thanks to space geodesy, it is possible to launch rockets with greater accuracy, and ammunition is also saved during exercises. The digital information received with the help of satellite imagery is processed and electronic topographic maps are compiled.

For obvious reasons, military topographers today pay special attention to the southern borders of Russia. It is here that the risk of local armed conflicts and terrorist acts is highest. In connection with the need to solve problems of topographic support for troops in the South of Russia, the 543rd Center for Geospatial Information and Navigation was created in 2012. Among its tasks, a special place is occupied by the practical study of the terrain with the help of special equipment. In 2014, the Crimean Peninsula returned to the Russian Federation, which means that military topographers have more work to do - to update the maps of Crimea, which was under the control of Ukraine from 1991 to 2014. In January 2018, military topographers received a new mobile digital topographic system (PCTS) "Volynets", which allows you to correct and supplement existing maps already in the field. In an interview with journalists, the head of the press service of the Southern Military District, Colonel Vadim Astafiev, said that the new complex allows you to scan the area and convert the information received into maps, as well as create 3D terrain models, which is very important in modern warfare conditions.

Although progress in science and technology today greatly simplifies the work of military topographers, nevertheless, even today, service specialists have to operate on the ground, including in areas with a complex mountainous landscape. The fighting in Syria showed that, despite the latest technology, not in all cases, unit commanders can rely on electronic cards. Traditional cards come to the rescue, which are also being improved and modified - for example, now they are created using special markers that are not affected by water, but are made on silk, which allows you to safely carry such cards in your pockets without fear of damaging them.

In the Syrian campaign, three-dimensional maps, tested during the fighting in Chechnya, are also actively used. For example, three-dimensional maps of Aleppo and Palmyra were used, which significantly increased the effectiveness of the Syrian army in destroying terrorists. It is difficult to imagine missile launches, flights of our military aviation with strikes on enemy positions, without topographic support.

Thus, the profession of a military topographer remains very important and in demand today, it is impossible to imagine the armed forces without military topographers. "Military Review" congratulates all active military topographers and service veterans, civilian personnel on the Day of the military topographer, wishes successful service, no combat and non-combat losses and continuous improvement of the capabilities of military topography.

To the tireless workers - military topographers of the Soviet Army, who honestly and conscientiously fulfilled their military duty to the Motherland, is dedicated ...

Military Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (VTS of the Armed Forces of Russia) special units and enterprises designed to perform geodetic, topographic and cartographic work and provide troops (forces) with topographic maps, geodetic data and other information about the terrain.

Story

The origin of military-technical cooperation in Russia dates back to the beginning of the 18th century, when individual officers (or groups) were singled out from the quartermaster units of the combined arms headquarters, who were entrusted with compiling elementary topographic documents (collecting information about the area, performing route surveys, etc.).

The credit for this belongs to Peter I. Possessing a broad outlook as a statesman, Peter I was aware that the creation of a detailed map of Russia should have become a permanent task of the state, a function of an apparatus specially created for this.

At the beginning of 1763, the staff of the Special General Staff at the Military Collegium was approved, in which it was allowed to have 40 renter officers to carry out surveys and draw up maps. This marked the beginning of the creation MILITARY TOPOGRAPHICAL SERVICE Russian army.

From 1763 to 1797, a special General Staff, created under the Military College, was engaged in filming camps, fortifications, routes and creating maps.

In 1797, His Imperial Majesty's own Map Depot was created, which laid the foundation for the Military Topographic Depot of the Main (General) Staff of the Russian Army.

In 1812, it was renamed the Military Topographic Depot, which led the Corps of Topographers from 1822 (after 1866, the Corps of Military Topographers). This body of the central military administration carried out control functions in terms of the publication of maps in Imperial Russia, and also supervised the conduct of geodetic, topographic and cartographic work carried out in the interests of the army and the state, until 1918.

Until 1923, the military topographic service continued to be called the Corps of military topographers and was subordinate to the Military Topographic (the successor to the Military Topographic Depot of the Russian Imperial Army) Directorate of the All-Glavshtab,

From 1918 to 1941 The military topographic department has undergone a number of renamings:
- Military topographic department of the All-Glavshtab;
- Office of the corps of military topographers (UKVT) of the Red Army Headquarters;
- Military topographic department (management) of the Headquarters of the Red Army (GU RKKA);
- Office of military topographers of the Red Army Headquarters;
- Department of the military topographic service of the headquarters of the Red Army.

In the Soviet Army, the military-technical cooperation of the SA was part of the headquarters service, which had its own bodies in the headquarters of formations and operational associations, as well as special units and institutions (topographic, aerial photo-topographic and geodetic detachments, cartographic factories and units, map warehouses, etc.), engaged mainly in the preparation of topographic maps and geodetic data on the territory of probable theaters of military operations, topographic training of troops and research work in the field of cartography, geodesy and aerial photography. In wartime, the most important task of the military-technical cooperation of the SA was the topographic support of the combat operations of the troops.

Since 1991, the Military Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was formed.

Tasks

Before the 2008 reform, the Military Topographic Service of the Russian Armed Forces solved the following tasks:
- Clarification of the mathematical parameters of the earth;
- Creation of the global space geodetic network;
- Production and timely updating of topographic maps;
- Providing troops and services with topographic and special maps;
- Operational provision of theater maps and exercises;
- Interaction with Roskartografiya on the issues of map creation.

Structure

Before the 2008 reform, the structure of the Military Topographic Service of the Russian Armed Forces included:
- Military Topographical Directorate of the General Staff with subordinate units;
- Topographic services of military districts (armies and units) according to the scheme:
- Topogeodetic detachment;
- district part;
- Warehouse maps;
- Topochast army.
- Topographic services of the military branches of the Russian Armed Forces;
- Top services of power structures of Russia.

Gallery

Large emblem of the Military Topographic

Office of the General Staff of the Armed

Forces of the Russian Federation

Lapel emblem of military personnel

Military topographic service of the Armed

Forces of the Russian Federation